Formulating an objective for an economy

This paper is dedicated to the memory of E.M.L. Beale. Not a small part of Martin Beale's success in developing and solving large-scale mathematical programs is attributed to the care he took in properly formulating his models.Our presentation concerns our efforts to also properly formulate a model. Our model is an economic model used for technology assessment. In order for it to be useful, it is important that the dual variables represent as realistically as possible real world prices. This required us to formulate the model as a time-staged economic equilibrium model. Our main result is a proof that an equilibrium formulation using expected aggregate demand can under certain conditions be replaced by one in which the economy is driven by an aggregate utility or objective function, one that promotes economic growth subject to physical flow constraints. We show that such an objective function always exists except for populations consisting of significantly large classes of people whose consumption patterns differ radically one from another. Assuming that the latter is not the case, this equivalent formulation means that mathematical programming software can be applied to efficiently solve the model. This paper summarizes an extensive paper entitled Deriving a Utilty Function for the U.S. Economy [3]. The main theorems are stated without proof.The authors wish to thank Kenneth Arrow, Gerard Debreu, Robert Dorfman, Dale Jorgenson and Lawrence J. Lau for their helpful comments.Research of this report was partially supported by the National Science Foundation Grants DMS-8420623, SES-8518662 and ECS-8617905; U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-FG03-87ER25028; Office of Naval Research Contract N0004-85-K-0343, Electric Power Research Institute Contract RP 5006-01, and the Center for Economic Policy Research at Stanford University.     

用L-预远域系算子、L-预外部算子或L-预边界算子确定L-预拓扑

给定集合X，设T（X）是X上的L-预拓扑的全体。本文证明了可以在R（X）（X上的L-预远域系算子的全体）、E（X）（X上的L-预外部算子的全体）和B（X）（X上的L-预边界算子的全体）上定义适当的序关系，使它们在一定条件下成为与（T（X），包含）同构的完备格。因此一个给定集合X上的L-预拓扑可以由X上的L-预远域系算子、L-预外部算子或L-预边界算子确定。     

Similarity of an operator to an isometric operator

Leningrad State University. Translated from Funktsional'nyi Analiz i Ego Prilozheniya, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 77–78, April–June, 1989.     

Numerical realization of an algorithm for reconstructing an inhomogeneous medium in an X-ray tomography problem

Under study is the X-ray tomography problem that is an inverse problem for the transport differential equation. We take into account the absorption of particles by the medium and their single scattering. The statement of the problem corresponds to multiple probing. The medium is unknown; while the densities of the outcoming flux averaged over energy are given. The object in question is the discontinuity surfaces of the coefficients of the equation. This corresponds to searching for the boundaries between various substances contained in the medium that we probe. The solution is constructive, and a numerical realization of the obtained algorithm is presented.     

An Embedding of an Ordered Groupoid into an le-Groupoid

In this paper we prove that each ordered groupoid (resp. semigroup) S embeds in a complete distributive le-groupoid (resp. le-semigroup) using the ordered groupoid (resp. semigroup) arising from S by the adjunction of a zero element.     

Estimating an interaction parameter of an infinite particle system

This article deals with the estimation of a parameter in the stochastic motion affecting an infinite number of particles. An estimator, based on a nonstationary time-series is considered and shown to be consistent. A comparison with more well-known estimates, via asymptotic variances, is also carried out.     

A case of an intervention in an outpatients department

This paper is an account of a case intervention, undertaken at a National Health Service hospital outpatients department. The intervention utilised a soft systems approach, to address gaps between the customers' and providers' expectations, and simulation was used within this framework. A procedure to reduce unexpected non–attendance of patients has been implemented. Patient bookings are now scheduled according to simple rules, with the result that in–clinic waiting times have been reduced. A model of the intervention process has been accepted by the key stakeholders as a sensible framework for continuing investigations. More widely, the participants increased their knowledge of their own systems. The results from the case suggest that the time spent following this approach may be worthwhile in some interventions, but there are concerns relating to the time needed, and the cost of such an approach. The paper provides a critique of the framework and the intervention, and concludes that this approach is probably viable in unpaid, collaborative, investigations where there is little or no cost. However, time and cost may prove prohibitive in the case of paid consultancy.     

一类具有抑制剂的非均匀恒化器模型的共存态

研究了一类具有抑制剂和Beddington-DeAngelis功能反应项的非均匀恒化器模型.根据单调动力系统理论得到了正平衡解的存在性.利用度理论、分歧理论以及摄动理论,分析了抑制剂对系统正平衡解及渐近行为的影响.结果表明当体现抑制作用的参数μ充分大时,此模型或者没有正解,并且一个半平凡晌非负解是全局吸引的;或者模型的所有正解均由一个极限问题决定.     

Entropic repulsion of an interface in an external field

We consider an interface above an attractive hard wall in the complete wetting regime, and submitted to the action of an external increasing, convex potential, and study its delocalization as the intensity of this potential vanishes. Our main motivation is the analysis of critical prewetting, which corresponds to the choice of a linear external potential. We also present partial results on critical prewetting in the two dimensional Ising model, as well as a few (weak) results on pathwise estimates for the pure wetting problem for effective interface models.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 60K35, 82B41, 82B27     

Stable methods for an inverse problem in acoustic scattering by an obstacle and an inhomogeneous medium

We consider (in two-dimensional Euclidean space) the scattering of a plane, time-harmonic acoustic wave by an inhomogeneous medium Ω with compact support and a bounded obstacle D lying completely outside of the inhomogeneous medium. We show that one may determine the shape of D and the local speed of sound in Ω from a knowledge of the asymptotic behavior of the scattered wave (i.e. the far field). This is done by considering a constrained optimization problem and employing integral equation and conformal mapping techniques. By assuming a priori that the functions which determine the shape of D and the local speed of sound in Ω lie in given compact sets, we show that the problem is stable, in the sense that the solution of the inverse scattering problem depends continuously on the far field data.     

The point moment at an arbitrary point of an elastic plane weakened by an elliptical hole

Expressions are obtained for the complex potentials characterizing the stress-strain state of an elastic plane with an elliptic hole subjected to a moment at an arbitrary point of the plane. The shear stresses at the edge of the hole are calculated. The stress intensity factors for the limiting case of a straight slit (a crack) are determined.     

Co-ordinating Two Searchers for an Object Hidden on an Interval

Two unit-speed searchers starting at 0 seek a stationary target hidden according to a known bounded symmetric distribution. The objective is to minimize the expected time for the searchers to return to 0 after one of them has found the target. We find a general optimality condition and use it to solve the problem when the target has a uniform, triangular, or truncated, exponential distribution. The problem has applications to parallel processing and to the optimal choice of drilling depths in the search for an underground mineral.