大脉冲电流下钨铜电极水和空气中的烧蚀特性

针对水中、空气中脉冲放电条件下金属电极烧蚀速率及烧蚀机理差异,对脉冲大电流作用下水中、空气中钨铜电极的烧蚀特性进行了对比研究。在保证放电电流波形一致性的前提下,通过采用高精度天平测量并获取了水中、空气中钨铜电极的阴、阳极烧蚀速率及总烧蚀速率,并对电极表面进行了二次电子观察和背散射电子观察分析。结果表明,大脉冲电流作用下,水中钨铜电极烧蚀较空气中更为严重,钨铜电极的烧蚀主要是金属蒸发引起的汽相侵蚀。由于水介质较空气具有不可压缩性,水中放电电弧集中,电极表面电弧斑点处电流密度和电流作用时间较空气中更为严重,同时由于水中脉冲放电时发生的高温物理化学反应,是造成水中电极烧蚀要高于空气中的根本原因。     

Comparison between the parameters of a one-phase arc with copper and steel electrodes ignited in nitrogen and in air

The characteristics of an open one-phase arc with gas stabilization in electrode units are studied. The arc is ignited between copper and steel electrodes in nitrogen and in air. The amplitude values of the current and voltage reach 9–10 A and 650–1600 V, respectively. Current and voltage oscillograms, as well as dynamic I–V characteristics, are presented. The time variation of the conductivity, the discharge power, and the spectral composition and integral radiation losses of the arc column are compared when the electrodes are made of copper and steel.     

Magnetic Field Effect on the Volt‐Equivalent of Arc Spot Heat Flux

The results of an experimental study of the arc spot heat flux on the copper cathode of a coaxial Electric Arc Heaters (EAH), with magnetically driven arc, in air are presented. The three rings method was used for indirect separation of arc spot heat flux from total heat entering the electrode. As a result of joint generalizing new and previously published data, the linear dependence of the volt equivalent of arc spot heat flux on magnetic field was obtained for the range B = 0.01 – 1 Tesla and atmospheric pressure. A method, which allows to improve the measurement of the volt equivalent in highly unsteady arc spots, is proposed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

大功率电弧加热器起弧过程流场特性研究

电弧等离子体是通过电极之间击穿放电,产生热电弧,实现对冷态介质加热,目前大功率的电弧等离子体发生器在航空航天领域有重要的应用,是国内外开展飞行器防热材料筛选和考核研究最重要的地面模拟试验设备.本研究基于发展的高焓气流非接触式光谱诊断方法,开展对10 MW量级大功率长分段电弧加热器起弧过程流场特性的定量、定性研究,在线测...     

Radon decay monitoring in air using characteristic emission of species in metal-assisted LIBS

Copper assisted optical emission spectroscopy is studied in the synthetic air and (Rn + air) environment. The copper plate acts as the metal target in the Q-SW Nd:YAG laser induced plasma. Several characteristic emissions are taken from oxygen, nitrogen and the copper species in (Rn + air) plasma within the control chamber. The emission lines due to the metal species and air components exhibit noticeably to be enhanced respect to those of the synthetic air. The corresponding amplitudes lucidly decrease during a ten day follow-up. The instantaneous reductions of the copper characteristic lines are in agreement with the radon decay. The plasma temperature is estimated based on the Boltzmann plot whereas the corresponding electron density is determined using the Stark broadening. It is shown that those plasma parameters gradually increase with time to reach the values of pure air after several radon half-lives.     

Vacuum arc investigation of dual-part cathode electrodes

The basic characteristics of a vacuum arc are investigated with a special electrode whose cathode consists of two half-disks. Pure copper is used for one part of the cathode, while copper, chromium, silver, and titanium are used for the other part. The tested arc current value is less than 4000 A, and the flux density of the axial magnetic field applied to a vacuum arc is less than 0.015 T. Experimental results show that the arc voltages of dual-part cathode electrodes are much lower than those of the individual pure metals, and that current sharing between the two parts is roughly determined by the arc current-voltage characteristics of the metals. The arc voltage of the dual-part cathode electrode is extremely low when the current is less than 1000 A     

Residence time of metal ions generated from microsecond vacuum arcs

Vacuum gaps of 1 mm with lead or copper cathode are fired by a 13 μs duration sinusoidal arc or a 10 μs duration exponentially-decaying arc, and time-of-flight (TOF) ion measurements are made at variable times after the arc ignition. At the lead cathode, Pb⁺ and Pb⁺⁺ ions are generated and the upper limit on the times for Pb⁺ ion detection are 48 μs and 46 μs from the arc ignition for the sinusoidal and exponential arcs, respectively. At the copper cathode, Cu⁺, Cu⁺⁺, and Cu⁺⁺⁺ ions are generated and detected within 15 μs and 13 μs from the arc ignition for the sinusoidal and exponential arcs, respectively. The residence time of the Pb⁺ ions in the ion acceleration region is approximately 35 μs, regardless of the waveform of the arc current. The residence time of the copper ions, described by the time constant of the time-of-flight ion current delay characteristics, is 3 μs     

Experimental Investigation of Anode Activities in High-Current Vacuum Arcs

It is well known that the melting of electrodes (mainly anode melting) in vacuum arc can increase the metal vapor density around current zero and even lead to interruption failure. In order to clarify the anode activities and their influence on arc appearance and interruption capacity, series experiments of cup-shaped axial magnetic field copper electrodes were conducted. Obvious anode melting was detected; the liquid copper flowed on the contact plate of anode and formed a clockwise swirl flow. The appearance of anode melting is likely to correlate to the transition of arc mode from high-current diffuse mode to high-current diffuse column mode. The melting of anode was severer than cathode and was influenced by the distribution of cathode spots. Various kinds of copper particles at macroscopic level can be seen in arc column. Even at the interruption limit, the majority of melted copper of anode sputtered out of gap in form of liquid droplets or was pressed into the cup of anode, the copper vapor evaporated into arc column only accounted for a few portion and no obvious anode jets was found due to large plasma pressure in arc column.      

Experimental investigation of the anode region of a free-burning atmospheric-pressure inert-gas arc I. General characteristics of the discharge. Low-current regime

This paper reports the experimental investigation of the anode region of a free-burning inert-gas arc at atmospheric pressure in the current range from a few amperes to hundreds of amperes. The tungsten thermionic-emission cathode and the large-diameter water-cooled copper anode that were used permitted the anode arc root to assume its natural form. The general characteristics of the discharge are given and results are presented from investigations of the anode region at low currents, where the anode arc root is single and constricted, but erosion-free. Measurements of the plasma parameters as well as the current density in the arc root are reported, and a comparison is made between the values obtained and those characteristic of the region of the cathode arc root. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 35–40 (January 1997)     

Temperature's optical tomography diagnosis of arc plasma jet flowing into air

An argon arc jet plasma flowing into air is chosen as a practical example to study the multiple species jet plasma's optical computerized tomography (OCT) diagnosis. The refractive index models of the pure argon and the multiple species arc plasmas are supplied. On the basis of which, the temperature reconstruction model of the multiple species arc plasma is further derived. By theoretical calculation, the effect of mixed air on the refractive index is given. For the sake of better proving the effect of directly omitting the mixed air on flow field's temperature reconstruction from the refractive index, a simulated experiment is supplied. Finally, the condition, which can be adopted to estimate that whether the pure argon arc plasma refractive index model still can be used as the temperature reconstruction model of the argon arc plasma jet flowing into air, is proposed.     

Nature of group Ib metal films deposited on polymer surfaces photooxidized with far-ultraviolet (185 nm) radiation

Solid samples of three polymers (polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, and polyimide), whose surfaces were photooxidized with far-ultraviolet (185 nm) radiation in air, were used as substrates for the deposition of gold, silver, and copper films in vacuo. The electrical conductivities of the films were studied in situ as a function of the film thickness (0–15 nm). At a thickness of 10 nm, silver films showed 10⁴ greater conductivities when deposited on the treated surfaces of all three polymers. Gold films showed no detectable differences between treated and untreated surfaces. Copper behaved similar to gold on PMMA but showed somewhat greater sensitivity (< 20 at 5.4 nm thickness) on photooxidized polyimide. Transmission electron microphotographs of silver films on treated and untreated surfaces showed that photooxidation of the polymer caused the metal to be deposited with better coverage of the surface, i.e., with fewer voids. A partial explanation for the observations would be that photooxidation increases the number of nucleating sites for the metal on the polymer surface. In some way, this must be specific to silver because the effect does not extend to either a more reactive element such as copper or a less reactive element such as gold.     

Optical characterization of thin thermal oxide films on copper by ellipsometry

A complete optical characterization in the visible region of thin copper oxide films has been performed by ellipsometry. Copper oxide films of various thicknesses were grown on thick copper films by low temperature thermal oxidation at 125 °C in air for different time intervals. The thickness and optical constants of the copper oxide films were determined in the visible region by ellipsometric measurements. It was found that a linear time law is valid for the oxide growth in air at 125 °C. The spectral behaviour of the optical constants and the value of the band gap in the oxide films determined by ellipsometry in this study are in agreement with the behaviour of those of Cu₂O, which have been obtained elsewhere through reflectance and transmittance methods. The band gap of copper oxide, determined from the spectral behaviour of the absorption coefficient was about 2 eV, which is the generally accepted value for Cu₂O. It was therefore concluded that the oxide composition of the surface film grown on copper is in the form of Cu₂O (cuprous oxide). It was also shown that the reflectance spectra of the copper oxide–copper structures exhibit behaviour expected from a single layer antireflection coating of Cu₂O on Cu. Received: 19 July 2001 / Accepted: 27 July 2001 / Published online: 17 October 2001     

Investigation on characteristics of thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids

It has been shown that a nanofluid consisting of nanoparticles dispersed in base fluid has much higher effective thermal conductivity than pure fluid. In this study, four kinds of nanofluids such as multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in water, CuO in water, SiO₂ in water, and CuO in ethylene glycol, are produced. Their thermal conductivities are measured by a transient hot-wire method. The thermal conductivity enhancement of water-based MWCNT nanofluid is increased up to 11.3% at a volume fraction of 0.01. The measured thermal conductivities of MWCNT nanofluids are higher than those calculated with Hamilton–Crosser model due to neglecting solid–liquid interaction at the interface. The results show that the thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids depends on the thermal conductivities of both particles and the base fluid.     

Saturation of the acoustic waves produced by pulsed arcs

Rapid simultaneous measurements of the arc current and voltage and the emitted acoustic wave were made on a small 20 A DC arc in open air, which was subjected to current pulses ranging in amplitude from 0·4 kA to 40 kA and in rise time from 10^?4 s to 10^?7 s. The results show that for a rise time Δt < 10^?5s, the amplitude of the pressure wave generated by the arc no longer varies with Δt but remains constant for a given amplitude of the current pulse. An additional study shows that this saturation is accompanied by a modification in the electrical behaviour of the arc, which suggests that the observed saturation is due to the arc itself and not to absorption of the pressure wave in the surrounding air.     

弓网电弧温度及导电特性的光谱分析

高铁提速受多方面因素制约，其中弓网离线对受流质量影响很大。在滑动接触模式下，受电弓与接触网的磨损均很严重。弓网离线产生的电弧是造成接触网和受电弓磨损的主要原因之一。电弧温度高，还具有电离特性，因此一般的传感器无法置于电弧中测量。光谱分析法在研究弓网电弧的温度及电子密度方面具有明显优势，基于此可进一步寻找耐磨损的新材料或者灭弧方法。因接触网使用铜合金材料，故选取铜元素特定光谱作为研究对象。采用Boltzman作图法，通过实验测得弓网电弧的光谱信息，进而计算电弧通道的温度。结果表明，由于单次电弧持续时间短又受弓网相对运动的影响，其温度并不很高，且电弧温度随着电弧持续时间的增加而增加。采用盲目反卷积的方法求解307.92 nm谱线的Stark展宽，再根据Stark展宽求得电弧的电子密度，结果表明弓网电弧通道的电子密度和其他种类电弧电子密度在同一数量级上；说明电弧引起的粒子电离效应明显。由此可知光谱法在电弧温度及电弧电离特性的分析中是较为方便和准确的。     

Direct Current Arc Atomic Emission Detected by a Handheld Spectrometer Based on a Charge Coupled Device

Abstract

A mini-review of recent applications of direct current (DC) arc atomic emission spectrometry is provided. A handheld spectrometer based on a charge coupled device (CCD) is described. This was used as the dispersion and detection unit for a direct current (DC) arc optical emission spectrometer. Atomic emission of barium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, and zinc from the DC arc source was monitored. Rapid quantitative analysis was realized with limits of detection (LODs) of 1.8 (Zn) to 9.3 (Mg) µg/g for direct solid sampling, and the upper linear ranges of the calibration curves extended at least to 1000 µg/g. In general, the LODs by the CCD compared favorably to those obtained by the traditional photographic method. The advantages include ease of operation, rapid measurement, low cost, digitized signals, downsized and automated instrumentation, and the solid sampling and multielement capabilities for the DC arc source are retained.     

Microstructure, magnetic and transport properties of magnetoresistive Cu80Fe x Ni20?x (x?=?5, 10 and 15 at.%) ribbons

The generation of copper nanoparticles in an arc furnace by the evaporation/condensation method is systematically investigated. The evaporation/condensation process is advantageous because it allows direct synthesis using pure metals as starting materials avoiding reactions of expensive and potentially poisonous precursors. In the presented system, a transferred direct current arc provides the energy for evaporation of the metal target. In order to prevent an oxidation of the particles in the process, the synthesis is conducted in an atmosphere of inert gases (purity grade 5.0). The arc stability and its effect on particle synthesis are investigated. The experiments reveal excellent long-term arc stability for at least 8?h continuous operation delivering aerosols with high reproducibility (±10?% of average particle size). The influences of the arc current and length, the flow rates of the applied gases and the injection of hydrogen in the plasma zone on the particle size distributions and the agglomerate structure are studied. The produced copper nanoparticles are characterized by scanning mobility particle sizing and scanning electron microscopy. The average particle size could be well controlled in a size range 4?C50?nm by selecting appropriate operating parameters.     

Spectroscopic diagnostics for an electrical discharge plasma in a liquid

We conducted spectroscopic studies of an electrical discharge plasma in a liquid, used for synthesis of nanosized particles of metals and their compounds. From the intensity ratio of the copper lines, we estimated the electron temperature, and from the Stark broadening of the hydrogen lines H _α we determined the electron density in the electrical discharge plasma. Information about the concentration of copper atoms in the discharge was obtained from analysis of the spectra in the region of resonance lines of copper. We carried out a comparative analysis of the plasma parameters for spark and arc discharges in water, ethanol, and air. Based on the equation of state for an ideal plasma, taking into account the Debye correction, we estimated the pressure in the plasma channel.     

铜铝复合管在空调器室内外机连接管中应用的试验研究

主要针对铜铝复合管在家用空调器室内外机连接管的应用替代铜管进行了试验研究。从力学性能、弯曲性能、工艺性、耐压性和耐腐蚀能力几个方面分别对Φ6.35×0.6、Φ9.52×0.7和Φ12.7×0.8的三种型号铜铝复合管连接管进行性能试验。结果表明:三种型号的铜铝复合管连接管延伸率都大于40%,不低于铜管的延伸率,抗拉强度在150～180MPa之间具有良好的弯曲性能,扩口率在65～89%之间,不低于铜管的扩口率(≥50%)。三种规格的铜铝复合管安全承受压力均大于常用制冷剂R22和R410a所要求的耐压强度。经过500h的盐雾实验后,压力测试焊接点无泄漏。最大承受压力超过15MPa,满足空调室内外连接管的使用要求。同时将三种规格的铜铝复合管接入空调器在焓差实验室进行性能测试,表明:与原机型铜连接管相比,使用铜铝复合管连接管的空调器制热量、制冷量和能效比的变化低于1%,对空调器的性能基本没有影响。与铜管相比,在相同条件下,可以降低成本23～35%。     

Thermal conductivity of the pine-biocarbon-preform/copper composite

The thermal conductivity of composites of a new type prepared by infiltration under vacuum of melted copper into empty sap channels (aligned with the sample length) of high-porosity biocarbon preforms of white pine tree wood has been studied in the temperature range 5–300 K. The biocarbon preforms have been prepared by pyrolysis of tree wood in an argon flow at two carbonization temperatures of 1000 and 2400°C. From the experimental values of the composite thermal conductivities, the fraction due to the thermal conductivity of the embedded copper is isolated and found to be substantially lower than that of the original copper used in preparation of the composites. The decrease in the thermal conductivity of copper in the composite is assigned to defects in its structure, namely, breaks in the copper filling the sap channels, as well as the radial ones, also filled by copper. A possibility of decreasing the thermal conductivity of copper in a composite due to its doping by the impurities present in the carbon preform is discussed.