Two-step mechanism in the 22Ne(p,t) reaction

The forward-angle differential cross sections have been measured for the ²²Ne(p,t) reaction leading to the 4.97 MeV, 2^? state in ²⁰Ne. Comparison of the data with the results of calculations shows that the two-step mechanism responsible for exciting this state is (p-p′-t) rather than (p-d-t).     

Studies on strongly damped components in relatively light heavy ion reaction systems

Strongly damped components have been studied in relatively light heavy ion reaction systems;²⁰Ne(E _lab=93, 120 and 146MeV)+⁵⁰Cr,²⁰Ne(E _lab=146MeV)+⁵⁴Cr and²⁰Ne(E _lab=146MeV)+⁹²Mo,¹⁰⁰Mo. The kinetic energy, angular and charge distributions have been observed for those products. The yields of symmetric-mass-splitting products for²⁰Ne+⁵⁰Cr were found about three times larger than those for²⁰Ne+⁵⁴Cr. There was also observed a similar difference in the cross sections of the symmetric-mass-splitting products between²⁰Ne+⁹²Mo and²⁰Ne+¹⁰⁰Mo reactions. In order to explain the bombarding energy dependence of the cross sections of symmetric-mass-splitting products by the transport theory, it was found necessary to assume that the mean life of the composite nucleus was dependent on the bombarding energy. However, the target isotope dependence of the cross sections could not be explained by such an assumption. They could be partly explained by fission calculations.     

Non-statistical effects in the 12C(12C, α)20Ne reaction near Ec.m. = 15 MeV

The ¹²C(¹²C, α)²⁰Ne reaction is studied near E_c.m. = 15 MeV. Angular distributions for three energies and excitation functions at θ_{lab = 30°} over an energy range E_c.m. = 14.5?15.4 MeV for about 20 levels in ²⁰Ne (E_ex = 0–13 MeV) are examined. The statistical analysis yields the results that a correlated resonance is present at E_c.m. = 14.75 MeV. A nonstatistical contribution to the reaction is also apparent when energy-averaged cross sections are compared with the Hauser-Feshbach model predictions. Strong population of the 0⁺₃ band in ²⁰Ne is observed.     

Evidence for critical angular momenta in the formation of 26Al via the 14N + 12C channel

States in ²⁰Ne have been studied through the ¹²C(¹⁴N, ⁶Li)²⁰Ne reaction. Excitation functions have been measured from 20 MeV to 60 MeV in steps of 5 MeV at different angles for ²⁰Ne states up to 10 MeV excitation energy. States of ²⁴Mg have been also populated using the ¹²C(¹⁴N, d)²⁴Mg reaction; excitation functions of ²⁴Mg states up to 9 MeV excitation energies as well as angular distributions at 35 MeV bombarding energy have been obtained. Comparisons of data with Hauser-Feshbach calculations show clearly that the compound nucleus mechanism is the main process for both ¹²C(¹⁴N, ⁶Li)²⁰Ne and ¹²C(¹⁴N, d)²⁴Mg reactions. Strong evidence has been provided for inhibition of the ²⁶Al compound nucleus formation for angular momenta higher than critical values. The location of the yrast line in the ²⁶Al nucleus is discussed.     

Alpha-cluster break-up and reaction mechanism in (p, α) reactions on light nuclei

The differential cross sections for the ¹¹B(p, α)⁸Be and ²³Na(p, α)²⁰Ne reactions were measured at bombarding energies between 6 and 24 MeV. The observed angular distributions can be divided into two domains: at low energies the shapes vary rapidly with incident energy indicating a compound nucleus reaction ; at higher energies rather stable diffraction patterns are seen exhibiting a direct reaction mechanism and DWBA calculations are able to describe the shapes. The change from one region to the other is rather abrupt and this behaviour seems typical for reactions having an α-like compound nucleus. The energy at which this change occurs corresponds to an excitation energy in the compound nucleus of about 20 MeV above the α-threshold.     

The (18O, 20Ne) reaction on the even Ni isotopes and the mass of 62Fe

The (¹⁸O, ²⁰Ne) reaction on the even Ni isotopes has been studied at 63.0 MeV with ΔE-E time-of-flight telescopes. From the measured ground-state Q-value for the ⁶⁴Ni(¹⁸O, ²⁰Ne)⁶²Fe reaction, ?1.97±0.20 MeV, a mass excess ?58.87±0.20 MeV is obtained for the ⁶²Fe nucleus. This result is in good agreement with a recent measurement of the β-endpoint energy. Angular distributions for the transitions to the Fe ground states, leaving ²⁰Ne in its ground and 1.63 MeV 2⁺ excited state, yield relative spectroscopic strengths in fair agreement with DWBA calculations based on simple shell-model estimates.     

Inelastic processes in the 19F(3He,d)20Ne reaction

We have examined the role of inelastic processes in the ¹⁹F(³He, d)²⁰Ne reaction. By coupling three levels in both the entrance and exit channels it was found that the inelastic processes were able to account for both the magnitude and rather flat shape of the angular distribution for the 4.25 MeV 4⁺ level observed in the ¹⁹F(³He, d)²⁰Ne reaction at 16 MeV bombarding energy. In contrast the DWBA could not account for the data. The magnitude of the inelastic processes was found to be quite sensitive to some of the optical model parameters involved. The DWBA predictions for the 0⁺ and 2⁺ cross sections were modified by the inelastic processes requiring some adjustment of the spectroscopic amplitudes to account for the data.     

The heavy-ion reaction channels of the system 16O + 16O

The reaction channels of the system ¹⁶O + ¹⁶O with outgoing heavy particles from lithium to magnesium have been measured using a ΔE-E telescope. Excitation functions from 49 to 65 MeV at θ_Lab = 30° and angular distributions from θ_Lab = 10° (20°) to 50° at E_Lab = 51.5 MeV are presented for the strong transitions. The excitation function of the ¹²C-²⁰Ne (4.25 MeV) channel shows a pronounced regular cross structure with peaks at 52 and 60 MeV. A selective excitation of certain states in the inelastic scattering and the ¹²C-²⁰Ne channel is observed; the yields of the other heavy-ion channels being weaker by at least one order of magnitude. An explanation of this phenomenon is given by considering the angular momentum matching between entrance and exit channels. Furthermore it is shown that no strong dependence of the cross sections on the transferred angular momentum or on the nuclear structure of the final states is observed. Possible implications of these results on the reaction mechanism are discussed.     

Study of 16O, 20Ne, 22Ne, 28Si and 32S by inelastic scattering of polarized protons

Analyzing powers and cross sections have been measured for elastic and inelastic scattering of 24.5 MeV protons from ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne, and for ¹⁶O, ²⁸Si and ³²S at 30.3 MeV. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of the coupled-channels formalism using the rotational model and (for ³²S and ¹⁶O) the vibrational model. The results for ²⁰Ne, ²²Ne and ²⁸Si show a systematic trend of the hexadecapole deformation. Prolate shapes for ²⁰Ne and ²²Ne and an oblate shape for ²⁸Si are confirmed. The results for ³²S are almost equally well-reproduced by the vibrational or rotational model, and there is a slight preference for the prolate shape for this nucleus. The best fits for the analyzing power for all the nuclei were obtained by using the full Thomas form for the spin-orbit potential     

On the mechanism of the reactions24,25,26Mg(n,α)21,22,23Ne at neutron energies near 14 MeV

Differential cross sections of the reactions²⁴Mg(n,α)²¹Ne,²⁵Mg(n,α)²²Ne, and²⁶Mg(n,α)²³Ne have been measured at neutron energies of 13.19,13.93 and 14.33 MeV, at 13.93 and 14.33 MeV, and at 13.47 and 13.93 MeV, respectively. In forward direction, differential excitation functions of those reactions have been measured at energies between 12.67 and 16.05 MeV. The results are analysed in terms of direct-reaction and compound-nucleus theories.     

20Ne(p,p0)20Ne and states of 21Na

Cross-section and analyzing power angular distributions have been measured for ²⁰Ne(p, p)²⁰Ne and ²⁰Ne(p, p₁)²⁰Ne¹(1.63 MeV) for proton energies between 3.7 and 7.9 MeV. The measurements were made in 25 keV intervals between 3.7 and 4.4 MeV, and in 10 keV intervals over most of the region between 4.4 and 7.9 MeV. A phase-shift analysis of the elastic-scattering data has yielded resonance parameters for thirty-three levels in ²¹Na in the excitation energy region 6.0–9.9 MeV. Some of the strong even-parity resonances can be understood within the framework of the Nilsson model or the shell model. These resonances are also predicted by a macroscopic coupled-channels calculation involving rotational excitation of the 2⁺ and 4⁺ states of ²⁰Ne.     

Cross sections for 6Li production in the reactions 10B + 16O and 12C + 14N at low energies

Absolute cross sections have been measured for the reactions ¹⁰B(¹⁶O, ⁶Li)²⁰Ne and ¹²C(¹⁴N, ⁶Li)²⁰Ne at several energies in the range E_c.m. = 7.5–16.2 MeV, and 13.8–16.6 MeV, respectively. The predictions of Hauser-Feshbach calculations show generally good agreement with the experimental data without parameter variation. The consequences of an angular momentum cutoff in the entrance channel and in the compound nucleus are discussed.     

Implications of the target residue mass and charge distributions in the interaction of 8.0 GeV20Ne with181Ta

Target residue mass and charge distributions have been measured radioanalytically for the reaction of 8.0 GeV²⁰Ne ions with Ta. These distributions are very similar to those distributions observed in the reaction of Ta with protons of equivalent total energy rather than equivalent velocity. Detailed comparisons of the production cross sections for near target residues with abrasion-ablation model calculations show these products to have an excitation energy of ～75 MeV.     

Direct α particle emission in incomplete fusion reaction on a spherical target124Sn

Direct α particles cross sections and angular distributions have been measured when bombarding a¹²⁴Sn target with various projectiles:¹⁶O (90, 105, 125 MeV)¹⁹F (104 MeV)²⁰Ne (112, 156 MeV). Results have been found independant of the projectile structure. In the same reactions, gamma multiplicity measurements have shown that direct α particles are emitted in collisions with intermediate impact parameters. The angular momentum is found to be about half of the valuel _cr for complete fusion.     

Complete fusion in a light heavy-ion reaction from 2.5 to 20 MeV/nucleon

Mass distributions of evaporation-residue-like fragments have been measured using a time-of-flight system for the reaction ²⁰Ne + ²⁶Mg in the energy range of 51 to 400 MeV bombarding energy for ²⁰Ne. A good mass resolution allowed for the separation of the evaporation residues and fragments from two-body reactions like e.g. damped processes. The residue distributions were compared with evaporation calculations. The analysis of velocity spectra measured at bombarding energies of 85–395 MeV showed incomplete momentum transfer for evaporation-residue-like fragments at higher energies. Statistical-model calculations and Monte Carlo methods applied to the calculation of the velocity spectra have been used to extract the complete-fusion cross section.     

The (3He,n) reaction in the lower 2s1d shell

The two-proton transfer reaction (³He, n) has been measured on four gas targets, ¹⁶O, ¹⁸O, ²⁰Ne, and ²²Ne, with an incident ³He energy of 18.3 MeV. The data were taken with a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer in the angular range 0° to 40° c.m. The results for selected transitions are compared to DWBA predictions using shell-model spectroscopic amplitudes. In addition, the data for the ¹⁸O(³He, n)²⁰Ne reaction are compared to predictions of the SU(3) strong coupling model.     

L-shell vacancy production in Ag,Ta and Au for incident ionsZ 1≦10 in the energy range of 0.125–4 MeV/amu

Absolute Ag, Ta and AuL-shell X-ray cross sections were measured using protons,⁴He,¹⁴N as well as²⁰Ne ions in the energy range of 0.125–4 MeV/amu. By means of single-hole fluorescence yields experimental ionization cross sections were deduced and compared with calculations according to the corrected PWBA model — PWBA(BPCR). With decreasing asymmetry of the collision system the experimental cross sections exceed the predictions of the direct ionization theory. This is caused by an increasing contribution of a competing KL charge exchange mechanism which was investigated in detail for Ne+Ag. The Lapicki and Losonsky capture model was found to fail at energiesE<1 MeV/amu because adiabatic relaxation effects in the projectileK-shell become important. An estimation by means of the Nikitin model led to more physically comprehensible results at the lowest ion velocities investigated.     

Reaction cross sections in Si of light proton-halo candidates 12N and 17Ne

Total reaction cross sections, σ_R, on Si were measured near 40 A MeV for the proton-halo candidate ¹²N and the two-proton-halo candidate ¹⁷Ne, and were compared with σ_R for other light proton-rich nuclei. The A-dependence shows enhanced σ_R's for ¹²N and ¹⁷Ne, relative to their neighbors, but the effect is smaller than for ⁸B which has been argued to have a proton halo. In general, nuclei with loosely bound last protons (S_p ⩽ 1.5 MeV) have significantly larger σ_R's than their neighbors. Cross sections for charge-removal from ¹²N and ¹⁷Ne also were obtained.     

Evidence for equilibration of hot nuclei

The production cross sections of⁷Li in its ground and first excited states have been measured at 14°, 120°, 150°, for the 742 MeV²⁰Ne+⁶⁰Ni reaction. Hauser-Feshbach calculations show that the backward angle data are consistent with an emission temperature greater than 6 MeV. This is in agreement with the values extracted from the slope of the energy spectra and indicates that the emitting source is equilibrated.     

Unnatural parity levels populated in the 16O(6Li,d)20Ne reaction

The ¹⁶O(⁶Li, d)²⁰Ne reaction to the 2^?, 4.97 MeV, 3^?, 5.63 MeV, and 4^?, 7.01 MeV members of the K^π = 2^? band has been studied. Angular distributions were measured at 32 MeV from 7.5° to 145° (lab). Excitation functions were measured at 15° (lab) and 145° (lab) from 31 to 33 MeV and 31.75 to 32.5 MeV, respectively. Results of multi-step and compound nuclear calculations are compared to the data. At this incident energy, both mechanisms appear to contribute to the population of the unnatural parity levels.