正交偏振光谱微循环成像方法及装置

鉴于微循环图像成像质量的提高是微循环检测仪器实用化的关键，提出一种新的微循环检测方法及装置。利用基于该原理的正交偏振光谱成像仪器进行了实验，得到对比度清晰的甲襞微循环图像。用线性偏振光聚焦照射被测生物组织时，从组织表面反射回来的光保持了其偏振态，被放置在CCD前的偏振方向垂直的检偏器屏蔽掉；从组织内部返回的光发生复散射后退偏，通过检偏器成像。选择光源波长，使其落在红血球的吸收谱范围内，即可得到清晰的生物活体浅表面微循环图像。     

皮肤组织容积脉搏波400~1000 nm光谱特性仿真研究

根据皮肤组织解剖结构特性建立了六层层状模型,并给出了皮肤组织各层的特性参数;考虑了氧合血红蛋白和还原血红蛋白的吸收特性,依据皮肤组织各层的水、血、脂肪、血氧饱和度含量以及血管大小给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱吸收系数;对不同波长散射系数做了适当简化,给出了皮肤组织各层的光谱散射系数。利用蒙特卡罗方法仿真血管组织在收缩与舒张两种状态下, 400~1 000 nm波长光在皮肤组织多层模型中的传输过程,并通过统计大量光子的分布特性,获得了皮肤组织光谱反射系数,并利用模拟所得的两种状态下的反射系数计算得到了光谱容积脉搏波幅度。仿真结果表明,当入射光强一定时,绿光的容积脉搏波幅度优于红光和蓝光。通过计算不同波长光沿皮肤组织深度方向光能流率衰减为1/e时对应的皮肤组织深度,获得了皮肤组织光谱穿透深度。结果显示,血管舒张状态下蓝光和绿光的穿透深度较小,蓝光大部分只能达到表皮层,绿光能到达微循环层,红光可直达真皮层。考虑到光在皮肤组织中传播包含了一个从收缩到舒张的动态过程,基于此,根据穿透深度定义了脉搏波信号产生深度,利用血管舒张与收缩两种不同状态下的穿透深度计算得到了光谱产生深度。结果表明,不同波长光产生深度大于其穿透深度,蓝光产生深度较浅,且其受到的血液吸收调制较小,因而其获得的脉搏信号易受噪声干扰;红光的容积脉搏波产生深度较大,但是相比于绿光其受血液吸收调制较小,且绿光产生深度足够达到真皮血管层,因而红光容积脉搏波的幅度小于绿光。上述仿真结果明确了皮肤组织部分光谱特性,为皮肤组织多光谱容积脉搏波的精确获取及其他相关研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

Surface-sensitive polarized Raman spectroscopy of biological tissue

In a two-layer diffusing medium, polarized light directly backscattering off the superficial layer will partially retain its sense of polarization, whereas deeper-probing light will be increasingly depolarized by diffusion. This effect has been studied in both elastic scattering and fluorescence contexts. We apply this method to Raman scattering in two two-layer models with a highly diffusing lower layer of glucose powder and an upper layer of either clear plastic or chicken skin. We employ detection of orthogonal polarization states to generate a Raman spectrum of only the superficial layer by combining the orthogonal signals.     

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter with asymmetrical cross resonator

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter is proposed and investigated in this paper. The filter is based on the sandwich absorption structure which consists of three layers. The top layer is an array of asymmetrical cross resonator.The middle and bottom layers are dielectric spacer and metal film respectively. By absorbing specific wavelength of the incident light perfectly, the reflection spectrum of the structure shows filter performance. The calculated results show that the absorption wavelength is strongly dependent on the length of branch of the asymmetrical cross resonator which is parallel to the light polarization and independent of the length of the vertical one. Therefore, the asymmetrical cross resonator filter structure opens the way for freely tuning the filtering wavelength for a different light polarization. We can fix a resonant wavelength(absorption wavelength) corresponding to one polarization and change the resonant wavelength for the other polarization by adjusting the corresponding branch length of the asymmetrical cross resonator, or change the two resonant wavelengths of both two polarizations at the same time.     

Anisotropic antireflection coatings: use as a laser intracavity polarization-direction selector

A double-layer anisotropic antireflection coating is designed and fabricated using the technique of serial bideposition. Both layers in the coating are biaxial with nanostructural columns directed normal to the substrate. Incident light with the p polarization encounters a pair of quarter-wave layers with refractive indices that satisfy the standard relationship for zero reflectance at the design wavelength. Light with the s polarization meets non-quarter-wave layers and different indices and hence is partially reflected. As an example to illustrate potential applications of the coating, we have used a thin glass plate with anisotropic antireflection coatings on both sides as an intracavity element to select the direction of polarization of an open-cavity HeNe laser.     

透射光偏振度与散射次数关系的研究

偏振态与散射次数的关系对于提取深入组织内部的后向散射光有很重要的价值.本文分析了透射光的偏振度与光在介质中的散射次数的关系,给出了偏振光完全失去偏振态所需的散射次数,并用直接散射的实验方法进行了验证,得出当散射次数为14次时偏振光将失去其偏振特性的结论.     

A non-invasive method for the assessment of hemostasis in vivo by using dynamic light scattering

We present a new non-invasive method for assessing hemostasis in vivo. This method is based on the analysis of the movement characteristics of red blood cells (RBCs) during blood stasis condition. Stasis is intermittently induced by occlusion of arterial blood flow at the finger root. We assumed that under zero flow conditions, RBC movement is driven mostly by Brownian motion, and we characterized the RBC movement by utilizing the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique in vivo. We found that during the stasis the RBCs diffusion coefficient in plasma decreases. We speculate that the RBC diffusion coefficient is most strongly related to endothelial and hemostatic activity. This assumption is supported by our findings that RBC movement, being expressed through the characteristics of the measured DLS signal, is correlative to the biological age and also is related to the coagulation factors. This new method can serve as a new diagnostic and research tool for the assessment of hemostasis and vascular function.     

双色激光偏振演示实验

利用红色和绿色激光束产生2束偏振方向分别平行及垂直于入射面的偏振光,再混合为1束光.通过缓慢改变光束的偏振结构及其与入射透明介质的夹角,使反射与透射光斑颜色及明暗发生变化,演示了马吕斯定律、菲涅耳关系和布儒斯特定律等光的偏振性质.     

基于偏振滤波的皮肤镜光学和机械设计

皮肤镜在临床中已广泛用于诊断皮肤病变,然而,如何更加清晰准确地观察表皮、真皮表皮交界处和真皮乳头层内的色素性结构的大小、形状、颜色的深浅及浅层血管丛血管的大小形态依旧是一个挑战。由于皮肤表皮层类似于镜面反射,不改变反射光的偏振态,而皮肤组织表皮层以下的组织会改变原有光线的偏振态,基于此,本文设计了一个视场为22 mm、倍率为10×的手持偏振皮肤镜,通过采用偏振照明成像技术可以更加清晰有效地观察深层皮肤组织的病变以及病变组织形态,从而提高临床诊断与鉴别效率。     

生物组织多光谱偏振特性研究

生物组织内部结构复杂且具有较强的散射特性,而光作为生物组织检测的重要信息载体,其自身特性包括颜色、幅值、偏振等都对信息获取有较大的影响.结合偏振成像,对生物组织多光谱偏振特性展开了研究,依据不同微粒尺寸的分布建立了均匀单层生物组织模型,结合瑞利和米氏散射理论模拟了基于单个微粒的两种散射事件.瑞利散射具有较好的前向后向散...     

Modeling the frequency dependence (5-120 MHz) of ultrasound backscattering by red cell aggregates in shear flow at a normal hematocrit

The frequency dependence of the ultrasound signal backscattered by blood in shear flow was studied using a simulation model. The ultrasound backscattered signal was computed with a linear model that considers the characteristics of the ultrasound system and tissue acoustic properties. The tissue scattering properties were related to the position and shape of the red blood cells (RBCs). A 2D microrheological model simulated the RBC dynamics in a Couette shear flow system. This iterative model, described earlier [Biophys. J. 82, 1696-1710 (2002)], integrates the hydrodynamic effect of the flow, as well as adhesive and repulsive forces between RBCs. RBC aggregation was simulated at 40% hematocrit and shear rates of 0.05-2 s(-1). The RBC aggregate sizes ranged, on average, from 3.3 RBCs at 2 s(-1) to 33.5 cells at 0.05 s(-1). The ultrasound backscattered power was studied at frequencies between 5-120 MHz and insonification angles between 0-180 degrees. At frequencies below approximately 30 MHz, the ultrasound backscattered power increased as the shear rate was decreased and the size of the aggregates was raised. A totally different scattering behavior was noted above 30 MHz. Typical spectral slopes of the backscattered power (log-log scale) between 5-25 MHz equaled 3.8, whereas slopes down to 0.6 were measured at 0.05 s(-1), between 40-60 MHz. The ultrasound backscattered power was shown to be angle dependent at low frequencies (5-25 MHz). The anisotropy persisted at high frequencies (>25 MHz) for small aggregates (at 2 s(-1)). In conclusion, this study sheds some light on the blood backscattering behavior with an emphasis on the non-Rayleigh regime. Additional experimental studies may be necessary to validate the simulation results, and to fully understand the relation between the ultrasound backscattered power, level of RBC aggregation, shear rate, frequency, and insonification angle.     

Experimental ultrasound characterization of red blood cell aggregation using the structure factor size estimator

The frequency dependence of the ultrasonic backscattering coefficient (BSC) was studied to assess the level of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. Three monoelement focused wideband transducers were used to insonify porcine blood sheared in a Couette flow from 9 to 30 MHz. A high shear rate was first applied to promote disaggregation. Different residual shear rates were then used to promote formation of RBC aggregates. The structure factor size estimator (SFSE), a second-order data reduction model based on the structure factor, was applied to the frequency-dependent BSC. Two parameters were extracted from the model to describe the level of aggregation at 6% and 40% hematocrits: W, the packing factor, and D the aggregate diameter, expressed in number of RBCs. Both parameters closely matched theoretical values for nonaggregated RBCs. W and D increased during aggregation with stabilized values modulated by the applied residual shear rate. Furthermore, parameter D during the kinetics of aggregation at 6% hematocrit under static conditions correlated with an optical RBC aggregate size estimation from microscopic images (r(2)=0.76). To conclude, the SFSE presents an interesting framework for tissue characterization of partially correlated dense tissues such as aggregated RBCs.     

Polarization beam splitter using a binary blazed grating coupler

A novel polarization beam splitter using a two-layer grating coupler is proposed and demonstrated. It can directly couple the normally incident light from fiber into two separate waveguides according to their polarization states while splitting them. It realizes high coupling efficiency and a good extinction ratio by using binary blazed grating couplers. The coupling length is less than 14 microm. The extinction ratio is better than 20 dB for both polarizations over a 40 nm wavelength range, and the coupling efficiencies for the two layers are 58% and 50%.     

反射光偏振特性分析与物体形状的测量

基于反射光偏振特性,提出了利用图像处理技术测量透明物体三维形状的理论和方法.分析了物体表面反射光的偏振特性,表明自然光在经透明物体表面反射后,反射率随光的振动方向不同而不同,即反射光表现出部分偏振光的特性.研究了强度反射率与入射角以及光强与偏振片方向之间的函数关系,得到了光强大小与入射面方向的关系;根据偏振度概念并结合菲涅耳公式和折射定律,建立了偏振度和入射角之间的表达式,可求得物体表面法线方向,进而得到透明物体的形状.研制了光学实验平台,获得了物体反射光的偏振图像,经过图像处理,获得了被测物体的三维形状.实验结果表明,这种方法对透明物体形状测量是有效和实用的.     

Estimation of the spectral absorption of light by components of human skin

The spectra of the absorption coefficients of external radiation by basic chromophores of human skin, such as melanin, basic tissue, and blood (including oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin), are studied in the wavelength range of 300–1000 nm. For estimates, analytical methods of the theory of light transfer are used, which take into account the multilayer structure of a biological tissue, multiple light scattering in a medium, and multiple rereflections of radiation between layers. The calculated spectra are compared with the wavelength dependences of the absorption indices of these components available from the literature. It is shown that the spectral behaviors of the coefficients and indices of absorption strongly differ, which is related to the selectivity of the optical properties of a biological tissue. The possibilities of predicting the absorption coefficients of the skin components from the absorption coefficient of the entire skin measured under conditions of variation of its biophysical parameters (the volume concentrations of melanin and blood vessels) over a wide range are evaluated.     

Optical properties of aggregate particles comparable in size to the wavelength

The angular dependence of brightness and linear polarization of randomly oriented aggregates has been investigated in order to find rules connecting their scattering properties with their structure, packing density, complex refractive index, and number and size of the spheres forming the aggregate. Our study is based on an interpretation in terms of successive orders of scattering, in particular on the analysis of the contribution of the interference and near-field effects. Such an approach allowed us to explain and interrelate the main peculiarities of the angular dependence of the intensity and polarization displayed by aggregates. Of special interest are the aggregates showing a so-called negative branch of linear polarization of light scattered into angles close to the backscattering direction. It has been shown that the enhancement of intensity and the negative polarization in this angular range are mainly caused by the interference of multiply scattered waves as well as by near-field effects. If the number of particles in the aggregate is large enough and its size is comparable to the wavelength, the backscattering enhancement is caused by the particles in the surface layers of the aggregate, where the radiation field is mostly homogeneous, while the negative branch is mainly generated by the deeper layers of particles, where the radiation field is inhomogeneous with chaotic changes of amplitudes and phases. This results in a rather weak dependence of the negative polarization on particle location in the deeper layers of the aggregate and on particle number but not on packing density.     

受风灾影响后的农作物冠层反射信息测量与分析

受到台风“布拉万”的影响,吉林中部地区大范围处于灌浆期的玉米倒伏。为了确定倒伏后玉米冠层对反射信息的影响,从不同角度对其高光谱反射信息进行了测量与分析;与此同时,对偏振反射信息也进行了测量,将反射与偏振信息结合起来分析了受风灾影响后农作物冠层反射特征的变化。结果表明,风灾过后倒伏玉米的反射信息在可见光波段降低,而在近红外波段范围增大,与正常直立生长的玉米反射信息比较,具有非常明显的各项异性特征;同时,倒伏玉米的反射光中包含丰富的偏振信息,利用偏振信息可以为区分倒伏区域提供依据。这为利用遥感技术确定受灾范围与计算损失产量提供了依据。     

A compact frequency selective stop-band splitter by using Fabry Perot nanocavity in a T-shaped waveguide

By utilizing a Fabry-Perot (FP) nanocavity adjacent to T-shaped gap waveguide ports, spectrally selective filtering is realized. When the wavelength of incident light corresponds to the resonance wavelength of the FP nanocavity, the surface plasmons are captured inside the nanocavity, and light is highly reflected from this port. The resonance wavelength is determined by using Fabry-Perot resonance condition for the nanocavity. For any desired filtering frequency the dimension of the nanocavity can be tailored. The numerical results are based on the two-dimensional finite difference time domain simulation under a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition. The analytical and simulation results indicate that the proposed structure can be utilized for filtering and splitting applications.     

Modeling of atmospheric radiative transfer with polarization and its application to the remote sensing of tropospheric ozone

Light reflected or transmitted by a planetary atmosphere contains information about particles and molecules in the atmosphere. Therefore, accurate modeling of the radiation field may be used to retrieve information on atmospheric composition. In this paper, a multi-layer model for a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere is implemented by using the doubling-adding method for a plane-parallel atmosphere. By studying the degree of linear polarization of the transmitted and reflected solar light in the Huggins bands, we find significant differences between tropospheric ozone and stratospheric ozone. The effects of tropospheric ozone change on the linear polarization are 10 times more than that of the same amount of stratospheric ozone change. We also show the aerosol effect on the linear polarization, but this effect is wavelength independent as compared to that caused by the tropospheric ozone change. The results provide a theoretical basis for the retrieval of tropospheric ozone from measurement of linear polarization of the scattered sunlight both from the ground and from a satellite.     

Multiscaled polarization effects in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Suneve coronata</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera) and other insects: application to anti-counterfeiting of banknotes

The scales of many Lepidoptera and the elytra of quite a number of Coleoptera possess specialized micro- and nano-structures that produce special polarization effects. They are constituted by concave multilayered cavities. This leads to two different effects: (1) interferential non-polarized coloration by reflection near normal incidence in the middle of the cavities and (2) polarized interferential colouration at lower wavelength after double reflection near the Brewster incidence at the periphery of the cavities. The macroscopic appearance resembles the “pointillist effect” with one of the component polarized while the other one is not. The first one can be extinguished with linear polarizer so that the colour is modified. In most insects, the structure is locally symmetric; hence, no macroscopic effects can be seen. In certain species, this symmetry is partly broken, and a slight effect can be observed. In the wing dorsal surface of the fascinating neotropical butterflies genus Suneve, perpendicular structures of two different kinds in size polarize the reflected light. The larger one is constituted by the convex cover scales whose apex falls perpendicularly on the bases of the following scales, creating long polarized valley (50 μm width) transversally running across the wing. The smaller one is constituted by the ridges of the scales (2 μm apart) that polarize light in the perpendicular direction.Adapted multilayered structures can be deposited onto banknotes to create anti-counterfeiting patterns as a further development of protection and security. Different effects can be produced by the use of such structures. (1) Changes of luminosity: A specific pattern will be constituted by two different areas: one with horizontal concave multilayered structures, and the other one with vertical structures. Under unpolarized light, the reflected spectra of these different areas are identical and no pattern appears. Under polarized light, i.e., through a linear polarizer, one or the other area is partly extinguished, according to the orientation of the polarizer, and the pattern appears. (2) Changes in colours: a compound colour can be produced by the juxtaposition of planed and grooved surfaces. Due to the change of incidence of the incoming light, the colours of these two zones are different, but that produced by the first one is unpolarized while the second one is partly polarized and can be modified with a linear polarizer. PACS 42.25.Ja; 42.25.Hz; 42.66.Ne; 78.40.Me