现行高中化学课本有机化学部分几个值得商榷的问题

关于1,3-丁二烯的亲电加成反应 1,3-丁二烯跟卤素、卤化氢等试剂容易发生亲电加成反应。当它跟一分子卤素或一分子卤化氢等发生亲电加成时,一般既可得到1,4-加成产物,也可得到1,2-加成产物,而两种产物的比例,则取决于反应温度、试剂和溶剂的性质、产物的稳定性等诸因素。     

环化顺1,4丁二烯异戊二烯无规共聚物的表征

<正> 已知,聚异戊二烯或聚丁二烯等1,3-双烯聚合物可在路易斯酸催化剂作用下按阳离子型机理进行分子内环化反应,所得“环化橡胶”,做为可光敏固化的新材料,在光刻胶、光保护膜、胶粘剂等方面得到广泛应用。文献还表明,环化顺1,4聚双烯产物比环化其它结构的聚双烯产物具更好的使用性能。鉴于合成高分子材料中共聚物往往较均聚物呈现     

InX_3(X=F,Br)催化N-甲基吲哚与酮酸酯不对称合成机理的研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)中的B3LYP方法,在B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)基组水平上(In采用赝势基组Lan L2DZ),二氯乙烷(DCE)作为溶剂,研究了In X_3(X=F,Br)催化N-甲基吲哚与酮酸酯不对称合成微观反应机理,对反应通道上反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物进行了结构优化,通过能量和振动频率分析以及内禀反应坐标(IRC)计算证实了过渡态和中间体的合理性,并且在相同基组水平上,通过自然键轨道(NBO)理论和原子理论(AIM)分析了分子轨道间的相互作用及成键特点.结果发现:在In F_3催化作用下,N-甲基吲哚与酮酸酯反应形成1,2-加成产物和1,4-加成产物的反应速控步骤活化能分别为25.62和12.52 kcal/mol,在In Br_3催化作用下,N-甲基吲哚与酮酸酯反应形成1,2-加成产物和1,4-加成产物的反应速控步骤活化能分别为26.87和13.95 kcal/mol.比较研究结果,In F_3能有效催化该反应的进行,且1,4-加成产物更容易生成,我们的研究结果与实验结果相吻合.还采用连续介质模型(PCM)比较了5种溶剂化作用对反应的影响,可以预测:二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶剂条件下,In F3催化1,4-加成产物的产率会更高.     

二苯甲硫酮与共轭双烯化合物的Diels-Alder反应

本文选择了反-1-苯基-1,3-丁二烯, 反-2,4-戊二烯酸甲酯和反-1,3-戊二烯作为共轭双烯, 它们分别与二苯甲硫酮在黑暗中氮气保护下进行Diels-Alder反应及其产物的氧化反应。本文阐述了反应机理并对反应产物作了^1H NMR谱数据分析。     

α-肉桂酰基二硫缩烯酮与Grignard试剂的加成反应区域 选择研究-烷硫基对反 应的调控作用

乙基、苯基卤化镁等Grignard试剂与具有三亲电中心的α-肉桂酰基二硫代缩烯酮类化合物1反应,当1中的烷硫基为二乙硫基、1,3-亚丙二硫基、1,4-亚丁二硫基时,Grignard试剂加成到与芳烃相连的碳原子上,得到共轭加成产物2;当1中的烷硫基为二甲硫基时,生成难以分离的混合物。     

微波促进苄基溴化锌与肉桂醛的烯基化反应

在Me3SiCl和Pd（PPh3）2Cl2存在下,通过微波辐射带官能团的苄基溴化锌与肉桂醛反应高效地合成了含不同官能团的1,4-二苯基-1,3-丁二烯类化合物,收率65％-95％,其结构经1^H NMR,13^C NMR,IR和MS确证。     

Pd(II)催化下苄基溴化锌或烯丙基碘化锌与芳香醛的加成反应

在[PdCl2(PPh3)2]催化下,有机卤化锌试剂与芳香醛顺利地发生反应得到了较高产率的1,2-加成产物.此方法避免了CuCN/2LiCl的使用,为通过有机卤化锌试剂合成芳基取代的仲醇类化合物提供了一条简便的途径.     

由(E)-β-碘代烯基砜和末端炔合成多取代的1,3-烯炔

通过(E)-b-碘代烯基砜与末端炔的Sonogashira偶联反应,以中等到良好的产率合成了磺酰基取代的1,3-烯炔。在NiCl2(PPh3)2催化下,产物与格氏试剂发生脱磺酰基偶联反应,磺酰基被进一步转化为不同的取代基。     

一种简便合成2-丁炔-1,4-二醇衍生物的新方法

由2-丁炔-1,4-二醇可以很方便地得到2-丁炔-1,4-二氯,这一试剂在有机合成中有着广泛的应用。而在其它条件相同的情况下,制备2-丁炔-1,4-二溴并未得到相应较好的结果。我们用无水苯为反应溶剂,以温和的 (PPh3)PBr2作为卤代试剂(冰浴下液溴逐滴滴入PPh3苯溶剂中当场生成)卤化2-丁炔-1,4-二醇,选择性合成得到2-丁炔-1,4-二溴衍生物。同时也实现了2-丁炔-1,4-二醋酸酯的合成。     

以缺电子炔烃为原料经1,3-偶极环加成反应合成3-芳基中氮茚的新方法

报道了一种简便有效地合成3-芳基中氮茚的方法.反应需要的吡啶鎓盐可以用吡啶和苄卤很容易制得,然后以1,4-二氧六环为溶剂,在碳酸铯存在的条件下与缺电子炔烃经1,3-偶极环加成和芳构化反应即可得到3-芳基中氮茚,产率34%~81%.该方法具有原料易得、操作简便、反应条件温和、选择性好等优点.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.