Radiochemical studies using 59Fe and 35S provide evidence for iron-regulated uptake of sulfur in wheat

Ecological half-lives of radiocesium were observed on Izu-Oshima Island, Japan, a place which experiences typhoons annually. The estimated ecological half-lives (uncertainty) based on the observations above an asphalt and a bare surface were 1.6 year (31.6%) and 1.9 year (14.4%), respectively; those of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs in soil were 1.5 year (7.2%) and 4.0 year (5.9%), respectively. The radiation level was quickly returned to the original level compared to other locations that do not experience such typhoon activity.

     

Radiological status of Rongelap Island in 1999

A radiological survey and whole body counting of ¹³⁷Cs were carried out in Rongelap Island (main island) of Rongelap Atoll in July 1999. The maximum values of ¹³⁷Cs contamination and of g-ray dose rate were 39 kBq/m² and 0.033 mSv/h, respectively. The maximum a and b gross counting rates on the surface of ground were 1 cpm and 182 cpm in active area of 72 cm², respectively. Activity of ^239,240Pu for soil was 80 Bq/kg in the top 5 cm and aerial deposition was 3.4 kBq/m² in Rongelap Island in 1999. The body burden of ¹³⁷Cs was observed to be 27±11 Bq/kg for 6 workers. Assessment of external and internal annual doses (0.1 and 0.07 mSv/y) indicates that as of 1999 there is no large risk to the inhabitants of Rongelap Island from a radiological point of view. The radiological status of Rongelap Island, which was severely contaminated by the radiological fallouts of nuclear testings carried out in 1954, has improved year by year as shown by the decrease of ¹³⁷Cs. The effective halftime of ¹³⁷Cs, which is estimated to be 6.6 y is much shorter than the physical half-life of ¹³⁷Cs. Radioactive contamination in Kaballe Island, (a part of the northern islands used for farming) which is located 25 km northeast of Rongelap Island, was still high in 1999. One site nearby a beach was highly contaminated with ¹³⁷Cs, where the maximum activity of ¹³⁷Cs was 3.4 MBq/m², a-ray of 2 cpm, b-ray of 1205 cpm and g-ray of 0.73 mSv/h. Activity of ^239,240Pu in soil (n = 1) was 294 Bq/kg (top 5 cm) and 16 kBq/m².     

Distribution of cesium-137 in tree crop products collected from residence islands impacted by the U.S. nuclear test program in the northern Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has completed a series of radiological surveys at Bikini, Rongelap, Utrōk, and Enewetak Atolls in the Marshall Islands designed to take a representative sample of food supplies with emphasis on determining ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in common food plants. Coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) are the most common and abundant food plant, and provided a common sample type to characterize the level and variability of activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in plant foods collected from different islands and atolls. Other dominant food types included Pandanus (Pandanus spp.) and breadfruit (Actocarpus spp.). In general, the activity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in food plants was found to decrease significantly between the main residence islands on Bikini, Rongelap, Utrōk, and Enewetak Atolls. The mean activity concentration of ¹³⁷Cs measured in drinking coconut meat and juice was 0.72 (95 % CI 0.68–0.77) and 0.34 (95 % CI 0.30–0.38) Bq g^?1, respectively, on Bikini Island; 0.019 (95 % CI 0.017–0.021) and 0.027 (95 % CI 0.023–0.031) Bq g^?1, respectively, on Rongelap Island; 0.010 (95 % CI 0.007–0.013) and 0.007 (95 % CI 0.004–0.009) Bq g^?1, respectively, on Utrōk Island; and 0.002 (95 % CI 0.0013–0.0024) and 0.002 (95 % CI 0.001–0.0025) Bq g^?1, respectively, on Enewetak Island. High levels of variability are reported across all islands. These results will be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of predictive dose assessments, help characterize levels of uncertainty and variability in activity concentrations of fallout radionuclides in plant foods, and allow atoll communities to make informed decisions about resettlement and possible options for cleanup and rehabilitation of islands and atolls.     

Dissociative excitation of some aliphatic hydrocarbons by electron impact

Cross sections and threshold energies are compared for radiation from fragments produced by electron impact on methane, ethylene, ethane and acetylene. Some previous measurements have been repeated. The emission cross sections for corresponding Balmer radiation are within 10% equal for these hydrocarbons. Also the thresholds for Balmer radiation lie close together. These results can be explained in a model where H fragments arise from Rydberg states excited by promotion of an inner valence electron to a non-bonding orbital. In this model a comparison between dissociative ionization yielding H⁺ and dissociative excitation yielding H⁺ is made. For radiation from molecular fragments it is shown that the CH(A² Δ-X²Π) emission cross sections are particularly high in the case of acetylene. The electron impact data appear to be consistent with photoabsorption data.     

Characterization and source term assessments of radioactive particles from Marshall Islands using non-destructive analytical techniques

Six plutonium-containing particles stemming from Runit Island soil (Marshall Islands) were characterized by non-destructive analytical and microanalytical methods. Composition and elemental distribution in the particles were studied with synchrotron radiation based micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray detector and with wavelength dispersive system as well as a secondary ion mass spectrometer were used to examine particle surfaces. Based on the elemental composition the particles were divided into two groups: particles with pure Pu matrix, and particles where the plutonium is included in Si/O-rich matrix being more heterogenously distributed. All of the particles were identified as nuclear fuel fragments of exploded weapon components. As containing plutonium with low ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atomic ratio, less than 0.065, which corresponds to weapons-grade plutonium or a detonation with low fission yield, the particles were identified to originate from the safety test and low-yield tests conducted in the history of Runit Island. The Si/O-rich particles contained traces of ¹³⁷Cs (^239 + 240Pu/¹³⁷Cs activity ratio higher than 2500), which indicated that a minor fission process occurred during the explosion. The average ²⁴¹Am/²³⁹Pu atomic ratio in the six particles was 3.7 × 10^− 3 ± 0.2 × 10^− 3 (February 2006), which indicated that plutonium in the different particles had similar age.     

A Mathematical Radiobiological Model (MRM) to Predict Complex DNA Damage and Cell Survival for Ionizing Particle Radiations of Varying Quality

Predicting radiobiological effects is important in different areas of basic or clinical applications using ionizing radiation (IR); for example, towards optimizing radiation protection or radiation therapy protocols. In this case, we utilized as a basis the ‘MultiScale Approach (MSA)’ model and developed an integrated mathematical radiobiological model (MRM) with several modifications and improvements. Based on this new adaptation of the MSA model, we have predicted cell-specific levels of initial complex DNA damage and cell survival for irradiation with ¹¹Β, ¹²C, ¹⁴Ν, ¹⁶Ο, ²⁰Νe, ⁴⁰Αr, ²⁸Si and ⁵⁶Fe ions by using only three input parameters (particle’s LET and two cell-specific parameters: the cross sectional area of each cell nucleus and its genome size). The model-predicted survival curves are in good agreement with the experimental ones. The particle Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) and Oxygen Enhancement Ratio (OER) are also calculated in a very satisfactory way. The proposed integrated MRM model (within current limitations) can be a useful tool for the assessment of radiation biological damage for ions used in hadron-beam radiation therapy or radiation protection purposes.     

Total deposition velocities and scavenging ratios of 7Be and 210Pb at Rokkasho, Japan

The atmospheric concentrations and deposition fluxes of ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb were observed biweekly in Rokkasho, Japan on the Pacific Ocean coast at the northern end of Honshu Island, from March 2000 to March 2006, to clarify their regional features. Seasonal variation pattern of atmospheric ⁷Be concentrations had double peaks, and that of ²¹⁰Pb had a single peak. Deposition fluxes of ⁷Be and ²¹⁰Pb showed the same patterns. The total deposition pattern of ⁷Be was similar to that commonly seen on the Pacific Ocean side of northern Honshu Island, while the pattern of ²¹⁰Pb was similar to that commonly seen on the Japan Sea side. The lack of high spine mountains windward in Rokkasho may be the cause of this ambiguity in the winter monsoon season. Total deposition velocities and scavenging ratios of ²¹⁰Pb were similar to those of ⁷Be from spring to fall, and showed that both nuclides had a similar removal process from the atmosphere. However, the scavenging ratios of ²¹⁰Pb were slightly larger than those of ⁷Be in winter, indicating different behaviors for both nuclides in the scavenging process. The scavenging ratios of both nuclides inversely correlated with precipitation rate, and the ratios in winter were larger than in the other seasons.     

Measurement of 137Cs in the soil in Korea by low-level background gamma-ray spectrometer

¹³⁷Cs was measured in soil samples collected in Korea from 2006 to 2008 using a low-level background gamma-ray spectrometer that was designed and developed by KRISS (Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science). The objectives of this study are to evaluate the newly developed low-level background gamma-ray spectrometer and, consequently, to provide information on the horizontal and vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs in Korean soil. ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in surface soil varied from 12.8 ± 0.9 to 108 ± 4 Bq kg^?1, and the vertical profiles of ¹³⁷Cs from the Nari basin in Ulleung Island in the East Sea/Sea of Japan and Seongsan Ilchulbong Peak, Jeju Island, showed a higher concentration in the surface layer that gradually decreased with depth. On the other hand, the ¹³⁷Cs concentration in soil samples collected from Bukhan Mountain National Park in Seoul showed a subsurface maximum and decreased with depth. The ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the soil column were calculated to be 1,830–4,360 Bq m^?2 with a mean of 2,770 Bq m^?2, which was the same order of magnitude as the global fallout inventories in the mid-latitude region of the Northern Hemisphere.     

Cold crystallization of polytetrafluoroethylene by γ irradiation

Changes in density and in the corresponding degree of crystallinity with radiation dose are studied experimentally for γ-irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the dose range from 1 X 10³ to 1 X 10⁹ R. The relation between the amorphous fraction and the radiation dose is derived from a quantitative analysis of cold crystallization by scission of polymer backbone chains. The characteristic radiation dose, at which one break occurs on the average per initial molecule, is estimated as about 3 X 10⁴ R on the basis of a derived kinetic equation. The theoretical relation is modified by considering microvoids produced in the irradiated samples. The radii of microvoids in the form of spheres are evaluated as about 0.2 nm, and are also related to cage spheres relevant to the chain scission process. Good agreement between the modified theoretical relation and experimental data is attained over the entire range of radiation dose.     

Determination of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs and <Superscript>90</Superscript>Sr in the bottom sediments from the Barents Sea

The aim of this paper was to determine the extent of contamination by anthropogeneous radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in the bottom sediments from the Barents Sea based on the radioactive activity of the samples taken up in August 1991, among others, from the area close to New Land Island and Francis Joseph Archipelago. The results are based on the phenomenon of vertical migration, in the bottom sediments which is of significant importance from the natural environment point of view.     

Variability in UVB Radiation in Beijing,China

The variation characteristics of Ultraviolet‐B (UVB; 280–315 nm) radiation over Beijing were explored using measured data that were collected in Beijing from November 2010 to October 2011. Seasonal variations in UVB radiation and influence of ozone and clearness index on the ratio of UVB to broadband solar radiation (G) were investigated. The annual value of UVB radiation in Beijing is 6.37 MJ m^?2, and monthly average value ranges from 4.96 to 28.37 kJ m^?2 d^?1. The maximum daily total UVB radiation ranges from 6.55 kJ m^?2 d^?1 in November to 54.22 kJ m^?2 d^?1 in July. The monthly minimum of daily total UVB radiation varies from 0.5 kJ m^?2 d^?1 in February to 11.52 kJ m^?2 d^?1 in July. The monthly average of the ratio of UVB radiation to G ranges from 0.007 to 0.017%, with an annual average value of 0.012%. The variation in slant ozone column causes annual cycle of the ratio UVB radiation to G, with maximum value in summer. In addition, clouds have a greater effect on G than UVB radiation. Thus, the ratio increases by more than 17% when the atmospheric conditions change from clear to cloudy.     

Studies on Nuclear Resonant Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation by 40K

The studies on nuclear resonant scattering by ⁴⁰K using synchrotron radiation are reviewed. Brilliant and high pure synchrotron radiation permitted us to observe the nuclear resonant forward scattering by ⁴⁰K in a powdered KCl sample, the excitation of which is impossible with ordinary radioactive sources. Furthermore, nuclear resonant inelastic scattering of synchrotron radiation by ⁴⁰K in the KCl sample at room temperature has been measured using a high-resolution monochromator. Adding to these, from the excitation experiments of ⁴⁰K, the energy and lifetime of the first excited state of ⁴⁰K were confirmed. These measurements clearly show that the studies on the electronic states through hyperfine interactions and the dynamical properties of potassium atoms, which are very important in material science and biology, are possible. It should be noted that ⁴⁰K is the natural isotope of potassium and weakly radioactive. Our observation of forward and inelastic scattering of the radioactive nuclide ⁴⁰K will lead to further studies on other radioactive nuclides the resonant forward and inelastic scattering of which are not observed to date.     

Determination of plutonium activity concentrations and <Superscript>240</Superscript>Pu/<Superscript>239</Superscript>Pu atom ratios in Brown Algae (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fucus distichus</Emphasis>) collected from Amchitka Island,Alaska

Plutonium-239 (²³⁹Pu) and plutonium-240 (²⁴⁰Pu) activity concentrations and ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratios are reported for Brown Algae (Fucus distichus) collected from the littoral zone of Amchitka Island (Alaska), and at a control site at Unalaska, Alaska. The average ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio observed in dried F. distichus collected from Amchitka Island was 0.227 ± 0.007 (N = 5) and compares with the expected ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu atom ratio in integrated worldwide fallout deposition in the Northern Hemisphere of 0.1805 ± 0.0057. In the absence of any evidence of a local source of plutonium containing an elevated ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu isotopic signature, the characteristically high ²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu content of F. distichus supports the view of the existence of a discernible, basin-wide non-fallout source of plutonium entering the subarctic Pacific.     

Radiochromic dye dosimeter solutions as reference measurement systems

Solutions of leucocyanides of triphenylmethane dyes in organic solvents are designed as stable reference dosimeters for large radiation doses, with useful characteristics, both for steady-state and pulsed radiation fields. These radiochromic solutions may be used in conventional glass ampoules to cover the absorbed dose range 10²–10⁴kGy, when analyzed spectrophotometrically at visible wavelengths at the maxima of radiation-induced absorption bands. The radiation chemical yields of dye formation (G-values) and molar linear absorption coefficients (ϵ_m) of the dyes in several formulations, with and without dissolved polymer and weak oxidizing agents, are established. The most stable formulation before and after irradiation consists of new fuchsin cyanide in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and triethyl phosphate containing small amounts of acetic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and polyvinyl butyral. The useful range of doses for this solution is 10²-4 x 10³ Gy when measured at 557 nm wavelength. The radiation chemical yield, G-value for dye production, is 3.35 x 10¹⁵ molec J^-1 (0.0055 μmol J^-1) and the value of ϵ_m at this wavelength is 1.32 x 10⁵ M^-1 cm^-1.     

Natural radioactivity of some local building materials in the middle Euphrates of Iraq

People are exposed to ionizing radiation from the radionuclides that are present in different types of a natural sources, of which building materials is one of the most important sources. Radionuclides in building materials belonging to ²³⁸U, ²³²Th series as well as radioisotope of Potassium ⁴⁰K are the major contributors of outdoor terrestrial natural radiation. This study is the first ever in Iraq. In order to estimate the radiological impact to the dweller, the activity concentration of radionuclides present in various Iraqi building materials were analyzed using Gamma-spectrometry. The radiation hazard indexes were calculated based on the above results. The results showed that the activity concentration of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K was between 32.9 Bq/kg (Najaf gypsum)–179.32 Bq/kg (Karbala cement), 1.98 Bq/kg (Najaf sand)–17.43 Bq/kg (Qadisiya brick) and 108.73 Bq/kg (Karbala sand)–977.79 Bq/kg (Najaf brick), respectively. All values of Radium equivalent activities were found to be less than the maximum permissible limit and the internal hazard indexes (except Karbala cement) were less than unity for the radiation hazard. Some samples have external annual dose and external hazard index values greater than unity.     

Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVA+UVB) and Copper on the Morphology,Ultrastructural Organization and Physiological Responses of the Red Alga Pterocladiella capillacea

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and copper (Cu) on apical segments of Pterocladiella capillacea was examined under two different conditions of radiation, PAR (control) and PAR+UVA+UVB (PAR+UVAB), and three copper concentrations, ranging from 0 (control) to 0.62, 1.25 and 2.50 μm . Algae were exposed in vitro to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 70 μmol photons m^?2 s^?1, PAR + UVB at 0.35 W m^?2 and PAR +UVA at 0.70 W m^?2 during a 12‐h photocycle for 3 h each day for 7 days. The effects of radiation and copper on growth rates, content of photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic performance were analyzed. In addition, samples were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. The content of photosynthetic pigments decreased after exposure to radiation and Cu. Compared with PAR radiation and copper treatments modified the kinetics patterns of the photosynthesis/irradiance curve. The treatments also caused changes in the ultrastructure of cortical and subcortical cells, including increased cell wall thickness and accumulation of plastoglobuli, as well as changes in the organization of chloroplasts. The results indicate that the synergistic interaction between UV radiation and Cu in P. capillacea, led to the failure of protective mechanisms and causing more drastic changes and cellular imbalances.     

Natural and fallout radionuclide concentrations in the environment of Islamabad

A study on the concentration of natural and fallout radionuclides in environmental samples collected from different localities of Islamabad was performed. For the determination of gamma-emitters such as ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs high purity germanium (HPGe) detector was used while for the analysis of ⁹⁰Sr, a beta-emitter, liquid scintillation counting system was used. The indoor absorbed dose rate was measured by a CaF₂ : Dy thermoluminescence detector. Other radiation parameters were also determined to evaluate the radiation hazard. All the results were well within the permissible limits showing that there is no radiation hazard in the environment of Islamabad.     

Effects of PAR and UV‐B Radiation on Herbal Yield,Bioactive Compounds and Their Antioxidant Capacity of Some Medicinal Plants Under Controlled Environmental Conditions

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and Ultraviolet B (UV‐B) radiation are among the main environmental factors acting on herbal yield and biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of biologically effective UV‐B light (280–315 nm) and PAR (400–700 nm) on herbal yield, content and composition, as well as antioxidant capacity of essential oils and polyphenols of lemon catmint (Nepeta cataria L. f. citriodora), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under controlled greenhouse cultivation. Intensive UV‐B radiation (2.5 kJ m^?2 d^?1) influenced positively the herbal yield. The essential oil content and composition of studied herbs were mainly affected by PAR and UV‐B radiation. In general, additional low‐dose UV‐B radiation (1 kJ m^?2d^?1) was most effective for biosynthesis of polyphenols in herbs. Analysis of major polyphenolic compounds provided differences in sensitivity of main polyphenols to PAR and UV‐B radiation. Essential oils and polyphenol‐rich extracts of radiated herbs showed essential differences in antioxidant capacity by the ABTS system. Information from this study can be useful for herbal biomass and secondary metabolite production with superior quality under controlled environment conditions.     

The determination of Br,Ag and I in pharmaceuticals using X-ray fluorescence excited by gamma sources

The possibility of using γ-radiation sources for the X-ray fluorescence analysis of Br, Ag, and I was studied on model samples. The results were applied for the determination of these elements in pharmaceutical products. The optimum channel range was selected and the accuracies obtainable with various types of radiation sources were compared. For routine analysis of pharmaceutical products and other substances of similar composition, the most suitable radiation sources are:¹²⁵I for the determination of low concentration of bromine;¹⁵³Gd for the determination of silver; and²⁴¹Am for that of iodine.     

Determination of U and Th in soil and plants obtained from a high natural radiation area in China using ICP-MS and γ-counting

This study was carried out for the determination of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th concentrations in soil and various foods obtained in high natural radiation areas in China for estimating the internal radiation doses caused by these radionuclides. Knowledge of the daily dietary intakes of the nuclides through foods is essential to evaluate the internal radiation dose. Several analytical methods were evaluated for their applicability and quality assurance. The accuracy and precision of ICP-MS is considerably better for determining trace elements like U and Th in fine powder samples. The estimated annual effective dose is 0.302 μ Sv/y for ²³⁸U and 1.86 μ Sv/y for ²³²Th in the high natural radiation area, and 0.0101 μ Sv/y for ²³⁸U and 0.177 μ Sv/y for ²³²Th in the control area.