Determine the physical mechanism and source region of beat wave modulation by changing the frequency of high-frequency waves

This paper introduces a new approach for the determination of the source region of beat wave(BW)modulation.This type of modulation is achieved by transmitting high-frequency(HF)continuous waves with a frequency difference f,where f is the frequency of modulated ELF/VLF(extremely low frequency/very low frequency)waves from two sub-arrays of a high power HF transmitter.Despite the advantages of BW modulation in terms of generating more stable ELF/VLF signal and high modulation efficiency,there exists a controversy on the physical mechanism of BW and its source region.In this paper,the two controversial theories,i.e.,BW based on D-E region thermal nonlinearity and BW based on F region ponderomotive nonlinearity are examined for cases where each of these two theories exists exclusively or both of them exist simultaneously.According to the analysis and simulation results presented in this paper,it is found that the generated VLF signal amplitude exhibits significant variation as a function of HF frequency in different source regions.Therefore,this characteristic can be utilized as a potential new approach to determine the physical mechanism and source location of BW.     

时空调制对可激发介质螺旋波波头动力学行为影响及控制研究

本文首先研究了时空调制对可激发介质中周期螺旋波波头动力学行为的影响. 随着时空调制的增大, 螺旋波经历了周期螺旋波、外滚螺旋波、旅行螺旋波和内滚螺旋波的显著变化. 通过定义序参量来定量的描述由时空调制引起的螺旋波在不同态之间非平衡跃迁的临界条件, 及漫游螺旋波波头圆滚圆半径随调制参数的变化情况. 当时空调制增大到某个临界值时, 螺旋波发生了破碎; 再增加时空调制, 螺旋波则发生了衰减, 系统最终演化为空间均匀静息态. 在文中给出了螺旋波发生破碎和衰减的机理和原因. 最后将时空调制方法运用于漫游螺旋波, 实现了将漫游螺旋波控制成周期螺旋波, 或将其控制为空间均匀静息态.     

Stability of Obliquely Modulated Langmuir Waves in Collisional Plasmas

The effects of collisions and oblique modulation on Langmuir waves are studied. The nonlinear Schrondinger equation for these waves are derived by using the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolsky method. The collisions damp the envelope of these waves and the obliqueness of the modulation effects the dispersion of the system. The Langmuir waves are found to modulationally stable as in the collisionless and parallel modulation case. However, the width of the envelope hole state of these waves is found to increase due to the oblique modulation.     

Phase-shifting interferometry by wave amplitude modulation

A new method for phase-shifting interferometry based on wave amplitude modulation is proposed and discussed. This proposal is based on the interference of three waves, where two waves attend as two reference waves and the other wave attends as a probe wave. Thereby, three interference terms are obtained, but because a phase difference of π/2 between the two references is kept constant, one of the three terms will be dropped, while the two remaining will be put in quadrature. Under these conditions, the resulting pattern is mathematically modeled by an interferogram of two waves, where an additional phase is given by the amplitude variations of the reference waves. In this Letter, both a theoretical model and some numerical simulations are presented.     

Parametric generation of low-frequency waves by plasma electrons accelerated under electron cyclotron resonance conditions

It has been shown experimentally that the diamagnetic effect appearing when electrons of a magnetized plasma in the antenna near field are accelerated under electron cyclotron resonance conditions can be used to generate low-frequency waves. The amplitude modulation of a signal supplied to the antenna is accompanied by the modulation of the diamagnetic effect and leads to the emission of waves at the modulation frequency to the surrounding plasma. In this process, the extended plasma region containing accelerated electrons serves as a parametric bodiless antenna. The results of the model laboratory experiments make it possible to propose a method for the parametric generation of low-frequency whistler waves in the Earth’s ionosphere by a powerful amplitude-modulated signal supplied to the satellite-borne antenna.     

High angle phase modulated low coherence interferometry for path length resolved Doppler measurements of multiply scattered light

We describe an improved method for coherence domain path length resolved measurements of multiply scattered photons in turbid media. An electro-optic phase modulator sinusoidally modulates the phase in the reference arm of a low coherence fiber optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer, at a high phase modulation angle. For dynamic turbid media this results in Doppler broadened phase modulation interference peaks at the modulation frequency and its multiples. The signal to noise ratio is increased by almost one order or magnitude for large modulation angles and the shape of the spectral peaks resulting from the interference of Doppler shifted sample waves and reference light is not changed. The path length dependent Doppler broadening is compared with the theoretical predictions in the single scattered and diffusive regimes. The experimentally measured optical path lengths are validated with the Monte Carlo technique.     

Surface waves in ferrofluids under vertical magnetic field

We present here new experimental results about the waves at the horizontal free surface of a magnetic fluid submitted to a normal magnetic field. The waves are generated by a small modulation at frequency of the vertical field . Using a shadowgraph method, we are able to measure the wavevector k of the 2D waves for a given value of and . The dispersion relation of the surface waves is established experimentally. On the other hand, we propose a theoretical derivation of the dispersion equation which includes a more complete treatment of the magnetic term than the previous works. Finally, we conclude that a linear and inviscid analysis is sufficient to fit well the experimental data, except in the vicinity of the critical field where a surface instability occurs. Received 11 May 1998     

Steady dark solitary waves emerging from wave-generated meanflow: the role of modulation equations

Various classes of steady and unsteady dark solitary waves (DSWs) are known to exist in modulation equations for water waves in finite depth. However, there is a class of steady DSWS of the full water-wave problem which are missed by the classical modulation equations such as the Hasimoto-Ono, Benney-Roskes, and Davey-Stewartson. These steady DSWs, recently discovered by Bridges and Donaldson, are pervasive in finite depth, arise through secondary criticality of Stokes gravity waves, and are synchronized with the Stokes wave. In this paper, the role of DSWs in modulation equations for water waves is reappraised. The intrinsic unsteady nature of existing modulation equations filters out some interesting solutions. On the other hand, the geometry of DSWs in modulation equations is very similar to the full water wave problem and these geometrical properties are developed. A model equation is proposed which illustrates the general nature of the emergence of steady DSWs due to wave-generated mean flow coupled to a periodic wave. Although the existing modulation equations are intrinsically unsteady, it is shown that there are also important shortcomings when one wants to use them for stability analysis of DSWs.     

Metal–Graphene Hybrid Chiral Metamaterials for Tunable Circular Dichroism

In the field of optoelectronics, circular dichroism (CD) has caused great research interest because it is widely used in imaging and biosensing. A new method for dynamically controlling terahertz (THz) CD in metamaterials is proposed. By introducing chirality and graphene to metamaterials, a pair of chiral structures with completely opposite responses to left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) waves and right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) waves are designed. The influencing factors of CD are explored, including the gap of the structure, the linewidth of graphene, and the Fermi level of graphene. The largest CD (ΔR) is 77%. The CD can be actively modulated in a modulation range of 39–77% and the modulation depth is up to 38%. In addition, two-channel and four-channel chiral metasurfaces for near-field imaging are designed in this way. Good imaging effects and on (“1”) or off (“0”) effects of the multichannel metasurface are demonstrated. This work provides new ideas for the design of tunable metasurfaces and promotes the application of metasurfaces in THz dynamic imaging.     

Wave optical analysis of integral method for three-dimensional images

We analyze by wave optics an integral method that produces three-dimensional (3D) images. The point light source is given at the pickup stage, and the light wave passing through each elemental lens is obtained at the display stage. The amplitude distributions of the waves from each elemental image are the same around a specific point where a 3D image is formed. Since the light waves approaching the image plane from different elemental lenses are incoherent, the synthesized value is the sum of the squared amplitudes of the waves. Therefore the modulation transfer function of this integral method is given by that of a single elemental lens.     

Spin-wave spectrum of an ideal multilayer magnet upon modulation of all parameters of the Landau-Lifshitz equation

The spectrum of exchange spin waves in a multilayer magnet is theoretically investigated without regard for dissipation upon periodic modulation of all magnetic material parameters (uniaxial anisotropy constant, exchange interaction constant, saturation magnetization, gyromagnetic ratio) entering into the Landau-Lifshitz equation. A graphical method is proposed for analyzing the dependence of the propagation of spin waves on the depth of modulation of the material parameters. Practical application of the results obtained and the effect of dissipation on the propagation of spin waves in the system are discussed.     

Numerical simulation of phase modulation method used as high sensitive self-mixing vibrometry in vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

The self-mixing interference technique is a compact sensing technique that has widely used for measuring vibrations. For purpose of increasing the accuracy of the vibration measurement system, a new phase modulation technique based on the self-mixing interferometer is presented. The phase modulation is obtained by varying the length of external cavity periodically. The vibration information of the external target is determined by the Fourier analysis method. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations of phase modulation method used as high sensitive self-mixing vibrometry based on vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser are given in this paper.     

利用超快电子探针诊断受激拉曼散射静电波的数值模拟

利用二维粒子模拟程序EPOCH验证了超快电子束探针诊断受激拉曼散射产生的静电波的可行性。结果表明,电子束探针穿过静电波电场后会在电子束探针的横向上产生密度调制,密度调制呈周期性分布且沿静电波的传播方向移动,密度调制的波数对应静电波的波数且移动速度对应静电波的相速度,因此特定条件下可用于反推电子的温度、密度等信息。在诊断静电波的过程中,电子束探针的束长必须小于静电波的波长或者诊断设备的曝光时间必须小于静电波的周期。本研究提供了一种新型的直接诊断静电波和电子温度、密度的方法,对于推动受激拉曼散射等激光等离子体不稳定性的实验研究具有重要意义。     

Saturation effects at backward-stimulated scattering in the single-mode regime of interaction

The effects of amplitude modulation of interacting waves at stimulated Mandelstam-Brillouin scattering (SMBS) in a monomode fibre caused by the noise origin of the initial Stokes wave are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Depending on the determined conditions, there can taken place either a smoothing of the noise amplitude modulation or its preservation in the Stokes radiation in the deep saturation regime of SMBS. Amplitude modulation with period corresponding to the double time of radiation propagation through the fibre is observed along with noise-amplitude modulation of the Stokes and pump waves. The effect of this period prolongation is discussed. The influence of phase fluctuations on amplitude modulation of interacting waves is investigated. The role of phase correlations in the feedback regime of SMBS is considered. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical calculations.     

Improved partial response maximum likelihood method combining modulation code for signal waveform modulation multi-level disc

In this paper, we describe an improved adaptive partial response maximum likelihood （PRML） method combining modulation code tbr signal waveform modulation multi-level disc. This improved adaptive PRML method employs partial response equalizer and adaptive viterbi detector combining modulation code. Compared with the traditional adaptive PRML detector, the improved PRML detector additionally employs illogical sequence detector and corrector. Illogical sequence detector and corrector can aw）id the appearance of illogical sequences effectively, which do not follow the law of modulation code for signal waveform modulation multi-level disc, and obtain the correct sequences. We implement the improved PRML detector using a DSP and an FPGA chip. The experimental results show good performance. The higher efficient and lower complexity can be obtained by using the improved PRML method than by using the previous PRML method. Meanwhile, resource utilization of the improved PRML detector is not changed, but the bit error rate （BER） is reduced by more than 20%.     

MRI edge enhancement as a diffusive discord of spin phase structure

The enhancement of magnetic resonance image intensity near impermeable boundaries can be nicely described by a new approach where the diffusional spin echo attenuation is linked to the correlation function of molecular motion. In this method the spin phase structure created by the applied gradient is considered to be a composition of plane waves with the wave vectors representing feasible momentum states of a particle in confinement. The enhancement of edges on the magnetic resonance images (MRI) comes out as a discord of plane waves due to particle motion. It results from the average of the wave phase by using the cumulant expansion in the Gaussian approximation. The acquired analytical expression describes the MRI signal space distribution where the enhancement of edges depends on the intensity and the duration of gradient sequence as well as on the length of the mean squared particle displacement in restricted geometry. This new method works well with gradients of general waveform and is, therefore, suitable for imaging sequences where finite or even modulated gradients are usually used.     

Modulation instabilities in a system of four coupled, nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The modulation instability of continuous waves for a system of four coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations, two of which are in the unstable regime, is studied. In earlier studies, plane or continuous waves for a system of two coupled, nonlinear Schrödinger equations is shown to exhibit modulation instability (MI), even if both modes are in the normal dispersion regime, provided that the coefficient of cross phase modulation (XPM) is larger than that of self phase modulation (SPM). Requirements for MI in this system of four coupled, nonlinear Schrödinger equations can be relaxed. MI can occur even if the magnitude of XPM is less than that of SPM, and the magnitude of instability is generally larger than that of each mode alone. The implications for parametric process and wavelength exchange in optical physics with two pump waves are discussed.     

相关光谱法在光纤气体传感中的应用

本文提出了一种新的基于相关光谱法的光纤气体检测方案，在对传统相关光谱检测理论进行详细分析的基础上，提出了一种新的实现方案。这种方法继承了传统相关光谱法在信号检测的时候所具有的高选择性的优点，在调制方法上有创新，使得利用宽带光源（LED）在检测甲烷和乙炔等在近红外具有梳状吸收峰的气体时变得简单易行。本文对该系统进行了详尽的理论分析，在合理选择器材的基础上实际构建和调试了一个基于光谱检测的光纤甲烷气体检测系统。文中给出了存在干扰气体情况下检测结果。实践中干扰气体引起的信号变化相当于甲烷信号变化的7．4％，已经达到国际上相关光谱检测现有的最佳值。     

Cross-phase modulation of surface magnetostatic spin waves

This paper explains the modulation instability of two surface magnetostatic spin waves simultaneously propagating in a ferromagnetic film. Self-modulation of the spin waves appears when their power reaches a threshold, and this is a sign of cross-phase modulation. The parameters of the unstable process are calculated, and the gains of the perturbation amplitudes are determined. The results published earlier on the experimental detection of the cross-phase modulation of spin waves are explained. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 2058–2068 (December 1999)