稠油降黏技术研究进展及发展趋势

随着社会经济和工业的发展,能源消耗不断加剧,油气资源需求逐年增加,稠油等非常规油气资源显现出巨大的应用潜力.稠油开采的技术关键是降低黏度、提高流动性,因此稠油降黏技术受到越来越多的关注.本文综述了目前常见稠油降黏技术的降黏机理和发展状况,并分析了其优缺点及未来发展趋势.     

纳米Ni催化剂在超稠油水热裂解降黏中的应用研究

采用甲基环己烷水正辛醇AEO9形成的微乳液体系制备纳米金属Ni催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化辽河超稠油的水热裂解反应。研究结果表明, 280℃时纳米金属Ni能够促进超稠油的水热裂解反应。与原超稠油相比,反应后样品的硫质量分数由0.45%降到0.23%,胶质、沥青质质量分数分别降低了15.83%、15.33%;GC-MS分析结果表明,甲基环己烷在改质过程中能够脱氢生成甲苯;C、H元素分析结果表明,反应后样品中胶质、沥青质的H/C原子比增加,说明从甲基环己烷上脱下的氢能够转移到超稠油中。表面活性剂AEO9、水和油,在改质结束后的降温过程中,形成了稳定的油包水型乳液,起到乳化降黏作用;而添加的甲基环己烷、正辛醇均能起到稀释降黏作用;在上述降黏作用的协同影响下,反应后样品50℃时的黏度由原来的139800mPa·s降至2400mPa·s,由此表明,纳米Ni催化剂对辽河超稠油水热裂解降黏的催化效果显著。     

水溶性有机钴(Ⅱ)盐催化的稠油低温清洁水热裂解

为了开发新型稠油低温清洁水热裂解催化体系,合成了系列钴盐催化剂,用于低温下催化稠油热裂解,利用高温高压反应釜模拟井下热采条件,在反应温度为180℃、反应时间为24h、催化剂Co-3加量为0.5%,稠油降黏率可达到84.5%.稠油组分分析表明:水热裂解催化反应后,胶质、沥青质等重质组分含量减少;TGA和GC显示稠油经水热催化裂解反应后,轻质组分含量明显增加.     

双亲催化剂作用超稠油水热裂解降黏机理研究

合成双亲催化剂,200℃与超稠油反应后,降黏率达96.26%。通过气相色谱仪、元素分析仪、分子量测定仪、红外光谱仪及核磁共振波谱仪对反应前后稠油的物化性质进行分析。结果表明,反应后稠油胶质与沥青质含量减小,稠油分子量下降,沥青质分子量降低幅度最大;稠油及其重质组分的氢碳原子比增加,硫的含量减小。稠油发生水热裂解反应的同时,存在沥青质的聚合反应,沥青质的裂解在降黏反应中起到了关键的作用;双亲催化剂促进了水热裂解反应,同时抑制了聚合反应;双亲型催化降黏剂携带的具有活性催化功能的离子协同高温水作用于分子中的C-S、C-N、C-O、C-C及C=S、C=O、C=N、C=S等键,使其发生系列链的断裂、加氢、开环、成环、脱硫等反应,促进了稠油黏度的降低,稠油及其重质组分的氢碳原子比增加,稠油的品质得到一定程度的改善。     

水热裂解开采稠油技术研究的进展

从水热裂解反应、催化作用下的水热裂解反应、反应机理及水热裂解开采稠油现场应用实验等四个方面综述了国内外水热裂解开采稠油技术的研究进展。并对此技术的研究成果及未来发展进行了探讨，认为水热裂解开采稠油技术具有很高的潜在价值，是未来经济高效开采稠油的新途径。当前水热裂解开采稠油技术的主要研究方向是深入研究高温水的特性及其作用；对更多稠油中可能参与水热裂解反应的不同组分，选用合适的模型化合物进行模拟实验或其它方法，建立这些组分的反应热力学和动力学模型库；然后，根据具体稠油中所含的组分，设计水热裂解反应的路线，选择合适的催化剂，促使反应向稠油改质降粘的方向进行。其中，最关键的还是针对不同稠油研制成本低、活性和选择性高、反应条件宽的催化剂，并筛选或研制协同效果好的助剂，进而研究催化剂及其助剂在油层中与稠油作用的机理，设计合理的现场实施技术和工艺。     

超声波辅助稠油层内催化水热裂解实验研究

将超声波应用到稠油催化水热裂解实验中,研究了超声波辅助催化水热裂解对胜利油田孤东稠油物化性质的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助作用下稠油的降黏率达到86.2%,与催化水热裂解相比,稠油的平均相对分子质量进一步减小,饱和烃和芳香烃组分含量增加,胶质和沥青质组分含量减少,稠油组分的氢碳原子比增加,杂原子含量减小。动态模拟实验中超声波辅助层内催化水热裂解效果显著,稠油采收率达到53.91%,降黏率达到80.5%。由此表明,超声波辅助催化水热裂解具有可行性,超声波与催化剂协同作用促进了水热裂解反应,一定程度上改善了稠油的品质。     

水溶性配合物催化的稠油低温热裂解研究

在一种新型稠油低温裂解催化体系中合成了两个系列10个过渡金属配合物催化剂。该反应体系中水对原油热降解反应有一定的影响,合适的用量水/油(质量比)为0.3。部分合成水溶性催化剂180℃下对稠油热裂解具有明显的催化作用,催化剂N5的降凝作用效果最好,经催化水热降解改质反应后原油的凝点降低11.4℃;催化剂N2和N5的催化降黏效果较好,降黏率可达70%以上,催化剂N5的最佳用量为0.5%;热重分析和气相色谱分析显示原油热催化降解反应后轻质组分明显增加。     

自由基引发剂强化稠油催化水热裂解降黏行为

本文考察了自由基引发剂对胜利油田单56区块稠油样品催化水热裂解反应过程的协同强化作用.在反应温度为220℃,添加0.2 wt%的引发剂——过氧化二叔丁基,使水热裂解后的降黏率由不加引发剂时的61.4%升高到72.7%.此外,在引发剂存在、150℃条件下,降黏率可达到69.0%,表明引发剂的加入可显著提高较低反应温度下的水热裂解效果.对反应前后油样进一步分析发现,反应样品中饱和分、芳香分、胶质和沥青质平均分子量均下降;饱和分、芳香分含量增加,而胶质、沥青质含量下降;胶质、沥青质中氢碳原子比增加,含硫量减少,含氮量变化不大;表明重质组分在水热裂解过程中发生了裂解反应、尤其是含硫官能团在水热裂解中发生了反应;反应样品沥青质及胶质芳香环系的缩合程度降低.实验结果表明,反应过程中稠油重质组分发生了裂解,而且胶质的裂解程度更大,轻质组分含量增加,导致稠油黏度降低、流动性提高,在一定程度上改善了稠油的品质;引发剂可以在较低温度下产生自由基,从而使水热裂解反应在较低反应温度下有效进行.     

离子液体催化改质稠油实验研究

研究了离子液体对稠油黏度、组成和平均分子量的影响。结果表明,离子液体对稠油具有较好的改质降黏作用。稠油经离子液体处理后,其饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质质量分数增加,沥青质质量分数明显下降,从而导致稠油的黏度降低,平均分子量减小。研究结果还表明,过渡金属盐改性离子液体对稠油的改质具有催化作用。     

基于油藏实际的稠油层内水热催化裂解机理研究

开展了稠油层内水热催化裂解技术在胜利油田的先导实验,五口井平均周期单井增油653 t,稠油初期降黏率达79.8%,措施14周后降黏率仍大于62%。利用Brookfield DV-Ⅲ黏度计、ElementarVario EL III元素分析仪、Knauer K-700蒸气压渗透仪、Agilent 6890N气相色谱仪和EQUINOX 55傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等,对措施前后稠油的物化性质进行分析。结果表明,层内水热催化裂解后稠油黏度及平均分子量减小、轻烃含量增加、重质组分含量减少、氢碳原子比增加、杂原子含量减小。稠油层内裂解反应受催化剂体系、高温水及储层矿物因素控制,催化剂是促进稠油裂解的主要因素,供氢剂及分散剂等助剂有助于提高裂解效果,高温水的酸碱性质及储层矿物对稠油具有催化裂解作用。多因素协同作用下使稠油发生脱侧链、分子链异构、断链、加氢、开环、成环、脱硫等系列反应,使得稠油大分子分解成小分子物质,降低了稠油黏度,改善了稠油品质,证实该技术在现场应用中具有可行性。     

OBE理念下化学教育硕士教育实习评价体系的构建

为解决化学教育硕士教育实习评价存在的问题,基于OBE(成果导向)理念,聚焦化学教育硕士毕业时“学到了什么”“能做什么”以及毕业后5年应具备的职业能力,从“实习表现、教学工作、班主任工作、教学研究工作”等4个维度出发,开发出包含14个二级指标、65个三级指标的实习评价量表,并建立起与“实习准备阶段、实习实施阶段、实习总结阶段”相对应的“监控—调节—改进”环节以保障实习质量,最终形成了“四维三阶”的闭环式教育实习评价体系,规范了化学教育硕士教育实习评价方式,提高了教育实习质量。     

Computation of the Number of Isomers of Coordination Compounds Containing Identical Monodentate Ligands and Chelating Ligands

This paper outlines a simple method of counting the number of isomers of coordination compounds containing identical monodentate ligands and chelating ligands.     

Surface phase analysis of catalysts and other disperse materials using electroconductivity: The TVE-curves method

The method of thermovacuum electroconductivity (TVE) curves for the analysis of surface phases in disperse systems is described. The theoretical basis of the application of electric measurements for the investigation of the surface of disperse objects is presented. Examples of the use of the TVE-curves method for characterization of diverse catalytic systems and the solving of some problems of heterogeneous catalysis are discussed. The TVE-curves method is an efficient tool for the control of the phase-structural state of the surfaces of objects of a semiconductor type.Translated fromtzvestiya Akademü Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 271–297, February, 1996.     

原子量测定发展史与原子量基准的国际化历程

从古代思辨的原子论到近代科学的原子-分子论,原子量的测定是其从定性到定量发展的关键。原子量为化学家们研究物质提供了新的思路。原子量内涵的相对性,决定了原子量基准的重要性。原子量最终取代了测定与传播都早于它的当量,并走向了国际化,这个过程不仅可让我们认识到科学发展的曲折艰辛,也让人们理解了科学交流的重要性。     

Data for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of essential oils. Determination of the composition of the essential oil of Marjoram

Summary By identification of the essential oil component ‘cis-sabinene hydrate acetate’ of marjoram we demonstrate that the mass spectrum—furnish to the chemical composition and molecular configuration of compounds—can lead to incorrect qualitative identification if retention data are not taken into consideration. We studied also the temperature-dependence of the retention data of different compounds, and our measurements showed that because of the different temperature-dependence, a change in the temperature of the analysis results in a change in order of elution. The use of this phenomenon, originating from the change of the retention data, both increases the safety of qualitative identification and aids determination of the optimum measurement conditions in both isothermal and temperature-programmed modes of operation. Presented at Balaton Symposium '01 on High-Performance Separation Methods, Siófok, Hungary, September 2–4, 2001     

Pattern recognition of the multiplet structure of NMR spectra

A new method of analysis of high-resolution NMR spectra was suggested, and an algorithm and the PAREMUS program package for assignment of patterns of the spectral components based on pattern recognition theory were developed. High effectiveness of the method has been exemplified by determination of the values and relative signs of the interring¹H−¹H and¹³C−¹H spin-spin coupling constants in 1,2,3-trichloronaphthalene. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 3, pp. 444–451, March, 1997.     

Sources and toxicity of hexavalent chromium

Chromium exists in oxidation states ranging from ?IV to +VI, inclusively. The compounds exhibit a wide range of geometries including square planar, tetrahedral, octahedral, and various distorted geometries. Ore refining, chemical and refractory processing, cement-producing plants, automobile brake lining, catalytic converters for automobiles, leather tanneries, and chrome pigments contribute to the atmospheric burden of chromium. Hexavalent chromium is known to have 100-fold more toxicity than trivalent chromium, for both acute and chronic exposures because of its high water solubility and mobility, as well as easy reduction. The respiratory tract is the major target organ for hexavalent chromium following the inhalation exposure in humans. Chronic inhalation exposure to hexavalent chromium results in effects on the respiratory tract, with perforations and ulcerations of the septum, bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and nasal itching and soreness as reported. Chronic human exposure to high levels of hexavalent chromium by inhalation or oral exposure may produce effects on the liver, kidney, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, and possibly the blood. Dermal exposure to hexavalent chromium may cause contact dermatitis, sensitivity, and ulceration of the skin.     

Effects of Salts of Varying Nature on the Energy Stability of the Structure of Aqueous Solutions

For cyclopentane used as a model hydrocarbon, solubility in water and aqueous solutions of various salts (chlorides, bromides, iodides, rhodanides, alkali metal acetates and sulfates, and calcium and zinc chlorides) at 20±1°C has been determined. Variations of the increment of the methylene group ( ) induced by salt additions to water, are calculated. When the salt is added to the solution, the increment increases drastically irrespective of the nature of the ions, thus stabilizing the structure of the solution. The increase, however, depends significantly on the nature of the salt, which is explained by different degrees of structuring of the aqueous solution caused by the ions of the salts.     

STUDY ON THE MOISTURE PASSAGE ON THE LOWER REACHES OF THE YARLUNG ZANGBO RIVER

A series of gorges on the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River is like an enormous crevice splitting the southeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Plateau to create a passage through which warm, wet air flow from the Indian Ocean reaches the inner part of the plateau. This moisture passage was mainly strengthened after the Pleistocene epoch in the Quaternary period and has played a major role in affecting the beginning date of the rainy season and the amount of the plateau's rainfall. It has also served as a corridor for the living things on the southern and the northern sides of the Himalayas to mingle with each other. The region along this passage is abundant in evidences of species of differentiation, variation and biological division. Also the passage has provided a favorable environment for human beings and affected natural phenomena there.