Radioactive ion beams at FAIR-NuSTAR

The future FAIR facility will open up an unprecedented range of exotic nuclear beams in the energy interval between 0–1.5 GeV/u produced by the Super-FRS. The envisaged experimental programme with radioactive beams, being prepared within the NuSTAR collaboration, will cover most aspects of contemporary physics within nuclear structure, astrophysics and reactions. An overview of this programme is given, with emphasis on high-energy reactions.     

Radioactive ion beams for biomedical research and nuclear medical application

In this article a review is given on the research strategies, on experimental work and application of ISOLDE produced radionuclides used in the field of biomedicine over a period of more than 2 decades. Special attention will be directed to the radio-lanthanides for several reasons: firstly, the radio-lanthanides are three-valent metallic radionuclides which show any radiation properties we wish (single photon emission suitable for SPECT, positron emission suitable for PET, β⁻- and Auger electron emission suitable for therapy). Even the alpha decay mode (suitable for therapy in selected cases) is available in the lanthanide group. Secondly, the 15 lanthanides can be seen chemically as one single element for labelling of tracer molecules, providing the unique possibility to study systematically relationships between physico-chemical molecule parameter and a biological response without changes in the basic tracer molecule. Very recent developments in bioconjugation chemistry call for three-valent metallic radionuclides for all kinds of nuclear medical application: diagnosis, in vivo dosimetry and radionuclide therapy where the rare-earth elements will play an important role in future. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Radioactive ion beam post-acceleration at ISAC

ISAC at TRIUMF is a world-class facility for the production and post-acceleration of radioactive ion beams (RIB). Commissioned in 2002 the ISAC I linear accelerator serves three different beam lines delivering both stable and radioactive species. Two of them are permanent experiments (DRAGON and TUDA); the third one is a general purpose station (GPS). The maximum energy we can reach in ISAC I is 1.8 MeV/u. ISAC II is a phased upgrade of the ISAC facility. The beam coming from ISAC I is injected at 1.5 MeV/u into a new superconducting LINAC. In `Phase I' the LINAC adds 20 MV to the beam energy and 20 MV more will be added in `Phase II'. The paper will give an overview of both the ISAC I and ISAC II accelerators. Operational experience with accelerating RIBs in ISAC I is summarized. First ISAC II commissioning results are presented.     

Present and future experiments with exotic beams at GANIL/SPIRAL

Far off stability, nuclear structure experiments at GANILare presently made by recoil-separated fragment beams. Some recent examples are given. In the future, new possibilities will become available with SPIRAL. Information about its layout and status is presented     

Radioactive beams at TRIUMF: Present and future studies

In 1985, a high intensity, accelerated radioactive beam facility (ISAC) of the ISOL type, devoted mainly to studies in nuclear astrophysics, was proposed for installation. A report on the present status of radioactive beam research using the successfully operating TISOL is given, together with a summary of the future plans of these programs including an upgrade of TISOL to accommodate >10 A and a revised ISAC proposal.     

Diffraction of ion beams at atoms

It is shown that observed extrema in the small angle scattering of ⁷Li⁺-ions (about 30 keV) at atoms have to be described by diffraction of the matter waves. A simple correlation is given for describing the positions of the extrema.     

Recent experiments with radioactive ion beams at GSI

A review is given over recent experiments performed by means of A·keV to A·GeV radioactive ion beams at GSI Darmstadt. Nuclear structure information on exotic nuclei is discussed as obtained by using an online isotope separator, a velocity filter or a magnetic beam-line spectrometer.     

Testing fundamental symmetries using radioactive ion beams at TRIUMF-ISAC

The ISAC Facility at TRIUMF, Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics, provides rare isotope beams for a diverse research program. In this paper we summarize some recent experimental developments at TRIUMF pertaining to fundamental symmetry tests. These tests use the atomic nucleus as a probe to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Some recent results and future plans are discussed.     

Radioactive nuclear beams: Present and future

Some results of investigations into a new nuclear-physics field associated with the production of radioactive nuclear beams and physical studies with these beams are presented. The most recent results obtained by studying the structure of nuclei and reaction mechanisms with radioactive nuclear beams are surveyed. Data obtained in Dubna at the DRIBs accelerator complex are presented along with allied results from other research centers. In this connection, existing experimental data on light loosely bound exotic nuclei are discussed. The parameters of DRIBs3, which is a new accelerator complex, are presented, and the physics research program that will be implemented with the aid of new setups, including a high-resolution magnetic analyzer (MAVR) and a 4π neutron detector (TETRA), is described. A collaboration in the realms of employing radioactive nuclear beams at the DRIBs complex together with other accelerator complexes [SPIRAL2 (France), RIKEN (Japan), FAIR (Germany), and RIBF (CIIIA)] on the basis of employing new highly efficient experimental facilities has already led to the discovery of new phenomena in nuclear physics and will make it possible to study in the future new regions of nuclear matter in extreme states.     

Multicomponent vacuum-arc ion beams

The paper generalizes the results of research on pulsed-periodic generation of multicomponent ion streams in sources based on vacuum arc discharge. Methods are considered for forming composition-and-energy controlled multicomponent beams for multielement ion implantation in Raduga sources. The features and laws governing the emission properties of wide-aperture ion sources with plasma generation by evaporation of a material in a cathode spot are discussed. A comparative analysis is made of the physical laws and possibilities of forming one-element or multielement ion beams during extraction from a free plasma boundary under conditions when a virtual anode exists and a positive voltage drop near the anode exists in the vacuum-arc-discharge plasma.Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Tomsk Polytechnical University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 34–52, March, 1994.     

Pulsed high-current ion beams

Conclusions The review which has been conducted of the contemporary state of high-current ion technology permits making the following estimate of the prospects for each of the trends of HCIB generation for specific goals. It is evident that magnetically insulated diodes providing multiple operating conditions and maximum HCIB voltages are more preferable for the realization of inertial CTF. At the same time the low-impedance mode condition of the triode is preferable for use in equipment with plasma heating.In the final analysis, the future of each of the HCIB generation technologies discussed in the plan for their utilization for CTF or a different area of science and engineering will depend on their economic profitability.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 83–105, October, 1979.In conclusion, the author apologizes for papers which have been omitted from this review, which is due to the limited scope of the review and the unavoidable lag of any review behind the pace of completed investigations.     

Laser-triggered quasi-monoenergetic ion beams at a moderate intensity and pulse duration

Plasma produced by short laser pulses from thin homogeneous foils with light and heavy ions is capable of generating quasi-monoenergetic light ions. This happens for the tail of light ions near the front of heavy ions. It was found that this effect is well pronounced for a moderate laser intensity (～10¹⁸ W/cm²) and pulse duration (～1 ps) by using a 2D particle-in-cell simulation of the laser interaction with thin CD₂ foils. Quasi-monoenergetic deuterons form a jet from the rear side of the foil with the energy ～1 MeV. The conversion efficiency to these quasi-monoenergetic ions is 10^?3.     

Laser acceleration of ion beams

We consider methods of charged particle acceleration by means of high-intensity lasers. As an application we discuss a laser booster for heavy ion beams provided, e.g., by the Dubna nuclotron. Simple estimates show that a cascade of crossed laser beams can provide additional acceleration to gold ions of the order of GeV/nucleon. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Fusion using radioactive ion beams

The capture-fission cross-section is measured for the collision of the massive nucleus ¹³²Sn with ⁹⁶Zr at near-barrier energies and compared with the collision of ¹²⁴Sn with ⁹⁶Zr. This study gives insight into fusion enhancement and hindrance in systems involving neutron-rich nuclei. The dinuclear system model (DNS) calculations describe the excitation function reasonably well and if we use the barrier heights predicted by this model we can conclude that fusion hindrance (represented by extra push energy) is greater for the more neutron-rich systems.     

Study of 19Na at SPIRAL

The excitation function for the elastic-scattering reaction p( ¹⁸Ne, p) ¹⁸Ne was measured with the first radioactive beam from the SPIRAL facility at the GANIL laboratory and with a solid cryogenic hydrogen target. Several broad resonances have been observed, corresponding to new excited states in the unbound nucleus ¹⁹Na. In addition, two-proton emission events have been identified and are discussed.     

Radioactive ion beam experiments with active targets

By the very nature of secondary beams, their intensity is limited, particularly for beams of the highest interest --farthest away from stability. Active targets, which can be described as time projection chamber (TPC)-like detectors in which the detector gas is the target, have been shown to have the highest sensitivity for quantitative high-resolution studies of rare events. The physics cases that can be addressed with these devices are reviewed and some of the first results obtained with first-generation active targets are detailed. Finally some general ideas on the next generation of active targets are presented     

The DESIR facility at SPIRAL2

The DESIR Collaboration proposes the construction of an experimental facility to exploit the low-energy beams from SPIRAL1, SPIRAL2 and S3. The high degree of purity required to push experiments towards the limits of stability will be achieved by the implementation in the SPIRAL2 production building of a high-efficiency RFQ cooler coupled to a high-resolution mass separator. Beams from the low-energy branch of the separator spectrometer S3 and from SPIRAL1 will allow complementary studies of refractory elements produced by means of fusion reactions as well as of light and intense exotic beams, respectively.