CO和H2分子在Cu(111)面的吸附和溶剂化效应

采用广义梯度近似(GGA)密度泛函理论(DFT)的PW91方法结合周期性模型, 在DNP基组下, 利用Dmol3模块研究了CO和H2在真空和液体石蜡环境下在Cu(111)表面上不同位置的吸附. 计算结果表明, 溶剂化效应对H2和CO的吸附结构参数和吸附能的影响非常显著. 在液体石蜡环境下, H2平行吸附在Cu(111)表面是解离吸附, 而CO 和H2在两种环境下的垂直吸附都是非解离吸附. 相比真空环境吸附, 在液体石蜡环境中, Cu(111)吸附CO时, 溶剂化效应能够提高CO吸附的稳定性, 同时有利于CO的活化. 在真空中, H2只能以垂直方式或接近垂直方式吸附在Cu(111)表面. 当Cu(111)顶位垂直吸附H2, 相比真空环境吸附, 溶剂化效应能够提高H2吸附的稳定性, 但对H2的活化没有明显影响. Cu(111)表面的桥位或三重穴位(hcp和fcc)垂直吸附H2时, 溶剂化效应能明显提高H2的活化程度, 但降低H2的吸附稳定性; 在液体石蜡中, 当H2平行Cu(111)表面吸附时, 溶剂化效应使H—H键断裂, 一个H原子吸附在fcc位, 另一个吸附在hcp位.     

Cu纳米针上电场促进C-C耦合增强CO2电还原生成C2产物

电催化CO₂减排技术利用电能将过量的CO₂转化为有附加值的化学品,是解决能源危机、实现碳中和的有效途径之一.电催化CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)中的多碳产物(C₂),如乙烯和乙醇,因其比C1产物具有更高的能量密度和更广泛的应用而受到较大关注.目前为止,Cu基催化剂被认为是获得C₂产物的独特材料.研究者在提高Cu基催化剂C₂产物的活性和选择性方面做了大量的工作,如催化剂形貌工程、活性位点设计和中间吸附性能调控等.许多理论和实验研究已经证明,Cu基催化剂上的C-C偶联过程是C₂产物生成的速率决定步骤.优化C-C偶联过程的能垒是提高C₂产物活性和选择性的重要而直接的策略.CO₂RR在Cu上是由CO₂还原吸附CO(*CO)并二聚生成C₂产物引起的.C-C偶联过程与*CO的吸附性能密切相关.众所周知,CO是一种典型的极性分子,因此其在催化剂表面的吸附性能可能会受到活性位点周围的局部电场的影响.构建合适的局部电场是调节CO吸附性能和C-C偶联过程的潜在手段之一.前期工作(Nature,2016,537,382-386)证明了高曲率金纳米针可以在尖端产生高的局部电场.高局域电场诱导K+聚集,使活性位点周围CO₂浓度升高,大大促进了Au纳米针上的CO生成.基于Au纳米针的局域电场促进了CO₂RR的CO生成.本文利用Cu纳米针促进并优化C-C偶联反应来提高C₂产物活性和选择性.结果表明,局部电场可以促进C-C偶联过程,进而增强CO₂电还原生成C₂产物.有限元模拟结果表明,高曲率铜纳米针处存在较强的局部电场;密度泛函理论计算结果表明,强电场能促进C-C耦合过程.在此基础上,制备了一系列不同曲率的Cu催化剂,其中,Cu纳米针(CuNNs)的曲率最高,Cu纳米棒(CuNRs)和Cu纳米颗粒(CuNPs)曲率次之.实验测得CuNNs上吸附的K+浓度最高,证明了纳米针上的局部电场最强.同时,CO吸附传感器测试表明,CuNNs对CO的吸附能力最强,原位傅里叶变换红外光谱显示,CuNNs的*COCO和*CO信号最强.由此可见,高曲率铜纳米针可以诱导高局部电场,从而促进C-C耦合过程.催化性能测试结果表明,在低电位(-0.6 V vs.RHE)下,Cu NNs对CO₂RR的生成C₂产物的法拉第效率值为44%,约为Cu NPs的2.2倍.综上,本文为CO₂RR过程中提高多碳产物提供了新的思路.     

吸附氢气后的钯团簇在氧化亚铜表面上的稳定性研究

为了探究吸附H2后的Pdn团簇在Cu2O（111）完整表面和铜缺陷表面上的稳定性,计算了负载在Cu2O（111）完整表面和铜缺陷表面上的Pdn（n=1-4）对H2分子的最稳定吸附结构;利用在给定H2压力和温度下Pdn / Cu2O表面吸附H2的相图揭示了Pdn团簇在Cu2O（111）两个表面的变化情况。结果表明,在吸附了H2分子以后,Pdn团簇更倾向于保持原有的结构,且随着Pd团簇的增大,吸附H2的数量也逐渐增长。     

Cu单原子修饰对Fe(111)表面CO吸附性能及电子性质调变的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论方法研究了Cu单原子修饰对Fe(111)表面CO吸附性能和电子性质的调变作用,其中,Cu单原子修饰研究了吸附和取代两种方式。结果表明,CO在Cu修饰的Fe(111)面吸附能力都会变弱,一是Cu原子自身提供的位点对CO的吸附较弱;二是Cu会使其附近的Fe对CO的吸附变弱。分析电子性质表明,Cu作用于Fe表面后,会导致Cu附近Fe原子部分电子向Cu原子转移,进而削弱了Fe与吸附分子间电子交互作用而改变Fe原子的吸附能力。故Cu原子改性Fe表面可以很好地调变CO的吸附、解离及后续反应催化活性,这为进一步探究Cu改性Fe表面的合成气催化反应机理提供了基础信息。     

Cu(111)面上糠醇加氢生成2-甲基呋喃的反应机理

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法,详细研究了糠醇在Cu(111)面上反应生成2-甲基呋喃的反应历程,优化了糠醇在Cu(111)面的吸附模型,并采用完全线性同步和二次同步变换的方法,对三种可能的反应机理中的各反应步骤进行了过渡态搜索.结果表明,糠醇主要通过支链上OH与Cu(111)面相互作用,易形成ψCH2和ψCH2O中间体(ψ代表呋喃环).糠醇进一步加氢机理很可能为:引入的氢物种明显降低了糠醇分解形成的中间体ψCH2的活化能,并促进了它的形成;中间体ψCH2更易从糠醇中获得H而生成2-甲基呋喃.该过程的控速步骤为ψCH2O*→ψCHO*+H*,活化能为199.0kJ/mol,总反应是2ψCH2OH=ψCH3+ψCHO+H2O.     

Cu@UiO-66衍生的Cu+-ZrO2界面位点用于高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts have demonstrated effective in hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, during which the Cu-ZrO₂ interface plays a key role. Thus, maximizing the number of Cu-ZrO₂ interface active sites is an effective strategy to develop ideal catalysts. This can be achieved by controlling the active metal size and employing porous supports. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are valid candidates because of their rich, open-framework structures and tunable compositions. UiO-66 is a rigid metal-organic skeleton material with excellent hydrothermal and chemical stability that comprises Zr as the metal center and terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as the organic ligand. Herein, porous UiO-66 was chosen as the ZrO₂ precursor, which can confine Cu nanoparticles within its pores/defects. As a result, we constructed a Cu-ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with high activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Many active interfaces could form when the catalysts were calcined at a moderate temperature, and the active interface was optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature and active metal size. Furthermore, the Cu-ZrO₂ interface remained after CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrating the stability of the active interface. The catalyst structure and hydrogenation activity were influenced by the content of the active component and the calcination temperature; therefore, these parameters were explored to obtain an optimized catalyst. At 280 ℃ and 4.5 MPa, the optimized CZ-0.5-400 catalyst gave the highest methanol turnover frequency (TOF) of 13.4 h^-1 with a methanol space-time yield (STY) of 587.8 g·kg^-1·h^-1 (calculated per kilogram of catalyst, the same below), a CO₂ conversion of 12.6%, and a methanol selectivity of 62.4%. In situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of CO adsorption over the optimized catalyst revealed a predominant, unreducible Cu⁺ species that was also identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The favorable activity observed was due to this abundant Cu⁺ species coming from the Cu⁺-ZrO₂ interface that served as the methanol synthesis active center and acted as a bridge for transporting hydrogen from the active Cu species to ZrO₂. In addition, the oxygen vacancies of ZrO₂ promoted the adsorption and activation of CO₂. These vacancies and Cu⁺ trapped in the ZrO₂ lattice are the active sites for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst before and after reaction revealed the stability of its structure, which was further verified by time-on-stream (TOS) tests. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and temperature-programmed surface reaction-mass spectroscopy (TPSR-MS) revealed the reaction mechanism of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which followed an HCOO-intermediated pathway.     

Cu Atomic Chain Supported on Graphene Nanoribbon for Effective Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol

Cu catalysts are well-known for their good performance in CO₂ conversion. Compared to CO and CH₄ production, C₂ products have higher volumetric energy densities and are more valuable in industrial applications. In this work, we screened the catalytic ability of C₂ production on several 1D Cu atomic chain structures and find that Cu edge-decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbons (Cu−ZGNR) are capable of catalyzing CO₂ conversion to ethanol, and CH₃CH₂OH is the main C₂ product with a maximum free energy change of 0.60 eV. The planar tetracoordinate carbon structures in Cu-ZGNR provide unique chemical bonding features for catalytic reaction on the Cu atoms. Detailed mechanism analyses with transition states search show that CO* dimerization is favored against CHO* formation in the reaction. By adjusting the CO* coverage, the selectivity of the C₂ product can be enhanced owing to less pronounced steric effects for COCHO*, which is feasible under experimental conditions. This study expands the catalyst family for C₂ products from CO₂ based on nano carbon structures with new features.     

Photo-thermal Cooperative Carbonylation of Ethanol with CO2 on Cu2O-SrTiCuO3-x

Carbonylation of ethanol with CO₂ as carbonyl source into value-added esters is of considerable significance and interest, while remains of great challenge due to the harsh conditions for activation of inert CO₂ in that the harsh conditions result in undesired activation of α-C−H and even cleavage of C−C bond in ethanol to deteriorate the specific activation of O−H bond. Herein, we propose a photo-thermal cooperative strategy for carbonylation of ethanol with CO₂, in which CO₂ is activated to reactive CO via photo-catalysis with the assistance of *H from thermally-catalyzed dissociation of alcoholic O−H bond. To achieve this proposal, an interfacial site and oxygen vacancy both abundant SrTiCuO_3-x supported Cu₂O (Cu₂O-SrTiCuO_3-x) has been designed. A production of up to 320 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for ethyl formate with a selectivity of 85.6 % to targeted alcoholic O−H activation has been afforded in photo-thermal assisted gas-solid process under 3.29 W cm⁻¹ of UV/Vis light irradiation (144 °C) and 0.2 MPa CO₂. In the photo-driven activation of CO₂ and following carbonylation, CO₂ activation energy decreases to 12.6 kJ mol⁻¹, and the cleavage of alcoholic α-C−H bond has been suppressed.     

O2和CO在Ni(111)表面的吸附活化

采用高分辨电子能量损失谱(HREELS)、俄歇电子能谱(AES)和低能电子衍射(LEED)研究镍单晶表面氧物种及CO与O₂的共吸附。实验结果表明,Ni(111)表面氧化后存在两种氧物种,位于54 meV能量损失峰的表面化学吸附氧物种和位于69 meV能量损失峰的表面氧化镍。首先,随着暴露氧量的增加,表面化学吸附氧物种的能量损失峰蓝移至58 meV;其次,通过真空退火及与CO相互作用考察,发现表面化学吸附氧物种较不稳定。在室温条件下,表面预吸附形成的表面化学吸附氧物种与CO共吸附,导致端位吸附CO增多,表明氧优先吸附在穴位上,随着CO暴露量的增加化学吸附氧物种与CO反应脱去;而表面氧化镍需在较高温度和较高CO分压下才能被CO还原。预吸附CO可被氧逐渐移去。     

The adsorption of CO2, H2CO3, HCO3− and CO32− on Cu2O (111) surface: First‐principles study

The adsorption of CO₂, and its derivatives, H₂CO₃, HCO, and CO, on Cu₂O (111) surface has been investigated by first‐principles calculations based on the density functional theory at B3LYP hybrid functional level. The Cu₂O (111) surface has been modeled using an embedded cluster method,in which the quantum clusters plus some ab initio ion model potentials were inserted in an array of point charges. On the surface, H₂CO₃ was dissociated into an H⁺ and an HCO ion. Among the CO₂ species, HCO was the only activated species on the surface. The results suggest that the reduction of CO₂ on Cu₂O (111) surface can start from the form of HCO. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011     

Selective oxidation of styrene on an oxygen‐adsorbed Cu(111): A comparison with Au(111)

The reaction mechanism for the styrene selective oxidation on the oxygen preadsorbed Cu(111) surface has been studied by the density functional theory calculation with the periodic slab model. The calculated result indicated that the process includes two steps: forming the oxametallacycle intermediate (OMMS) and then producing the products. In addition, it was found that the second step, from OMMS to the product, is the rate‐controlling step, which is similar to the previous work of ethylene selective oxidation. The present result indicated that the selectivity towards the formation of styrene epoxide on Cu(111) is much higher than that on Au(111). More importantly, we found that the mechanism via the OMMS (2) (i.e., the preadsorbed atomic oxygen bound to the CH₂ group involved in C₆H₅? CH?CH₂) to produce styrene epoxide is kinetically favored than that of OMMS (1). We also found that the selectivity toward the styrene epoxide formation on Cu₂O is similar to that of Cu(111). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010     

1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片负载氧化亚铜催化二氧化碳电还原制乙烯

电催化还原二氧化碳制备乙烯是备受关注的热点问题,高效催化剂的制备是决定乙烯产率的关键因素。本文在1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯的水溶液(OmimCl : H₂O = 1 : 5,体积比)中通过电剥离石墨棒制备了1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片(ILGS),在水溶液中负载氧化亚铜后得到氧化亚铜/1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑功能化石墨片复合材料(Cu₂O/ILGS),通过透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射对其组成和结构进行了系统研究,发现ILGS由多层石墨烯组成,表面富含缺陷。这些缺陷被1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑通过共价键修饰,形成类似鸟巢状的微结构,平均直径5 nm的Cu₂O纳米颗粒在石墨片表面均匀分散。在0.1 mol∙L⁻¹碳酸氢钾水溶液中,研究了Cu₂O/ILGS在不同电压下催化CO₂电还原的性能。结果表明,Cu₂O是主要活性中心并在CO₂还原过程中被逐渐还原成铜,导致产物的法拉第效率随着反应时间而变,在−1.3 V (vs RHE)电压下,乙烯的法拉第效率最高达到14.8%,其性能归因于Cu₂O/ILGS复合材料中的鸟巢状微结构对Cu₂O纳米颗粒的稳定作用。     

CO2 to CO Electroreduction,Electrocatalytic H2 Evolution,and Catalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes Using a Co(II) meso-Tetraarylporphyrin

The meso-tetrakis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)porphyrinato cobalt(II) complex [Co(TMFPP)] was synthesised in 93% yield. The compound was studied by ¹H NMR, UV-visible absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The optical band gap Eg was calculated to 2.15 eV using the Tauc plot method and a semiconducting character is suggested. Cyclic voltammetry showed two fully reversible reduction waves at E_1/2 = −0.91 V and E_1/2 = −2.05 V vs. SCE and reversible oxidations at 0.30 V and 0.98 V representing both metal-centred (Co(0)/Co(I)/Co(II)/Co(III)) and porphyrin-centred (Por²⁻/Por⁻) processes. [Co(TMFPP)] is a very active catalyst for the electrochemical formation of H₂ from DMF/acetic acid, with a Faradaic Efficiency (FE) of 85%, and also catalysed the reduction of CO₂ to CO with a FE of 90%. Moreover, the two triarylmethane dyes crystal violet and malachite green were decomposed using H₂O₂ and [Co(TMFPP)] as catalyst with an efficiency of more than 85% in one batch.     

A DFT Study of CO Adsorption on the Cu2O（111） Surface with Oxygen Vacancy

First-principles calculations based on density functional theory （DFr） and the generalized gradient approximation （GGA） have been used to study the adsorption of CO molecule on the Cu2O（111） oxygen-vacancy surface. Calculations indicate that the C-O bond is weakened upon adsorption compared with that over perfect surface. In addition, with the density increase of the defective sites, the adsorption energies of the defect-CO configuration increase whereas the C-O bond nearly remains constant.     

甲硫醇在Cu(111)表面的解离吸附: 密度泛函理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法和平板模型研究了CH₃SH分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附反应.系统地计算了S原子在不同位置以不同方式吸附的一系列构型, 第一次得到未解离的CH₃SH分子在Cu(111)表面顶位上的稳定吸附构型,该构型吸附属于弱的化学吸附, 吸附能为0.39 eV. 计算同时发现在热力学上解离结构比未解离结构更加稳定. 解离的CH₃S吸附在桥位和中空位之间, 吸附能为0.75-0.77 eV. 计算分析了未解离吸附到解离吸附的两条反应路径, 最小能量路径的能垒为0.57 eV. 计算结果还表明S―H键断裂后的H原子并不是以H₂分子的形式从表面解吸附而是以与表面成键的形式存在. 通过比较S原子在独立的CH₃SH分子和吸附状态下的局域态密度, 发现S―H键断裂后S原子和表面的键合强于未断裂时S原子和表面的键合.     

在Rh(111)面上NO+CO反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

应用基于密度泛函理论赝势平面波方法的CASTEP程序, 对Rh(111)上的NO+CO反应机理进行研究. 对于反应中的各个关键步骤: NO离解、CO2生成、通过N2O离解生成N2以及通过N+N反应生成N2都进行了详细讨论, 计算得到各反应步骤的过渡态以及活化能, 从而确立了各步骤的反应路径.     

Propylene Polymerization by TiCl_4 Supported on Mg(OEt)_2 Activating with Ethanol/CO_2 System

For the preparation of high-active and high-isospecific catalysts for propylenepolymerization,various supports such as Mg-alkyls[1 ] ,Mg( OH) 2 [2 ] ,Mg O[3] ,Mg Cl2 [4] .Grignard compounds[5] ,or magnesium alkoxide[6] had been used.Lately,Mg( OEt) 2 -supported Ti Cl4catalysts including an organic chloride and/ or an internal donor preparedby physical milling method and chemical reaction method were studied and it was foundthat Mg( OEt) 2 is converted to Mg Cl2 by reaction with Ti Cl4a…     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Dicesium trans Dicarbonatotetraaquomagnesium, Cs_2[Mg(CO_3)_2(H_2O)_4]

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氨基修饰的金属有机框架Cu_3(BTC)_2的制备及其CO_2吸附性能研究

首先制备了嫁接氨基的均苯三甲酸,同时以其为原料通过溶剂热法合成了金属有机框架材料Cu_3(NH_2BTC)_2,利用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、热重、红外、原位红外分析等表征手段对吸附剂进行了表征,并通过固定床测量穿透曲线的方法研究其CO_2吸附性能。结果表明,氨基被成功引入Cu_3(BTC)_2骨架中。氨基修饰的Cu_3(BTC)_2对CO_2有着较高的吸附容量,在10 kPa,50℃的条件下CO_2吸附量为1.41 mmol/g,这源于材料对于CO_2同时存在着物理吸附和化学吸附。