Determination of fat, protein, and total solids in ovine milk by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was investigated as a means of predicting quality parameters of ovine milk. Calibration equations were developed with samples of ovine milk obtained from a flock of Manchega and Lacaune dairy ewes at different stages of lactation for a wide variation in milk composition. Prediction equations for milk protein, fat, and total solids content were developed by use of reflection or transflection methods to measure absorbance values. Accuracies of measurements were compared. R2 (squared multiple correlation coefficient) values were satisfactory in most cases. The highest R2 value for milk protein content (0.92) was obtained in transflectance mode with unhomogenized milk. The highest R2 values for fat (0.99) and total solids (0.98-0.96) content were obtained in both a transflectance mode without sample conditioning and in a transflectance mode with milk homogenized at 40 degrees C. To validate the calibration, an independent set of 40 milk samples was used. The best r2 (simple correlation coefficient) values for protein, fat, and total solids were 0.92, 0.97, and 0.92, respectively. The study showed that NIRS is a potentially useful technique for evaluating the composition of unhomogenized ovine milk.     

Zur Denntnis der Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylacetat, 1. Mitt.:

Zusammenfassung Die Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylacetat wird mit Natriumdodecylsulfat als Emulgator und Kaliumpersulfat sowie , -Azobis(methylbutyronitril--Na-Sulfonat) als Starter untersucht. Die Polymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist der 0,7. Potenz der Starterkonzentration proportional und im untersuchten Bereich (0,01 bis 0,08 Mol/l) von der Emulgatorkonzentration praktisch unabhängig. Einige Angaben über die Viskositätszahl der Polymerisate, über die Größe der Latexteilchen, über die Bindung der Emulgatormoleküle an die Latexteilchen und ihre Verteilung zwischen Polymerphase und Wasserphase während der Polymerisation, besonders im Vergleich zu den entsprechenden Styrolsystemen, werden gemacht.

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Emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate using sodium dodecyl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate and , -azobis(methylbutyronitrile--Na s sulfonate) as initiators has been studied. The polymerization rate varies with the 0.7 power of initiator concentration and shows practically no dependence on emulsifier concentration in the range investigated (0.01 to 0.08m). Some values of viscosity numbers of polymers obtained and of sizes of latex particles are reported. The interaction between emulsifier molecules and latex particles and the distribution of emulsifier between aqueous phase and polymer has been investigated and compared to similar styrene systems.

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Formulation,Rheology, and Hypolepidemic Activity of Vegetable Oil-Based Eggless and Low-Fat Food Emulsions

Common edible oils such as almond, safflower, soybean, and mustard oil were formulated in the form of eggless and low-fat oil-in-water emulsions using a blend of nonionic emulsifier Glycerol monostearate and amphoteric emulsifier soy lecithin. The emulsion parameters such as vegetable oil, emulsifier, additive content and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number of emulsifier were optimized. The storage stability of formulated emulsions was monitored under accelerated storage stability conditions for six months. Rheological characterization of stable emulsion revealed pseudoplastic flow behavior. In vivo hypolepidemic activity of formulated emulsions in rats showed considerable reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride level after 14 days as compared with the marketed product. The almond oil emulsion is found superior than safflower oil emulsion.     

EFFECT OF 2—HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE ON SEMIBATCH EMULSIFIER—FREE EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AND BUTYL ACRYLATE

The semibatch emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate(BA) in the presence of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA) initiated by K2S2O8(PSP) was studied.The latex particles can maintain an appreciable stability during the emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of MMA and BA in the presence of HEMA.The average particle diameter increase with an increase of total solids content,HEMA content,PSP content,ionic strength of the system and monomer feed rate,and decrease with the monomer feed ration from 3/1 (MMA/BA:molar ration).to 1/3.The stability of this reaction system is improved by adding HEMA as nonionic comonomer,High solids content (50%) latex with monodisperse particle can be obtained using this process.     

K2S2O8/Na2SO3引发St/BA微乳液共聚合的研究

以十二烷基硫酸钠／十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS／SDBS)为乳化剂，过硫酸钾／亚硫酸钠(K2S2O3／Ni2SO3)为引发剂进行苯乙烯／丙烯酸丁酯(SL／BA)微孔液共聚合反应。研究了引发剂浓度[I]OR、单体总浓度[M]、乳化剂含量[E]和聚合温度T对微孔液共聚合最大反应速率Rmax和共聚物粘均分子量^-Mη的影响，测定了共聚单体的竞聚率，结果得到：Rmax∝[I]^0.98OR[M]^0.81[E]^-0．34e^-4712／T，^-Mη∝[I]^-0.27OR[M]^0.48[E]^-0.68e^2304/T；rSt=0.598，rBA=0.0206。     

Xylose recovery by nanofiltration from different hemicellulose hydrolyzate feeds

Xylose is an intermediate product in xylitol production. Nanofiltration could simplify and enhance this separation step conventionally done by chromatographic methods. Here different hemicellulose hydrolyzate feeds were nanofiltered to recover xylose into the permeate.Two different batches of hemicellulose hydrolyzate were prepared: the hydrolyzate as such and modified with crystalline xylose addition. Both feed solutions were diluted to a total dry solids (TDS) content of approximately 21 wt.% and the xylose contents were 48.7% and 59.1% of the TDS_f (total dry solids in feed). The filtration experiments were made at 40, 50 and 60 °C in total reflux mode for approximately 30 min at each pressure of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 bar. In addition, a 20-h filtration was made at 50 °C and 30 bar. A DDS LabStak M20-filter was used and it was equipped with Desal-5 DK, Desal-5 DL and NF270 membranes.In short-term filtrations, the nanofiltered permeate of the original hydrolyzate had 78–82% xylose of the TDS_p (total dry solids in permeate) and the modified hydrolyzate 86–88% xylose of the TDS_p. Thus, considerable xylose purification was obtained. The addition of crystalline xylose into the hemicellulose hydrolyzate gave a notable increase in permeate fluxes. The 20-h filtration showed fouling and compaction effects as a flux decrease of approximately 10–25% was detected in the retention integrity test. According to the results, xylose purification from hemicellulose hydrolyzate could be enhanced by nanofiltration.     

Semibatch Emulsifier-free Emulsion Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate and n-Butyl Acrylate in the Presence of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate

ThemethodsofimProvingthestabilityofemulsifier-freeemulsionpolymerizationhavebeenreportedinliteraturet(a)choosingionizableinitiators,suchaspotassiumpersulfate'andazo-bis(isobutyramidinehydrochloride)';(b)copolymerizationwithhydrophiliccomonomers,whichinvolvestheionictypesuchascarboxylicmonomers',sulfoderivativesofvinylmonomers',andthenonionictypesuchasglycidylmethacrylate';(c)copolymerizationwithsurface-activemonomers,suchassulfodecylslyrylether';(d)addingorganicsolventstothesystem,suchasmethano…     

Simultaneously calibrating solids, sugars and acidity of tomato products using PLS2 and NIR spectroscopy

In this work, the development of a robust spectroscopic procedure for determining, simultaneously and non-destructively, relevant quality parameters of processed tomato products (total and soluble solids, total acidity, total sugars, glucose and fructose), is described. Samples of tomato concentrate products with total solids content ranging from 6.9 to 35.9% were collected from Latin America, the US and Europe and NIR spectra were acquired in the 4000-10,000 cm(-1) region. The original spectra were pre-processed by mean-smoothing or by Fourier filter, followed by multiplicative signal correction (MSC) or derivatives. Partial least squares (PLS2 and PLS1) models were built and their predictive abilities were compared through the RMSEP of external validation. The PLS2 regression had better predictive abilities for four out of the six properties under study, namely total solids, total sugars, glucose and fructose. Besides, the model was less complex than the PLS1 models in the sense that only four factors were demanded whilst from 4 to 11 factors were necessary for building the PLS1 models. The standard error of prediction (SEP%) of the PLS2 model for each property was: total solids, 2.67; soluble solids, 1.14; total acidity, 9.60; total sugar, 18.69; glucose, 11.60; and fructose, 13.45.     

Effect of process parameters on transmembrane flux during direct osmosis

Direct osmosis is a non-thermal membrane process employed for the concentration of fruit juices at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, thereby maintaining the organoleptic and nutritional properties of fruit juices. In the present study, concentration of pineapple juice by direct osmosis was explored. Aqueous solution of sucrose (0–40%, w/w)–sodium chloride (0–26%, w/w) combination was investigated as an alternative osmotic agent. The sucrose–sodium chloride combination can overcome the drawback of sucrose (low flux) and sodium chloride (salt migration) as osmotic agents during direct osmosis process. The effect of the hydrodynamic conditions in the module and feed temperature (25–45 °C) on transmembrane flux was evaluated. For a range of hydrodynamic conditions studied, it was observed that transmembrane flux increases with Reynolds number. The increase in feed temperature resulted in an increase in transmembrane flux. The pineapple juice was concentrated upto a total soluble solids content of 60 °Brix at ambient temperature. The effect of direct osmosis process on physico-chemical characteristics of pineapple juice was also studied. The ascorbic acid content was well preserved in the pineapple juice concentrate by direct osmosis process.     

High solids content latexes with low viscosity

The effect of particle size distribution (PSD) on the solids content and viscosity of the multi-sized latex was investigated by blending mono-sized latexes and measuring their rheological properties. The results showed that the maximum packing (highest solids content) was observed at a weight fraction 80% of large particles with respect to total solids content for both bi-modal and tri-modal latexes, and the lowest viscosity was obtained when the ratio of large to medium to small particles was approximately 80/10/10 (by weight). A two-stage technique to prepare high solids multi-sized polymer latex was developed by using a polymer latex previously made as seed and by adding small amount of additional surfactants and/or second group of polymer particles. The PSD of the latex was optimized by varying the amount of the seed, the additional surfactants, and the second group of particles. Film forming latexes with high solids (>65%) and low viscosity were obtained. Received: 18 February 2000 Accepted: 30 September 2000     

Energetic Bio-Activation of Some Organic Molecules and Their Antioxidant Activity in the Pulp of the Moroccan Argan Tree «Argania spinosa L.»

Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an emblematic tree in Morocco, known worldwide for its medicinal and nutritional value. Its fruits contain kernels used to prepare an edible oil, the leaves are used to feed livestock, and its wood is used as fuel. If the oil acquires high importance, the other components of the fruit of the argan are undervalued. Our objective is to invest the waste of the argan industry. Particularly, our study aimed to assess the effect of thermal activation of argan pulp on its therapeutic value, its phenolic profile and its functional and physicochemical properties. After heat treatment, the HPLC analysis for the average total phenolic content varied from 2% to 37%, depending on temperature. The antioxidant activity was increased with heat treatment. Higher values of antioxidant activity, polyphenol and pigment content were recorded at 70 °C. Functional properties analysis indicated that water solubility index and water absorption capacity were significantly affected by heat stress. Physicochemical analysis showed that moisture content, titratable acidity and soluble solids were affected.     

Emulsion copolymerization of vinylidene chloride and methyl methacrylate. I. Effects of operating variables on the kinetic behavior

The effects of operating variables on the kinetic behavior of the emulsion copolymerization of vinylidene chloride (VDC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were examined at 50 °C with sodium lauryl sulfate as an emulsifier and potassium persulfate as an initiator, respectively. The number of polymer particles produced increased in proportion to the 1.0 power of the initial emulsifier concentration and to the 0.3 power of the initial initiator concentration and decreased with an increasing content of MMA in the initial monomer charge. The rate of copolymerization was proportional to the 0.4 power of the initial emulsifier concentration and to the 0.5 power of the initial initiator concentration and increased with an increasing content of MMA in the initial monomer charge. The molecular weight of copolymer produced decreased drastically with an increasing content of VDC in the initial monomer charge. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1275–1284, 2002     

A novel cationic emulsifier used for preparing slow-cracking and rapid-setting asphalt: Synthesis,surface activity,and emulsification ability

A novel cationic emulsifier including nonionic fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether was synthesized in two steps from epichlorohydrin, octadecyl dimethyl amine, and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and the intermediate product could also be used as an emulsifier. Their structures were characterized by FTIR, and the surface activities were investigated by surface tension, electrical conductivity, and HLB. The obtained results indicated that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the final product was low, 0.442 mmol/L, and the surface tension at the CMC was 41.02 mN/m. The hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) value was 12, which meet the requirements of asphalt emulsifiers. A series of experiments of the emulsified asphalt prepared by the emulsifiers were performed. The results showed that the emulsified asphalt could be stably stored for more than 5 days when the emulsifier was 2 wt% and the pH value was between 3 and 4. The result of demulsification experiments showed that the emulsifier is a slow-cracking and rapid-setting asphalt emulsifier.     

Terpolymerization of Butadiene,Acrylonitrile, and Methacrylic Acid

Abstract

The terpolymerization of butadiene, acrylonitrile, and methacrylic acid in emulsion, using potassium persulfate as initiator and sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate as emulsifier, was investigated. For the binary system butadiene (M₁) and methacrylic acid (M₂), the following monomer reactivity ratios were determined: r₁₂ = 0.18 ± 0.05 and r₂₁ = 0.52 ± 0.09. When polymerizations were stopped at low conversions they gave terpolymers which show good agreement between experimental and theoretical copolymerization composition data, calculated from the Alfrey-Goldfinger equation. The relationships between monomer feed and terpolymer compositions are presented on triangular coordinate graphs as proposed by Slocombe. By using a computer program, the lines of unique composition and the lines of binary azeotropic composition were established. No point of true azeotropic composition was found, but a “pseudo-azeotropic” region was recognized. The influence of composition on glass transition temperature and thermal characteristics of the terpolymers is described.     

Unseeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate: Bimodal particle size distribution

Unseeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator was carried out at the conditions where secondary nucleation was probable. This was achieved by using no emulsifier in the initial reactor charge. The effects of changes in monomer emulsion feed rate, initiator concentration and distribution, emulsifier concentration in the feed, and temperature on the evolution of particle size averages and distribution were investigated. Bimodal particle size distributions (PSD) were obtained for most of the latexes. Inhibition effects were found to be important in the development of PSD. Primary particle formation occurred through micellar nucleation, whereas secondary nucleation probably occurred through homogenous nucleation. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the latexes increased with the decreasing monomer emulsion feed rate. The application of a larger amount of initiator to the reactor charge or using a higher temperature, reduced the formation of secondary particles and resulted in a formation of an unimodal PSD. The overall steady‐state rate of polymerization was found to approach the rate of monomer addition (R_p ≈ R_a ), if the emulsifier concentration in the aqueous phase was appreciable. This is different from the correlation 1/R_p = 1/K + 1/R_a obtained for the BA semibatch process with neat monomer feed. This suggests that different rate expressions can be used for BA semibatch emulsion polymerization at different conditions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 528–545, 2000     

高固含量低粘度P(MMA/BA/AA)乳液的制备及性能研究

先利用半连续种子乳液聚合法制备固含量为50%,粒径480nm的单分散甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)与丙烯酸(AA)的共聚物种子乳液;然后以上述种子乳液为介质,十二烷基硫酸钠为乳化剂,碳酸氢钠为缓冲剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂制备固含量72%,乳胶粒具有二元分布特征的高固含量、低粘度稳定乳液:其中大乳胶粒径500～600nm,小乳胶粒径约80nm.所得乳液中乳化剂总含量为聚合物质量的2.1%;粘度在剪切速率为21s-1时为400mPa·s.另外,相对于常规乳液,所制备高固含量乳液胶膜具有更好的光泽度.     

丁苯胶乳的合成研究

以丁二烯和苯乙烯为单体、十二烷基硫醇为乳化剂,通过一步法合成了大粒径丁苯胶乳（SBR）.结果表明：乳化剂浓度、电解质浓度、固含量及单体加入方式是控制丁苯胶乳粒径大小的关键因素.通过适时补加乳化剂,选取适宜的电解质浓度、固含量及采用种子半连续加料方式有利于控制SBR粒径大小及分布.     

Increasing the Value of Hominy Feed as a Coproduct by Fermentation

Hominy feed is a low value ($83.7/metric ton) coproduct of the corn dry milling process that accounts for nearly 35% of the starting corn quantity. The average composition of hominy feed on a dry basis is 56.9% starch, 25.2% neutral detergent fiber, 11.1% protein, and 5.3% fat. Starch in hominy feed can be fermented to ethanol thus increasing its levels of protein and fat. The increase in protein and fat percentages may increase the market competitiveness and price of hominy feed. Hydrolysis and fermentation were performed on nine hominy feed samples collected from three corn dry milling plants in the USA. The original hominy feed samples and postfermentation solids were analyzed for starch, protein, fat, and fiber content. Compared to the original hominy feed, the percentage increase in protein, fat and fiber in postfermentation solids of nine samples ranged from 10.4 to 21.3, 6.78 to 10.6, and 12.6 to 28.7% (dry basis), respectively. Ethanol yields varied from 271.7 to 380.2 l/metric ton for the nine hominy feed samples. These results indicate that the value of hominy feed as an animal feedstock can potentially be increased with fermentation and can produce more profit per metric ton than currently being derived by its sale as a low protein feed ingredient.     

The production of high polymer to surfactant microlatexes

Starved‐feed microemulsion polymerization of styrene was investigated. The influence of the type (SDS or Dowfax 2A1) and concentration of anionic surfactant on the final particle size of latex made by the polymerization of microemulsions of styrene was studied. In addition, the influence of 1‐pentanol and acrylic acid as cosurfactants was examined. Latexes with 20% solids content and polymer to surfactant ratio of 22 were produced, with a particle diameter of 42 nm and very low polydispersity indexes. Smaller particles are produced using SDS than Dowfax 2A1 for the same weight fraction of surfactant; however, similar particle sizes were obtained with the same molar concentrations of SDS and Dowfax 2A1. Further shot additions of monomer increased solids level as high as 40% and polymer to surfactant ratios greater than 40, with particles remaining monodisperse with average diameter smaller than 60 nm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 48–54, 2010     

Radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene. VI. Effects of pressure and temperature

In a radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene with propylene, the effects of pressure and temperature were investigated in the range of 0–40 kg/cm² and 7–53°C at emulsifier concentration of 0.5 and 2.0%. Both the polymerization rate and the molecular weight of copolymer increase with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. These facts are mainly due to an increase of the monomer concentration in the polymer particles. The rate of polymer chain formation was found to be independent of pressure and temperature. The initiation reaction is due mainly to the entry of radicals generated in the aqueous phase into the polymer particles. The apparent activation energy is ?2.0 to ?3.8 kcal/mole for the polymerization in the presence of 0.5% emulsifier, but is nearly zero at an emulsifier concentration of 2.0%. This difference in apparent activation energies at emulsifier concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0% is explained in terms of the termination mechanisms.