右旋肌醇甲醚唑类核苷类似物的合成

糖基部分中氧原子被亚甲基代替的碳环核苷是核苷类药物发展的一个重要方向.这类化合物表现出了比较宽的生物活性谱,特别是作为抗肿瘤[1]和抗病毒[2]药物的开发具有良好的前景.     

核苷5'-硫代磷酰氨基酸酯电喷雾质谱研究

核苷磷酰氨基酸酯化合物是1类倍受重视的药物,特别是它可作为寡聚核苷酸的类似物用于反义药物[1].核苷逆转录酶抑制剂被批准用于治疗爱滋病(AIDS),目前普遍使用的抗HIV核苷类似物中,2',3'-双脱氧核苷(ddNs)具有良好的疗效[2],它的抗病毒的可能机理是在细胞激酶的作用下,5'-羟基发生相继的磷酸化生成三磷酸核苷,然后通过HIV-逆转录酶进入病毒DNA的合成,由于ddNs 3'-位没有相应的羟基存在,使得病毒DNA的合成得以终止.     

L-核苷类抗HIV、HBV活性化合物研究进展

抗病毒新试剂的不断涌现,为HIV、HBV感染者的临床治疗提供了有效的方法.在抗病毒试剂中,核苷类化合物占据了十分重要的地位.本文阐述了核苷类化合物抗病毒的作用机理,介绍了L型核苷的发展历史及一些新型具有抗HIV、HBV生物活性的L型核苷类化合物的分类.同时,通过对一些新型具有抗HIV、HBV生物活性的核苷类化合物如BCH、FTC、OddC、d4A、Fd4C等,D型和L型不同对映异构体抗病毒活性及生物毒性的对比发现,L型异构体比其相应的D型异构体具有抗病毒活性更高、生物毒性更低的特点.药物化学家们对此产生了极大的兴趣,进一步开展了新型L型核苷类化合物设计、合成的相关研究,以便筛选出更安全有效的抗病毒试剂.     

近年碳环核苷类似物的合成研究进展

碳环核苷是呋喃糖环部分被碳环基团取代的核苷类似物.作为天然核苷的类似物,许多碳环核苷具有良好的抗病毒、抗肿瘤活性.同时,由于不存在典型的糖苷键,碳环核苷较天然核苷对于磷酸化酶和水解酶具有更高的代谢稳定性.因此,对碳环核苷类似物进行设计与合成,并筛选出安全有效的抗病毒试剂成为近年来药物化学家们研究的重点.按照碱基种类的不同综述了近5年来碳环核苷的合成研究进展,分为嘌呤类碳环核苷、嘧啶类碳环核苷以及碳环C-核苷等三部分,重点介绍了嘌呤类碳环核苷的合成研究,并对碳环核苷未来的研究趋势进行了展望.     

硫代核苷类似物合成研究进展

4′-硫代核苷类似物是核糖环中的氧原子被硫原子取代的核苷类似物。许多硫代核苷具有良好的抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性。4′-硫代核苷具有更稳定的糖基键和针对各种病毒或细胞酶的代谢稳定性的提升等固有优点。因此,对硫代核苷类似物的设计与合成,筛选出安全有效的抗病毒试剂应受到更多药物化学家们的关注,本文综述了近年来硫代核苷的合成研究进展。     

苄基保护的L-核苷的制备

作为主要的抗病毒药物,核苷类化合物得到了广泛应用.近年来的研究发现,一些L-型异构体比其相应的D-型异构体具有更高的抗病毒活性和更低的毒性[1],新型L-构型核苷类化合物的设计、合成的相关研究受到普遍关注.     

核酸的利用(一) 半合成阿糖胞苷和阿糖胞苷-5′-磷酸

1-β-D-呋喃型阿拉伯糖胞嘧啶盐酸盐(简称阿糖胞苷:Ara-c(Ⅵ))和阿糖胞苷-5′-磷酸属于抗代谢类药物。阿糖胞苷在体内的作用是干扰去氧核糖核酸(DNA)的合成,临床上主要用于缓解急性粒性白血病,具有较好的效果,而且还可用作抗病毒类的药物。据文献报导,阿糖胞苷-5′磷酸有较强的抗病毒和抗肿瘤作用,是一种可能具有更好疗效的抗肿瘤、抗病毒药物。阿糖胞苷在国内已分别有全合成和小型半合成的试制。     

利巴韦林合成概述

利巴韦林为一种高效广谱抗病毒核苷类药物,文章对利巴韦林的合成方法、原理和优缺点进行了概述。利巴韦林合成方法主要包括化学法、酶促法和发酵法三种;其中化学法的研究最为广泛,酶促法的工业化前景最为广阔,而发酵法仍不成熟。     

一锅法合成O-(3-薯蓣甙元) -O′-[5′-(3′-叠氮-3′-脱氧胸苷)]-氢亚磷酸酯

3′-叠氮-3′-脱氧胸苷(1)(AZT结构见Scheme 1)是FDA批准的第一个用于治疗HIV感染的双脱氧核苷类药物, 已在临床上得到了广泛的使用[1]. 但作为一种有效的逆转录酶抑制剂, 该药物在临床使用过程中面临许多亟待解决的问题. 例如, 长期使用会引起核苷第一步磷酰化所需胸苷激酶的活性降低, 从而引起病毒对药物的耐受性, 降低治疗效果. 另外, 长期使用该药物会产生脊髓抑制的副作用, 如贫血和中性粒细胞减少, 因而使治疗不能持续[2,3].     

磷酰胺酯前药策略及ProTide技术在抗病毒药物研发中的应用

抗病毒药物是人类战胜病毒的有力武器,2019年底爆发的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情给人类带来巨大危害,同时也使人们意识到研发抗病毒药物的重要性。本文综述了磷酰胺酯前药策略及ProTide技术在抗病毒药物研发中的应用,介绍了核苷-磷酰胺酯前药的合成策略,概述了核苷-磷酰胺酯在不同抗病毒药物中的应用,为新型抗病毒药物研发提供借鉴和参考。     

Cross-coupling reactions of nucleoside triphosphates followed by polymerase incorporation. Construction and applications of base-functionalized nucleic acids

Construction of functionalized nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) via polymerase incorporation of modified nucleoside triphosphates is reviewed and selected applications of the modified nucleic acids are highlighted. The classical multistep approach for the synthesis of modified NTPs by triphosphorylation of modified nucleosides is compared to the novel approach consisting of direct aqueous cross-coupling reactions of unprotected halogenated nucleoside triphosphates. The combination of cross-coupling of NTPs with polymerase incorporation gives an efficient and straightforward two-step synthesis of modified nucleic acids. Primer extension using biotinylated templates followed by separation using streptavidine-coated magnetic beads and DNA duplex denaturation is used for preparation of modified single stranded oligonucleotides. Examples of using this approach for electrochemical DNA labelling and bioanalytical applications are given.     

Membrane‐permeable Triphosphate Prodrugs of Nucleoside Analogues

The metabolic conversion of nucleoside analogues into their triphosphates often proceeds insufficiently. Rate‐limitations can be at the mono‐, but also at the di‐ and triphosphorylation steps. We developed a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) delivery system (TriPPPro‐approach). In this approach, NTPs are masked by two bioreversible units at the γ‐phosphate. Using a procedure involving H‐phosphonate chemistry, a series of derivatives bearing approved, as well as potentially antivirally active, nucleoside analogues was synthesized. The enzyme‐triggered delivery of NTPs was demonstrated by pig liver esterase, in human T‐lymphocyte cell extracts and by a polymerase chain reaction using a prodrug of thymidine triphosphate. The TriPPPro‐compounds of some HIV‐inactive nucleoside analogues showed marked anti‐HIV activity. For cellular uptake studies, a fluorescent TriPPPro‐compound was prepared that delivered the triphosphorylated metabolite to intact CEM cells.     

碳环核苷的合成研究进展

碳环核苷是一类结构特殊且具有多种生物活性, 其中特别是抗病毒活性的核苷衍生物. 目前, 碳环核苷的合成及生物活性筛选已成为新药研究领域的热点之一. 综述了近年来各类碳环核苷的合成研究进展, 并对不同合成路线作了简要分析和评论.     

A combination chemical and enzymatic approach for the preparation of azole carboxamide nucleoside triphosphate

Alternative substrates for DNA and RNA polymerases offer an important set of biochemical tools. Many of the standard methods for nucleoside triphosphate synthesis fail in the cases of nonpurine and nonpyrimidine nucleosides. An efficient preparation of the 5'-O-tosylates for both the deoxy- and ribonucleosides enabled preparation of the diphosphate esters by displacement with tris(tetra-n-butylammonium) pyrophosphate. Enzymatic synthesis of the azole carboxamide deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate was based on ATP as the phosphate donor, nucleoside diphosphate kinase as the catalyst, coupled with phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate kinase as an ATP regeneration system. Ribonucleoside triphosphate synthesis required PEP as the phosphate donor and pyruvate kinase as the catalyst. An optimized purification procedure based upon boronate affinity gel was developed to yield highly purified nucleoside triphosphates. The strategy outlined here provides a new and efficient method for preparation of nucleoside 5'-triphosphate and is likely applicable to a broad variety of base and sugar modified nucleoside analogues.     

Novel synthesis of nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates through reaction of nucleoside triphosphates with amines mediated by trimethylsilyl chloride

Reaction of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) with amines in pyridine mediated by trimethylsilyl chloride produced nucleoside 5'-phosphoramidates in moderate yields without any preprotection of nucleosides and amino acid methyl esters. The reaction pathway is very similar to the mechanism of the RNA capping reaction, DNA or RNA ligation reaction, and catalysis of hydrolases and nucleases involving the formation of covalent enzyme-NMP (nucleoside 5'-monophosphate) intermediates in biological systems, which could provide a valuable clue for the enzymatic reactions.     

Development and validation of an LC–MS/MS quantitative method for endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates in cellular lysate

The endogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool includes deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) and thymidine triphosphate (TTP). The endogenous dNTP pool is regulated by complex enzymatic pathways that can be targeted by drugs, such as antimetabolites. In addition, these components compete with antiviral nucleos(t)ide analog triphosphates, contributing to the mechanism of pharmacologic action. This communication describes the development and validation of a sensitive method to quantify the intracellular dNTP pool in cellular lysates. The extraction process was optimized for dNTPs using an indirect strategy – the separation of mono‐, di‐ and triphosphate moieties by strong anion exchange, dephosphorylation of target fractions to molar equivalent nucleosides – followed by sensitive quantitation using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The validated analytical range was 50–2500 fmol/sample for each dNTP. The assay was used to quantify dNTPs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 40 clinical research participants (n = 279 samples). Median (interquartile range) concentrations were 143 (116, 169) for dATP, 737 (605, 887) for dCTP, 237 (200, 290) for dGTP and 315 (220, 456) for TTP, in femtomoles per million cells. This method allows for future studies of endogenous dNTP disposition in subjects receiving antimetabolites or nucleos(t)ide analogs, or for other clinical scenarios.     

核苷类抗病毒药物的研究进展

本文综述了近年来核苷类抗病毒药最新研究进展。介绍了核苷类抗病毒药物的种类，着重介绍了核苷化合物的改造方式。从目前临床应用的及有应用前景的各类核苷类似物出发归纳了核苷类抗病毒剂的改造原则。     

A TriPPPro-Nucleotide Reporter with Optimized Cell-Permeable Dyes for Metabolic Labeling of Cellular and Viral DNA in Living Cells

The metabolic labeling of nucleic acids in living cells is highly desirable to track the dynamics of nucleic acid metabolism in real-time and has the potential to provide novel insights into cellular biology as well as pathogen-host interactions. Catalyst-free inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions (iEDDA) with nucleosides carrying highly reactive moieties such as axial 2-trans-cyclooctene (2TCOa) would be an ideal tool to allow intracellular labeling of DNA. However, cellular kinase phosphorylation of the modified nucleosides is needed after cellular uptake as triphosphates are not membrane permeable. Unfortunately, the narrow substrate window of most endogenous kinases limits the use of highly reactive moieties. Here, we apply our TriPPPro (triphosphate pronucleotide) approach to directly deliver a highly reactive 2TCOa-modified 2′-deoxycytidine triphosphate reporter into living cells. We show that this nucleoside triphosphate is metabolically incorporated into de novo synthesized cellular and viral DNA and can be labeled with highly reactive and cell-permeable fluorescent dye-tetrazine conjugates via iEDDA to visualize DNA in living cells directly. Thus, we present the first comprehensive method for live-cell imaging of cellular and viral nucleic acids using a two-step labeling approach.     

Synthesis, DNA polymerase incorporation, and enzymatic phosphate hydrolysis of formamidopyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates

The nucleoside triphosphates of N6-(2-deoxy-alpha,beta-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (Fapy.dGTP) and its C-nucleoside analogue (beta-C-Fapy.dGTP) were synthesized. The lability of the formamide group required that nucleoside triphosphate formation be carried out using an umpolung strategy in which pyrophosphate was activated toward nucleophilic attack. The Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli accepted Fapy.dGTP and beta-C-Fapy.dGTP as substrates much less efficiently than it did dGTP. Subsequent extension of a primer containing either modified nucleotide was less affected compared to when the native nucleotide is present at the 3'-terminus. The specificity constants are sufficiently large that nucleoside triphosphate incorporation could account for the level of Fapy.dG observed in cells if 1% of the dGTP pool is converted to Fapy.dGTP. Similarly, polymerase-mediated introduction of beta-C-Fapy.dG could be useful for incorporating useful amounts of this nonhydrolyzable analogue for use as an inhibitor of base excision repair. The kinetic viability of these processes is enhanced by inefficient hydrolysis of Fapy.dGTP and beta-C-Fapy.dGTP by MutT, the E. coli enzyme that releases pyrophosphate and the corresponding nucleoside monophosphate upon reaction with structurally related nucleoside triphosphates.