知识在书外 功夫在书外

2000年,高中化学新教材要在全国普遍推广使用。     

电子计算机在物理化学中应用讲习班》在兰州举办

受教育部委托,西北师范学院化学系于1985年7月13日至8月4日在兰州举办了《电子计算机在物理化学中应用》讲习班。主要推广了中山大学的《物理化学教学程序》(APPLE—Ⅱ机,以下不加注明的均属此机);四川大学的公用软件程序包》(PC-1500机);华中工学院的《化学热力学计算程序》(2个)。西北师范学院的《物理化学专家系统(基础计算部分)》。此外,还推广了四川大学的《物理化学实验数据处理程序包》(PC-1500机,下同);南开大学的《物质结构绘图程     

第二届稀土在钢中应用学术会议在漳州召开

全国“第二届稀土在钢中应用学术会议”于1984年10月30日至11月3日在福建漳州召开,来自全国34个单位计90名代表出席了会议。会议收到论文66篇,大会按“加入方法”、“物理化学”、“基础及     

化学奥林匹克在中国

国际化学奥林匹克（IChO）源于东欧,是国际中学生学科竞赛之一。竞赛自1986年至今（其中1971年因故未举行）,每年7月上旬举行一次。     

如何纠正学生在写方程式和在计算中的错误

中学化学教学大纲(草案)中规定:“在学生学习化学的过程中,还应该使学生获得熟习各种分子式和化学方程式,能独立地写出简单的分子式和化学方程式,并能运用它们进行计算的技巧。”在几年来的教学过程中,我深深体会到化学方程式和基本化学计算是学习化学的基础和工具之一,但是由于教师的讲解不深不透,初学的学生容易犯下面一些错误: 甲、化学方程式方面: (1)脱离实际,臆造化学方程式。如:     

从氢在氧中燃烧到氧在氢中燃烧

燃烧是一类强烈、快速放热乃至发光的氧化还原反应。在这类反应过程中,常常伴随着有各种各样颜色的火焰产生,这是人们早已熟知的。     

在GAL-10启动子控制下HBsAg基因在酵母中表达

本文运用既能在E。Coli又能在酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae中复制的杂合质粒YEP51,与乙型肝炎病毒(adr亚型)表面抗原基因进行重组。重组质粒pGHBs-1在酵母中使表面抗原基因在GaL-10启动子控制下得到表达,表达产物聚合成颗粒状,其大小和形状与病人血清中的表面抗原蛋白相似,100ml培养物约能产生1μg表面抗原蛋白。     

氢在钯单晶表面的解离与在体相的扩散

氢分子在金属表面的解离吸附与氢原子在金属体相的扩散是个典型的表面过程.前者在甲烷化及合成氨等基础化工反应中起着关键作用;后者常常导致金属材料的脆化与断裂,但过渡金属及其合金是安全和优良的储氢材料.因此,研究氢分子在金属表面的解离吸附与氢原子在金属体相的扩散,是多相催化与金属物理广泛感兴趣的课题,具有重要的理论和应用价值.本文采用分子动力学方法初步探讨了二者之间的关联.分子催化动力学为从微观层次上研究上述课题提供了一种理论方法.本文采用经过我们改进的半经验LEPS方法,计算了氢分子在Pd(100)和(110)晶面的解离和氢原子在钯表面与体相扩散的相互作用位能面,并根据计算结果探讨了其微观机理.     

碳酸二甲酯在有机合成中的应用

介绍了新的基本化工原料－碳酸二甲酯在有机合成中的应用,重点介绍了其参加的羰基化,甲基化和羰基甲氧基化反应及产品,参考文献１９篇。     

在复杂流体中的相平衡

复杂流体表现出与一般溶液不同的特性,它们常呈现更丰富和多变的性质和相行为.认识和了解复杂流体丰富多彩的相平衡知识,对于解决生产中存在的问题有重要意义.本文以复杂流体中存在的自组装结构、特殊相互作用及其独特的相行为目标,分别介绍脂质体溶液和盐湖卤水溶液中呈现的特殊相互作用、自组装体结构及其相平衡.从化学热力学的角度出发,探索在这些复杂流体中组分可能形成的自组装体,以及这些自组装体对复杂流体相行为的影响.     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。