水蒸气超音速流动中自发凝结现象的数值模拟

本文研究了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的自发凝结现象.在欧拉坐标系下建立了二维可压缩守恒型数值计算模型,引入3系数维里型状态方程对水蒸气超音速凝结流动进行了数值模拟,依据Moore等提供的实验数据对缩放喷管算例进行了数值校验,验证了数值模型的可信度和准确性,在此基础上分析了水蒸气超音速凝结流动的特点和规律,揭示了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的自发凝结、液滴增长,凝结冲波等热力学现象的规律.     

水蒸气超音速非平衡凝结流动中的激波效应

对水蒸气超音速非平衡凝结流动进行了数值模拟,研究了水蒸气超音速流动过程中的非平衡相变及凝结激波现象,揭示了压缩激波与核化凝结流动之间相互作用的非平衡流动规律.发现了激波的耗散效应对非平衡相变的影响,探讨了激波发生时,波阵面处核化凝结、液滴生长的变化规律.     

含湿天然气超音速凝结研究

在气液无滑移假设下建立了天然气超音速凝结数理模型,研究了天然气中水蒸气的超音速凝结过程,并分析了Laval喷管扩张段半扩张角对凝结的影响.结果表明凝结模型是合理的,液滴成核只发生在喷管喉部后非常狭窄的区域,此后水滴的生长变得非常缓慢,直至喷管出口不再发生显著的增加;喷管半扩张角的大小对液滴的成核、生长有显著影响,成核位置随半扩张角的增加略向上游移动;喷管扩张段0.16°半扩张角在总压损失、出口马赫数、出口液滴尺寸等方面具有最佳的综合效果.     

方形分离器内气固两相流动的数值模拟

本文采用颗粒随机轨道模型，并与ｋ－ε模型及应力代数模型相结合，对方形分离器内的三维气固两相流动进行了数值模拟，气相计算得到了与实验结果基本一致的湍流流场，两相计算得出了与实验基本符合的分离器分离效率曲线。计算结果表明，在方形分离器内的旋风流动计算中，ｋ－ε模型及应力代数模型均得到比较合理的结果，并与实验符合较好；两相流动的计算初步分析了方形分离器的分离性能及分离机理，得到对工程设计有指导意义的结论。     

扩散式气固分离器内两相流动数值模拟

采用RNG k-ε模型、随机颗粒轨道模型对扩散式气固分离器内的两相流动情况进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了流速对分离效率的影响,颗粒分级分离效率,颗粒轨迹,以及多个几何结构尺寸对分离效率和阻力系数的作用情况.数值模拟结果表明该类分离器流场总体成双层流动结构,分离器对4 μm以下的小颗粒分离效率较低,流速对分离效率的作用比较明显,各结构尺寸对阻力系数和分离效率的影响比较复杂,结构尺寸的取值有一定比例范围.     

COIL超声速流动的水汽凝结效应数值模拟

 在开发的化学氧碘激光器3维化学反应流程序中增设水汽凝结功能,模拟了以氦气和氮气作稀释气体条件下,基于RADICL装置喷管中含水汽凝结的流动。模拟结果给出了水汽凝结形成的5种尺寸液滴的数密度分布及流场各物理量分布,比较了有无水汽凝结时气流的压力、温度、增益分布的变化。模拟结果发现,凝结使气流温度在靠近喉部的下游升高,增益峰值增高。     

自发凝结流动数值模拟方法及其在Laval喷管中的应用

本文对存在自发凝结的湿蒸汽两相流动建立了完全欧拉坐标系统下的数理模型。采用考虑了真实流体性质的 LU-SGS-GE隐式时间推进算法和改良型高精度、高分辨率MuSCL TVD差分格式求解存在自发凝结的汽液两相流动控制方程组。文中水及水蒸汽性质数据全部取自IAPWS-IF97国际标准公式。对某Laval缩放喷管内的湿蒸汽自发凝结流动的数值模拟结果表明,本文所采用的数理模型及计算方法是有效和可靠的。     

微圆管内环状流凝结换热特性的数值模拟

本文提出了微圆管内环状流凝结换热的分析模型,考虑了重力、汽液界面剪切力、表面张力以及界面凝结热阻的作用。文中主要研究凝结换热过程中重力、入口蒸汽Re数及外壁面温度的影响。模拟的结果表明,重力对微圆管流动凝结换热的影响非常小,可被忽略;凝结液的排除主要依赖于汽液界面的剪切应力作用,使Nu随蒸汽进口Re数的增加而明显增大;冷却外壁面的温度对凝结换热也具有一定的影响, Nu将随外壁面温度的降低而增大。     

CFBC旋风分离器气固两相流数值模拟与优化

气相利用Euler坐标系下的K-ε／RNG双方程湍流模型,颗粒相采用拉格朗日坐标系下的随机轨道模型,考虑双向耦合,对CFBC旋风分离器中较高浓度气固两相流动进行数值模拟,结果表明:采用入口加速段将气固两相流加速到合适的速度,对提高分离效率有重要作用。排气管向产生离体涡旋区方向偏移适当距离,有助于减少涡旋区,改善流场, 减少阻力。虽然收缩锥体有利于形成向上旋流,但对颗粒捕获也有不利的一面。     

天然气低温超音速流动过程的热力学模拟与分析

基于SRK实际气体状态方程,对天然气在高压低温条件下经过超音速分离管的高速膨胀过程进行了热力学的计算和模拟。通过将实际气体的计算结果与理想气体计算结果进行比较,发现两者降温及截面积有很大区别,但截面积变化规律相似。而且不同入口条件下达到临界点所需压比一致,但液化点差别很大。在两相区截面增速变缓,但马赫数相差不大。     

超音速分离管在天然气制冷液化领域中的研究进展

超音速分离管是一种新型、高效的天然气制冷设备.该装置因具有节能、结构简单、性能可靠等优点,在天然气脱水脱烃中已经获得了成功的应用,并在小型天然气液化装置中有良好的应用前景.文中介绍了超音速分离管的工作原理以及在天然气制冷液化领域中的研究进展,并对该装置中分离管的设计方法及影响制冷、分离效果的因素进行了分析.     

Numerical simulation of instantaneous flow structure of swirling and non-swirling coaxial-jet particle-laden turbulence flows

A subgrid scale two-phase second-order-moment (SGS-SOM) model based on the two-fluid continuum approach is presented for the analysis of the instantaneous flow structures of swirling and non-swirling coaxial-jet particle-laden turbulence flows. Since the interaction between the two-phase subgrid scale stresses and the anisotropy of two-phase subgrid scale stresses is fully considered, it is superior to the conventional subgrid scale model on the basis of single gas phase or together with their similar forms for the particle phase for not taken these characters thoroughly into account. The swirling numbers s=0.47 and s=0 of coaxial-jet particle-laden turbulence flows (measured by M. Sommerfeld, H.H. Qiu, Detailed measurements in a swirling particulate two-phase flow by a phase Doppler anemometer, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 12 (1991) 20-28) are numerically simulated by large eddy simulation using this model, together with a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model using the unified second-order-moment two-phase turbulence model (RANS-USM). The instantaneous results show that the multiple recirculating gas flow structure is similar to that of single-phase swirling flows; but the particle flow structure contains less vortices. Both SGS-SOM and RANS-USM predicted that the two-phase time-averaged velocities and the root-mean-square fluctuation velocities are validated and are in good agreement with the experimental results. It is seen that for the two-phase time-averaged velocities both the models give almost the same results, hence the RANS-USM modeling is validated by large eddy simulation. For the two-phase root-mean-square fluctuation velocities the SGS-SOM results are obviously better than the RANS-USM results.     

旋流式气液分离器内流场的数值模拟

气液分离器作为制冷系统中的关键部件,其分离性能的优劣对系统有着重要的影响。为了研究旋流式气液分离器的分离性能,首先从理论上介绍了旋流式气液分离器的分离机理,列出其主要结构参数,然后基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,采用Gambit建模,利用Fluent软件,对旋流式气液分离器进行了模拟仿真,并对进口附近壁面速度场、不同尺寸和进出口截面流场矢量图、纵向剖面气液体积分数分布图等进行了重点分析。仿真结果表明设计是正确、合理的。     

压力恢复系统扩压器性能初步研究

 在气动和化学强激光器系统研制中,压力恢复系统扩压器设计技术研究具有重要的工程应用价值。介绍了常温空气介质情况下若干型式扩压器试验件的数值模拟和实验研究结果,针对扩压器扩张角大小、壁面之间加隔板和边界层吹气等因素对其扩压性能的影响作了对比分析。初步研究表明：激光器系统的光腔段和压力恢复系统扩压器采用较小扩张角,扩压器内腔宽度方向设置适当厚度的竖隔板,扩压器左右侧壁采用附面层吹气等措施能有效提高扩压器的扩压效率。而由于压力恢复系统扩压器宽高比很大,在扩压器内腔使用水平隔板对扩压效率没有明显提高,并且当扩压器扩张角度很小时,水平隔板反而降低了扩压器扩压效率。     

Evaluation of assumed-PDF methods in two-phase flows using direct numerical simulation

The hypothesis of uncorrelated temperature (T) and vapor-fuel mass fraction (Y_v), frequently made when modeling reaction rates using assumed-PDF models, is examined utilizing transitional databases from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of three-dimensional mixing-layers two-phase (TP) flows with evaporation. Because the databases do not contain chemical reaction, which would further correlate variables, finding here a correlation between T and Y_v is sufficient for invalidating reaction rate modeling of the joint (T, Y_v) probability distribution function (PDF) as a product of the marginal PDFs. The databases comprise four multicomponent fuels, two mass loadings and two free-stream gas temperatures. For comparison, databases for single-phase (SP) flows are also analyzed at two initial Reynolds numbers. The examination is conducted in the mixing layer excluding the free streams and in a more restricted part of the mixing layer constituting its core. The analysis is performed at the DNS and large eddy simulation (LES) scales, and subgrid scale (SGS). To obtain the LES database, the DNS database is filtered, and an evaluation of the examined correlation at the LES and SGS scales is made at two filter sizes. At the DNS scale, T and Y_v are practically uncorrelated for SP flows, showing the weak influence of the perfect-gas equation of state, whereas for TP flows the correlation is strong and increases with mass loading indicating the powerful effect of the phase change. At the LES scale, the findings emulate those at the DNS scale. The fluctuations of the SGS scale are uncorrelated for SP flows, but the product of the marginal PDFs is different from the joint PDF. For TP flows, the fluctuations are correlated and the correlation increases with temperature, casting doubt on current assumed PDFs used to model chemistry in reacting sprays. These results are independent of filter size. The joint PDFs for TP and SP fluctuations are successfully modeled.     

Aspect ratio effects in turbulent duct flows studied through direct numerical simulation

Three-dimensional effects in turbulent duct flows, i.e., sidewall boundary layers and secondary motions, are studied by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). The spectral element code Nek5000 is used to compute turbulent duct flows with aspect ratios 1–7 (at Re_{b, c} = 2800, Re_{τ, c} ? 180) and aspect ratio 1 (at Re_{b, c} = 5600, Re_{τ, c} ? 330), in streamwise-periodic boxes of length 25h. The total number of grid points ranges from 28 to 145 million, and the pressure gradient is adjusted iteratively in order to keep the same bulk Reynolds number in the centreplane with changing aspect ratio. Turbulence is initiated via a trip forcing active during the initial stages of the simulation, and the statistical convergence of the data is discussed both in terms of transient approach and averaging period. Spanwise variations in wall shear, mean-flow profiles, and turbulence statistics are analysed as a function of aspect ratio, and also compared with the spanwise-periodic channel (as idealisation of an infinite aspect ratio duct). The computations show good agreement with experimental measurements carried out in parallel at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago, and highlight the relevance of sidewall boundary layers and secondary vortices in the physics of the duct flow. The rich array of secondary vortices extending throughout the upper and lower walls of the duct, and their dependence on Reynolds number and aspect ratio, had not been reported in the literature before.     

A Monte Carlo model for seeded atomic flows in the transition regime

A simple model for the numerical determination of separation effects in seeded atomic gas flows is presented. The model is based on the known possibility to provide a statistically convergent estimate of the exact solution for a linear transport equation using the test particle Monte Carlo method. Accordingly, the flow field of the main gas is preliminary calculated and as a second step the linear transport equations obtained by fixing the target distribution in the collision term of the Boltzmann equation for both main and minority components are solved. Both solutions are based on appropriately devised test particle Monte Carlo methods. The second step, the critical one in evaluating the separation effects, is exact and thereby completely free of numerical diffusion. The model is described in details and illustrated by 2D test cases of atomic separation in shock fronts.     

Synthesis of Cu nanoparticles by condensation from the gas phase

A series of computer experiments was conducted by the raw material evaporation and subsequent condensation to determine the most efficient regimes of copper nanoparticles synthesis. By variation of the cooling rate of the metal vapor the formation of Cu clusters were studied. The computer experiments showed the influence of different final temperatures on the shape of the resultant particles. This allowed to determine the conditions for a predominant formation of worm-like clusters of a spherical shape in the gas phase synthesis.