微波表面电阻TC90方案的测量精度实验分析

由于超导薄膜的表面阻抗Rs这一参量对超导微波元件的设计和开发有很重要意义,测量超导薄膜的表面阻抗Rs也就非常重要.目前国际上制定了高温超导薄膜在微波波段上表面阻抗Rs电特性的标准测量方案:IEC/TC90.此方案采用介质杆谐振器法测量表面阻抗的原理,使用蓝宝石介质杆和超导膜组成的谐振器法测量超导膜的Rs.本文分析了各个测量量对标准测量方案的测量精度,分析了在12GHz微波频率下,系统的各个实际部件的加工误差.认为频谱曲线的测量误差,即背景误差对最终测量结果Rs的影响是主要的.     

Rs标准测量系统的研究及其误差讨论

本文主要介绍了按照目前国际上制定的超导薄膜表面阻抗Rs标准测量方案（IEC／TC90）设计并制造的Rs标准测量系统，对实验过程中系统的细节作了改进，测试精度及可靠性作了分析，实验及结果证明该标准的可行性，同时说明了我们的测试系统符合国际超导薄膜表面阻抗Rs标准 测量的要求。     

介质谐振器法测量超导薄膜微波表面阻抗

本文所用的测试方法为蓝宝石介质谐振器法,它采用一片超导薄膜替代谐振器的一端,通过测量微波介质谐振腔的品质因数和谐振频率随温度变化来确定超导薄膜的微波表面阻抗.本文设计和制作了一个工作于TE01δ模式,谐振频率在18.3GHz左右的蓝宝石介质谐振器,其无载品质因数在3K时可达到130000.用此方法可以对薄膜进行无损伤测量,测量后的薄膜还可继续使用.     

高温超导薄膜微波表面电阻测量标准理论精度修正

高温超导薄膜的表面电阻Rs作为应用超导器件设计和性能衡量的一个重要参数,对超导无源微波元件的设计和开发有很重要意义.准确测量超导薄膜的表面电阻Rs也就非常重要.国际通用的标准测量方案中的理论模型公式是基于高温超导膜无限大的基础上的.考虑到实际超导薄膜的总是有限大的情况,我们从理论上进行了精度分析,在此基础上对此理论模型公式进行了修正,求出基于超导膜有限大时的Rs的表达式,并对两种情况进行了一定的比较.     

MgB2超导薄膜的微波测量

报道了利用蓝宝石介质谐振器技术测量MgB2超导薄膜的微波表面电阻Rs、OK时的穿透深度λ(O)和超导能隙△(O)．λ(O)和△(O)的值是通过先测量样品穿透深度λ(T)的变化量△λ(T)，然后由BCS理论模型拟合△λ（T)的实验数据得到的．测试样品是利用化学气相沉积技术在MgO(111)基片上制备的c轴织构的MgB2超导薄膜，薄膜的超导转变温度和转变宽度分别为38K和0．1K．微波测试结果表明在10K，18GHz下MgB2薄膜的Rs约为100μΩ，可以和高质量的YBCO薄膜的Rs值相比拟；BCS理论拟合得到的MgB2超导薄膜的λ(0)=102nm，△(0)：1．13kTc．     

双介质谐振器法测量超导薄膜的表面电阻

介绍了清华大学物理系研制的一个测量高温超导薄膜微波表面电阻的系统,展示了测量的原理和过程.本系统是按照目前国际上高温超导薄膜的微波表面电阻的测量标准方案(ICE/TC90)选定的 TE011- TE013双介质谐振器法来对超导薄膜进行测量.介质谐振器谐振的中心频率约为11.96 GHz,具有很高的准确性和灵敏度.在液氮(77 K)温度下,用物理所提供的两片YBCO薄膜测量,TE011和TE013模式的无载Q值分别达到5.57×10 5和1.51×10 6, 就我们所知,这是国内所报道的最高Q值.其Rs(77 K,10 GHz)平均值为263微欧.因此,本系统可以较为准确地测量表面电阻很小(300微欧以下)的高温超导薄膜.     

超导转变温区YBa2Cu3O7薄膜样品的表面电阻测量

我们对高温超导YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO)薄膜样品在超导转变温区微波表面电阻RS随温度变化的初步测量结果.利用介质谐振器方法,分别测量了由镀银高纯铜标准试样和脉冲激光淀积方法制备的高温YBCO超导薄膜为下底板的谐振器品质因素随温度变化的数据.通过对镀银高纯铜标准试样和RS为零的谐振器数据分析,得到谐振器参数随温度变化的曲线.由有高温YBCO超导薄膜组成的谐振器Q值随温度变化数据得到YBCO薄膜样品超导转变温区微波表面电阻的变化.讨论了YBCO超导薄膜的微波表面电阻测量结果.     

Ф3英寸双面超导薄膜Jc均匀性测量

临界电流密度Jc是评价超导薄膜质量的重要参数之一，采用Jc测量装置可以准确、快速、无损检测Ф2～3英寸双面膜的Jc均匀性。该装置是利用高温超导薄膜的超导转变对线圈内感应电压产生的变化这一原理，测量线圈由初级和次级组成，所用信号频率为20kHz，次级信号在同样频率下由锁相放大器检测，测量过程全部由计算机控制，对于超导微波滤波器应用所要求的高质量Ф2～3英寸双面超导薄膜材料，必须具有高的Jc和低的Rs值，采用该装置测量超导薄膜的Jc均匀性，与Rs对应关系进行分析，将有助于超导薄膜的质量控制。     

Φ3英寸双面超导薄膜Jc均匀性测量

临界电流密度Jc是评价超导薄膜质量的重要参数之一.采用Jc测量装置可以准确、快速、无损检测Φ2～3英寸双面膜的Jc均匀性.该装置是利用高温超导薄膜的超导转变对线圈内感应电压产生的变化这一原理,测量线圈由初级和次级组成.所用信号频率为20kHz.次级信号在同样频率下由锁相放大器检测.测量过程全部由计算机控制.对于超导微波滤波器应用所要求的高质量Φ2～3英寸双面超导薄膜材料,必须具有高的Jc和低的Rs值.采用该装置测量超导薄膜的Jc均匀性,与Rs对应关系进行分析,将有助于超导薄膜的质量控制.     

过耦合结构超导铝共面波导谐振器温度特性研究

制备了基于超导铝膜的四分之一波长反射型共面波导谐振器,并利用矢量网络分析仪测量了该谐振器在低温超导状态下的传输特性。实验结果表明:对于拥有较大耦合电容的超导共面波导谐振器,在超导状态下随着环境温度的升高,超导薄膜的表面阻抗会增大,进而谐振器的中心谐振频率降低,谐振峰变宽。温度越高,谐振频率随温度升高而向低频偏移的速率越快。另一方面,随着环境温度升高,谐振器的外部耦合品质因数和负载品质因数也都会降低。温度越高,谐振器品质因数随温度升高而降低的速率越快。用二能级理论解释了实验现象,品质因数理论计算值与实验测量结果相接近。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.