用XPS研究新西兰高硫煤热解过程中氮、硫官能团的转变规律

选择一种高硫新西兰煤(NXL)作为研究对象,高纯Ar气氛中,以5℃/min的升温速率在管式炉中热解,热解终温为300~1 000℃。用XPS研究煤及不同温度下半焦中氮、硫的赋存形态。将N 1s谱图用Lorentzian-Gaussian拟合分为四个峰:N-6(398.8±0.4)eV、N-5(400.2±0.3)eV、N-Q(401.4±0.3)eV和N-X(402.9±0.5)eV;S 2p谱图分为六个峰:硫铁矿(162.5±0.3)eV、硫化物(163.3±0. 4)eV、噻吩(164.1±0.2)eV、亚砜(166.0±0.5)eV、砜(168.0±0.5)eV和硫酸盐硫(169.5±0.5)eV。结果表明,煤中氮元素的主要存在形式是吡啶、吡咯、质子化吡啶和氮氧化物;低于600℃,半焦中的氮元素主要以吡啶和吡咯形式存在;随温度的升高,吡咯向吡啶转化;当温度超过900℃,氮氧化物这一形态消失。该煤中的硫以有机硫为主,其中,噻吩硫占50%以上;随着热解温度的升高,煤中的硫铁矿硫逐步转化为无机硫化物,600℃时分解完全。     

加压热解气氛对碳酸钾催化煤热解过程中硫迁移的影响

在加压热解装置上,考察了碳酸钾及热解气氛对煤热解过程中硫分布及其形态的影响。结果表明,碳酸钾通过捕获H_2S增加了半焦硫含量,同时可将煤焦表面活化,导致煤中有机质与黄铁矿分解产生的活泼硫结合形成新的有机硫。氢气能促进煤中硫的脱除,但是碳酸钾存在下热解释放的硫一部分以K_2S的形式固定于半焦中。水蒸气可显著促进煤中黄铁矿的分解,同时可与煤焦中的K_2S反应,降低半焦中的硫含量。两段床催化气化炉中,碳酸钾催化剂经热解后不影响其对煤焦的催化性能。     

添加CaO对煤热解过程中砷和硫迁移转化的影响

利用高频炉反应器在800-1 200℃对添加质量分数10%CaO的云南镇雄煤(YNZX)进行了快速热解实验,采用连续化学提取、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段,考察了CaO添加对煤快速热解过程中砷和硫迁移转化的影响。结果表明,CaO能显著抑制砷与硫的释放。CaO对砷释放的抑制率在800℃时最高达41.19%,对硫释放的抑制率在1 000℃时最高,为39.89%;两者的抑制率呈负相关。As-Ca复合物和CaS的形成是砷与硫释放率降低的主要原因;添加CaO后,As-Ca复合物的生成使残渣态砷含量增加,CaS的形成使硫化物结合态砷含量减少。热解后硫元素在CaO表面富集,占据更多的吸附活性位,对砷的固定产生抑制作用;添加CaO后焦中硫仍主要以硫化物的形式存在,亚硫酸盐的含量有所增加。     

煤有机硫分析中XPS分峰拟合方法及参数设置

通过对含硫模型化合物和新峪焦精煤中的有机硫含量的分析,对XPS谱图的分峰拟合方法和参数设置进行了探讨。结果表明,用XPS解析煤中不同形态硫含量时,应按2p3/2和2p1/2劈裂峰分峰方法进行,并设置劈裂峰的面积比约为2∶1,裂距为1.18 eV,L-G%相同,FWHM值也相同;限定各有机硫2p3/2峰峰位分别为:硫醇硫醚类硫162.1~163.6 eV;噻吩类硫164.0~164.4 eV;亚砜类硫165.0~166.0 eV,同时对分峰拟合参数在一定范围内进行动态微调,可实现良好的数据重现性和较佳的拟合度。     

AP-TPR-MS法考察六枝煤固定床热解过程中的硫变迁行为

实验选取六枝(LZ)原煤及其在固定床热解所得半焦,采用常压程序升温还原 质谱法（AP-TPR-MS）与化学法相结合考察温度和气氛对固定床热解过程中硫变迁行为的影响。对于LZ煤而言,经氮气气氛500℃热解后,只能使煤中部分不稳定有机硫分解,黄铁矿硫却不能分解;而经氮气气氛700℃热解后可以使不稳定有机硫和黄铁矿硫全部分解。合成气气氛在500℃以前煤中的不稳定有机硫和黄铁矿硫就能全部分解,且随着温度的升高,合成气表现出与氢气相近的脱硫活性。1.0% O₂-N₂对于六枝煤并没有明显的脱硫效果,这与氮气气氛相差不大。     

高硫煤镜质组热解过程中结构变化及有机硫形态变迁规律研究

用手选富集与离心分离相结合的方法,从两种全硫含量相近的新西兰煤(NXL;St,ad=1.84%)和山西煤(SX;St,ad=1.80%)中分离出高纯度镜质组。在高纯Ar气氛下,分别制备了300、500、700和1 000℃下的镜质组焦。用FT-IR研究了两种镜质组中的脂肪氢、芳香氢随温度的变化,结果表明,SX镜质组中脂肪氢的相对含量较高,在热解过程中活性高于同温度下的NXL镜质组;两种镜质组中的脂肪氢相对含量都随温度升高而降低,温度高于500℃时,SX镜质组中脂肪氢相对含量基本不变,当温度高于700℃时,NXL镜质组中的脂肪氢相对含量基本保持不变;热解过程芳香氢都表现出先增大后减小的趋势。用XPS研究了镜质组中的有机硫含量及形态随温度的变化,结果表明,SX镜质组中易分解的有机硫化物较多,在300℃以下即可分解完全;NXL镜质组中的有机硫化物分解完全在700℃左右,两种镜质组中的噻吩类硫的含量都随热解温度的升高而增加,砜类硫的含量随热解温度的升高而降低。     

煤中有机硫形态结构和热解过程硫变迁特性的研究

利用热解 质谱并结合固定床热解反应装置，对煤中有机硫的形态主其对加氢热解过程 变迁特性的影响，进行了较系统的研究。结果表明，煤中有机硫的形态结构在褐煤中主要以脂肪族、芳香族硫化物为主，而在 煤中则主要以各种不同芳构化程度的噻吩结构为主，初步表明煤中有机硫形态结构随煤变质程度的变迁呈较强的连续递变性。煤热解过程中硫在呼产物中的变迁和分布与煤中有机硫的形态结构特点密切相关。较高芳构化噻吩结构不完全的氧     

高硫煤镜质组热解过程中结构变化及有机硫形态变迁规律研究

用手选富集与离心分离相结合的方法,从两种全硫含量相近的新西兰煤（NXL;S_t,ad=1.84%）和山西煤（SX;S_t,ad=1.80%）中分离出高纯度镜质组。在高纯Ar气氛下,分别制备了300、500、700和1 000 ℃下的镜质组焦。用FT-IR研究了两种镜质组中的脂肪氢、芳香氢随温度的变化,结果表明,SX镜质组中脂肪氢的相对含量较高,在热解过程中活性高于同温度下的NXL镜质组;两种镜质组中的脂肪氢相对含量都随温度升高而降低,温度高于500 ℃时,SX镜质组中脂肪氢相对含量基本不变,当温度高于700 ℃时,NXL镜质组中的脂肪氢相对含量基本保持不变;热解过程芳香氢都表现出先增大后减小的趋势。用XPS研究了镜质组中的有机硫含量及形态随温度的变化,结果表明,SX镜质组中易分解的有机硫化物较多,在300 ℃以下即可分解完全;NXL镜质组中的有机硫化物分解完全在700 ℃左右,两种镜质组中的噻吩类硫的含量都随热解温度的升高而增加,砜类硫的含量随热解温度的升高而降低。     

煤热解过程焦中硫的残留及煤中硅、铝、碳的影响

用HCl和HNO3对不同煤阶(褐煤、烟煤、无烟煤)的七种煤进行了部分矿物质的脱除处理,获得的样品主要含硅铝矿物质。通过程序升温热解和程序升温氧化两个过程,结合含碳量的差别,对煤热解过程中煤中硅铝对硫在焦中的残留状况的影响进行了研究。结果表明,脱除了其他矿物质的煤其煤化程度和硅铝比共同影响热解过程中焦中硫的残留率。焦中硫的残留率随样品含碳量增加而增加,但在煤的含碳量90%左右发生转折。这与煤的其他物理性质(如孔隙率、可磨性、质量热容、介电常数、溶剂溶胀率)类似,与煤结构在这点附近的较大变化有关。对应于各自煤阶,由于硅对气相含硫产物与半焦二次反应的抑制作用,焦中硫的残留率随着Si/Al质量比的增加而减少。     

煤的超临界醇萃取脱硫：Ⅲ.形态硫的变化

本文分别应用Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ谱和ＸＰＳ（Ｘ射线光电子能谱）技术考察不同反应 条件下固体产物中的无机硫和有机硫的形态变化，结果表明；在超临界醇萃取脱硫过程中，黄铁矿硫的转化反应如下：ＦｅＳ２－ＦｅＳ＋Ｆｅ１－ｘＳ，，转化的数量和深度主要取决于反应温度。２７５℃时磁黄铁矿（Ｆｅ１－ｘＳ）形式为ＦｅＳ１．１０１，４５０℃时为ＦｅＳ１．０８５；有机硫基团中ＰｈＳＨ ，Ｐｈ２Ｓ和四氢噻吩较易脱除，Ｐｈ２Ｓ     

不同还原程度煤显微组分组表面结构XPS对比分析

对煤岩组分、煤级相近而还原程度不同的平朔煤与神东煤的镜质组及惰质组的表面结构特征进行了XPS分析,揭示碳、氧、氮、硫等元素在它们表面结构中的存在形态及其差异。结果表明,碳在表面结构中存在四种形态C—C或C—H、C—O、C＝O、COO,镜质组的C—C或C—H质量分数较惰质组高,而还原程度较强的平朔煤与还原程度较弱的神东煤相比,其显微组分中C—C或C—H质量分数均较同类型的显微组分高;氧、氮、硫的赋存形态在所有的煤样中差异不大,氧的赋存形态以酚羟基氧为主,神东煤显微组分吸附氧的能力明显高于平朔煤,这是因为神东煤易自燃及燃点较低;氮以吡咯型及吡啶型氮为主,而硫以噻吩型硫为主。因此,还原程度对镜质组及惰质组的表面结构均产生影响,主要表现在C—C或C—H质量分数的差异上。     

X‐ray induced degradation of surface bound azido groups during XPS analysis

Mesoporous silica SBA‐15 was synthesized and silanized with azidopropyl triethoxysilane in order to design a clickable material. Fourier transform infrared analysis permitted to prove the attachment of the azidopropylene groups to SBA‐15 resulting in the reactive and functional material N₃‐SBA‐15. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the surface composition of SBA‐15. However, we unexpectedly found that the surface bound azido groups undergo X‐ray induced decomposition during the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis resulting in the formation of nitrenes. These are very reactive groups able to intercalate C―C and C―H bonds of the propylene chains as judged from the N1s peak shape. Possible mechanisms of intercalation are suggested. C1s and N1s peaks were recorded at different exposure time. N/C, N⁺/N and N⁺/C undergo exponential decay. N⁺/N reaches the value of zero in less than 80 min of exposure to the X‐ray source. The N⁺/C decay plot was fitted with first‐order kinetics, and the decomposition kinetic constant (k_dec) was found to equal to 516.4 s^?1. This is a fast X‐ray induced degradation which must be considered with care when examining clickable materials with surface bound alkyl azido groups. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cryo‐XPS study of xanthate adsorption on pyrite

The adsorption of xanthate on pyrite has been extensively studied. However, the adsorption mechanisms remain a subject of controversy. Formation of both dixanthogen and metal‐xanthate complexes has been suggested. In this study, both room temperature X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (RT‐XPS) and liquid nitrogen temperature XPS (Cryo‐XPS) were used to study interactions between pyrite and xanthate. While dixanthogen was not detected by RT‐XPS, it was successfully identified through C1s and S 2p peaks using Cryo‐XPS. The impact of pH and copper activation on adsorption of xanthate on pyrite was also investigated. It was found that at low pH, dixanthogen is the dominant species of xanthate adsorption on pyrite. At high pH, metal‐xanthate complexes were found to be prevalent on pyrite surfaces, which are responsible for the surface hydrophobicity. Copper activation showed a significant effect on xanthate adsorption on Cu‐activated pyrite, resulting in mostly the formation of Cu‐xanthate complexes rather than dixanthogen, mainly in the form of Cu(I)‐isopropyl xanthate complex (CuIPX). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

XPS study of nickel deposited on USY zeolites

Nickel-deposited USY zeolite samples were prepared by a method of impregnation with a solution of nickel naphthenate in benzene followed by drying and calcination. The interaction between nickel and zeolite was investigated by XPS after calcination, steaming and hydrogen reduction.     

An XPS study of microporous and mesoporous titanosilicates

In this contribution we report on an XPS study of microporous and mesoporous titanosilicates, in particular microporous titanium silicalite TS‐1, ordered mesoporous Ti‐MCM‐41 and [Ti]‐MCM‐41 and amorphous mesoporous silica–titania (MST) catalysts. Our aim was to obtain both photoemission and x‐ray‐excited Auger data for Ti species on these catalysts and use them in a Ti Wagner plot to rationalize the dependence of the local electronic structure on the atomic environment. Isolated Ti(IV) species coordinated to four and six oxygen anions and segregated TiO₂ clusters were detected on all catalysts by a curve‐fitting procedure of Ti 2p, O 1s and related peaks. The presence of the Si 2p peak excited by an O Kα ghost makes the detection of Ti LMM Auger transitions in mesoporous samples impossible due to the low Ti loadings and its homogeneous distribution in the silica matrix. Small TiO₂ clusters are eventually segregated within the mesopores of the catalysts and not at their external surface. On TS‐1 microporous catalysts with similar Ti loadings to the mesoporous catalysts we were able to detect Ti LMM Auger transitions, and by the Ti Wagner plot we clearly identify the presence of octahedrally coordinated Ti(IV) species. Thus, it is suggested that on TS‐1 the in‐framework (? O)₄Ti species are easily changed to (? O)₄(H₂O)₂Ti species by insertion of water molecules from the atmosphere. Small TiO₂ clusters (diameter <5 nm), eventually present on samples with Ti loading >2 wt.%, are segregated at their external surface and present spectroscopic features similar to (? O)₄(H₂O)₂Ti species. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combined XPS and AFM study of cluster-containing polymers based on Rh

Rh₆- monomer and polymer-immobilized complexes have been characterized using XPS and AFM. Polymer-immobilized clusters were obtained by the reaction of Rh₆(CO)₁₅CH₃CN with copolymer of allyldiphenylphosphine and styrene. AFM study shows the change of surface morphology of the above copolymers. XPS data demonstrated the change of charge state of Rh atoms under monosubstitution of the CO-group for Rh₆- monomer complexes as well as in copolymer cluster complexe after the catalysis process of hydrogenation.     

样品磁透镜对绝缘样品XPS分析的影响

用XPS分析绝缘样品时, 启用样品磁透镜有可能引起谱峰位移和峰形畸变,其原因是磁透镜的磁场与双阳极铝窗发出的低能电子发生了相互作用,并使后者偏转,从而影响了到达样品表面起中和作用的低能电子的数量和分布.实验显示, 用与不用磁透镜所造成的谱峰差异, 有可能被用来研究绝缘样品的光导现象.