子午线轮胎接触变形的结构有限元分析

针对195／60R14子午线轮胎建立了三维非线性有限元模型，着重研究了额定充气压力及静载荷作用下帘线承受拉应力和剪应力的基本特征。计算结果表明，接地区域摩擦力呈斜对称分布，反映了轮胎中帘线-橡胶复合材料存在变形耦合效应；冠带层、带束层、胎体帘线应力分布较为复杂，载荷变化对其应力水平和分布影响较大；在胎肩部位应力较高，且随载荷变化局部帘线应力变化剧烈，在承受交变载荷时，易形成层间剥落。分析结果有助于预测轮胎的使用性能，可以针对性地应用于因轮胎结构设计引起的质量损坏，某些对轮胎使用性能不利的受力状态可通过结构的优化设计来克服。     

帘线角对子午线轮胎力学性能的影响——基于含复杂花纹的轮胎有限元静力分析研究

使用组合模型技术构建了计及复杂胎面花纹且具有不同带束层帘线角的一系列轮胎有限元模型,所有模型沿轮胎周向的网格均是非均匀划分的,在接地区划分得较精细以得到更精确的分析结果;使用多种试验结果与计算结果对比的方法对模型和算法进行了较充分的考评;在此基础上研究了带束层帘线角对静负荷状态下轮胎结构力学性能的影响.研究结果表明,轮胎径向刚度随帘线角的增加而减小,并在帘线角超过25.4°后急剧减小;胎肩部橡胶危险区域的应力应变水平随帘线角的增加先增加后减小,并均在19.4°附近达到最大值.此外,带束层帘线沿横向变角度铺设的轮胎具有较好的力学性能,在保证较高径向刚度的同时,改善了带束层帘线和胎肩部橡胶的受力状况.     

扁平化对子午线轮胎力学性能影响的有限元分析

以185/60R14半钢子午线轮胎为参考轮胎,通过改变断面高和改变断面宽两种方式构建了不同扁平率的一系列轮胎模型,采用ABAQUS/Standard软件对不同高宽比的轮胎进行了系统的研究.结果表明,通过减小断面高和增大断面宽两种方式实现轮胎的扁平化,将会产生不同的效果:前者会导致轮胎胎圈部三角胶内的应变能密度明显增大:后者则会使带束层帘线拉力的最大值明显降低,带束层帘线中部的应力状态由受压变为受拉,轮胎胎冠部橡胶结构危险区域的Mises应力和应变能密度均明显减小,对胎侧部和胎圈部的力学行为影响则很小.由此,可以利用增大胎冠部宽度而保持轮胎其他部位结构不变的简单方法实现子午线轮胎的扁平化.     

轮胎钢丝帘线拉伸力学性能的实验研究

对两种结构类型的钢丝帘线在单向拉伸和循环加载下的力学性能进行了实验研究。结果表明：帘线的结构形式对拉伸力学性能（包括摩擦能量损耗）有显著影响。不考虑载荷很小的情况时，普通结构帘线可近似为弹脆性材料，高伸长结构帘线却可以产生较大的塑性变形；循环载荷下，普通结构帘线几乎没有摩擦能量损耗，而高伸长结构帘线不仅有明显的摩擦能量损耗，而且随着循环应力幅值的增加，摩擦能量损耗呈加速增加的趋势；在循环应力幅值较大时高伸长结构帘线还出现了类似于高温下循环硬化金属材料的循环蠕变现象。文章还讨论了高伸长结构帘线由于塑性变形而引起循环蠕变现象的机理。     

轮胎与地面接触问题的非线性有限元分析

考虑轮胎的材料非线性、几何非线性、橡胶帘线复合材料各向异性、以及橡胶材料本身的不可压缩特性等,分析了9．00R20子午线轮胎静态下与地面的接触问题,考察了不同下沉量、不同内压及静摩擦系数与因素对轮胎静态接地面内应力应变场的影响,得出了对工程设计有指导意义的结论。     

新型长方体形囊式空气弹簧耐压强度研究

耐压强度是空气弹簧的重要性能指标,而长方体形囊式空气弹簧的耐压强度少有深入研究。基于对帘线的受力分析,建立了描述耐压强度的理论模型,详细分析了充气状态下囊体的受力情况,并提出了囊体耐压强度的简化计算公式。本文进行了样机试制,试验中测得空气弹簧耐压强度为6.5MPa,而理论计算值为7.46MPa,相对误差为14.8%。耐压强度试验结果与理论计算值吻合良好,验证了理论模型的准确性。     

冰面上轮胎摩擦牵引力的实验研究

研制开发了测试冰雪面轮胎力学特性的试验装置,该装置具有可作往复运动的平台冰槽。在不同冰基体温度下,分析了轮胎摩擦引力受侧偏角,载荷和轮胎充气压力的影响,从试验角度论证了轮胎中央充放气系统对改善冬季轮胎牵引性能的作用,该装置的建立将有利于轮胎新结构和新材料的开发,并起到完善现有轮胎力学模型的作用。     

充气结构与流场的耦合求解方法

针对一种充气前缘(inflatable leading edge, ILE)增升技术,建立了其充气结构与流场耦合作用的运动方程. 将方程写成状态空间形式,采用时域推进方法求解. 对使用了变前缘增升技术的NACA63-212翼型进行了充气结构静变形的数值计算,结果表明充气结构的刚度对翼型的气动特性有明显影响. 与原翼型相比,在不考虑充气结构变形时, 该增升技术大约能使翼型的失速迎角增加30{\%},最大升力系数增加22{\%};考虑结构变形后增升效果有所降低. 刚度较低的薄膜在前缘吸力峰的作用下会隆起形成鼓包,容易引起流动分离.      

汶川震区北川县城泥石流源地特征的遥感动态分析

针对一种充气前缘(inflatable leading edge, ILE)增升技术,建立了其充气结构与流场耦合作用的运动方程. 将方程写成状态空间形式, 采用时域推进方法求解. 对使用了变前缘增升技术的NACA 63-212翼型进行了充气结构静变形的数值计算,结果表明充气结构的刚度对翼型的气动特性 有明显影响. 与原翼型相比,在不考虑充气结构变形时, 该增升技术大约能使翼型的失速迎角 增加30{\%},最大升力系数增加22{\%};考虑结构变形后增升效果有所降低. 刚度较低的薄 膜在前缘吸力峰的作用下会隆起形成鼓包,容易引起流动分离.     

波浪作用下网帘的水动力载荷和变形计算

 离岸水产养殖中的网箱养殖逐渐成为全球水产养殖业的主导．海洋环境中网箱的水动力荷载对网箱结构的整体设计提出了更高的要求．本文建立了一种计算波浪荷载下网帘结构水动力和变形的数值计算方法,利用质点杆单元模型模拟网帘结构,通过Morison 公式求解网帘结构在波浪荷载下的受力,得到网帘结构的空间分布,同时运用迭代法对网帘结构结点受力及运动变形时的位移进行数值迭代计算,通过双目测距系统对网帘结构变形测量的结果,获得等效弹性系数,并对数值结果进行了验证．     

On the response and stability of an inflated toroidal membrane under radial loading

Two flat annular hyperelastic membranes, stacked and bonded together at both the boundaries (equators), form a closed inflatable structure of toroidal topology. The response and stability of the inflated toroidal structure subjected to a radial line force distribution at the inner boundary are studied. The forcing is considered under constant pressure and constant amount of gas inflation conditions. Two hyperelastic models described by the corresponding relaxed strain energy density functions are considered for the membrane material. The influence of geometry, material and level of inflation on the response and stability of the structure under load has been brought out. The structure exhibits pressure limit points with increasing levels of inflation. The force–deflection (stiffness) behaviour is found to be qualitatively different below and above the pressure limit points. Below the pressure limit point, wrinkling and pull-in under loading are revealed for different inflation conditions, and the stability boundaries are determined. Under certain conditions, a counter-intuitive stretch-softening behaviour is also observed.     

轴向拉伸作用下超弹性管充气失稳的内压和形貌研究

超弹性管充气局部失稳现象与生物工程中动脉瘤形成机理相似。本文以两端密封的超弹性管为研究对象,从实验和理论两方面研究其在轴向拉伸作用下充气时的失稳现象。实验采用高频压力传感器测量充气过程中超弹性管内部压力的变化,高速摄像系统同步记录形貌变化的图像,分析超弹性管的几何尺寸和轴向拉力的改变对失稳临界压力的影响。基于连续介质力学理论,建立超弹性管充气时的控制方程并运用打靶法求解,理论分析轴向拉力与几何尺寸对超弹性管充气失稳的影响,并与实验结果比较;同时,预测超弹性管在任意时刻的形貌变化,分析特征点的变化趋势。     

The ability of agricultural tyres to distribute the wheel load at the soil-tyre interface

Bigger tyres with lower inflation pressure at equivalent wheel loads are expected to reduce the stresses transmitted to the soil. We measured the contact area and the vertical stress distribution near the soil-tyre interface for five agricultural implement tyres at 30 and 60 kN wheel load and rated inflation pressures. Seventeen stress transducers were installed at 0.1 m depth in a sandy soil at a water content slightly lower than field capacity and covered with loose soil. The recently developed model FRIDA was successfully fitted to the experimental stress data across the footprint. The contact area reflected the size of the tyres. The small tyres had identical contact area at the two loads, while it increased with load for the two biggest tyres. The small tyres presented uneven stress distributions with high peak stresses. Across the tests, the tyre inflation pressure described well the measured peak stress as well as the modelled maximum stress. The latter seems to be appropriate in evaluating vehicle trafficability. We found significant differences among tyres for the slope of a linear regression between the mean ground pressure and the inflation pressure, while the tyres displayed the same interception on the mean ground pressure axis. Our results therefore suggest that the slope of this relation is the most sensitive expression of tyres’ ability to deflect and transfer stresses to the soil. The two small tyres performed poorer in this respect than the larger tyres. Tests were limited to one soil strength, with future research directed toward a broader spectrum of soil strengths.     

Measurement of contact area, contact pressure and compaction under tires in soft soil

This paper reports about measurements of the contact area of agricultuural tires in a soil bin. Four tires of the dimensions 12.5/80-18, 13.6–28, 16.9–34 and 16.9–26 were tested on a soft sandy loam. Because the existing models for predicting the footprint are complicated, a simplified model has been established, yielding good results. Measured different contact areas of all four tires are nearly constant related to wheel load except for a small increase at higher loads. Using rated loads and applying the appropriate inflation pressure, the ground pressure of a group of similar tires in loose sandy loam is independent of the tire dimensions. Measured soil compaction under at tire a various wheel loads is compared with results obtained by a mathematical model.     

Effect of mechanical stresses on the magnetic characteristics of pipe steel

The effect of elastic deformation in tension (compression) torsion, internal pressure loading, and their combination on the magnetic characteristics of 09G2S pipe steel is studied. It is found that in the cases of compression, torsion, and internal pressure loading, the coercive force, residual induction, and maximum magnetic permeability are uniquely dependent on the stress. It is shown that the strength of the applied magnetic field in which the magnetostriction becomes negative decreases under the action of tensile stresses. It is found that in the case of combined tension (compression) and torsion, shear stresses weaken the effect of normal stresses on the magnetic properties. In the case of a combination of all three types of loading, increasing internal pressure leads to an increase in the coercive force and a decrease in the residual induction and maximum magnetic permeability. Measurement results were used to plot the dependence of the stress intensity on the coercive force for different values of the Lode parameter, which determines the type of stress state of the object.     

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为了研究爆炸及燃烧产生的“蘑菇状”烟云,采用中尺度气象模式RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模拟计算了冲击波过后的爆炸烟云运动过程。对于稳定层结大气条件,模拟结果显示爆炸烟云造成的流动是一个多层次涡-波运动的过程。爆炸烟云在浮力作用下会形成浮力涡环结构,在到达最大高度以后,其烟云外侧边缘部分涡度变号,形成了环套环的多涡结构。随时间增加,涡能量的逐步衰减,涡运动转变为重力内波运动。通过模拟不同爆炸当量和不同稳定度烟云的上升最大高度,得到了与目前常用的爆炸烟云上升公式一致的形式。     

纵扭复合型超声电机预压力和输出扭矩的关系

建立了纵扭复合型超声电机定子和转子之间的接触模型,根据模型讨论了预压力、纵振激振电压、扭振激振电压、摩擦力及电机能提供的最大扭矩之间的关系。指出在一定的条件下,施加某一预压力时电机的输出扭矩最大。所得计算结果和实验结果基本吻合。     

Steering forces on undriven tractor wheel

The steering forces on an undriven, angled wheel mounting a 6-16 8PR tire were measured on a wheel test carriage at zero camber angle and at 1.5 km/h forward speed in a soil bin with sandy clay loam soil. The lateral force developed was found to be a function of slip angle, normal load, and inflation pressure for a particular soil condition. An exponential relationship could estimate the coefficient of lateral force of the 6-16 tire. The coefficients of this equation were found to be linearly related to inflation pressure. Rolling resistance of the wheel tested was found to be a function of slip angle, normal load, and inflation pressure for the soil condition tested. A linear relationship existed between the rolling resistance and slip angle, where the coefficients were found to be a function of inflation pressure and normal load. The generalized equations developed in the present study for estimating coefficients of lateral force and rolling resistance by taking both the tire and operating parameters into account, were found to be reasonably good by looking at the high coefficient of determination between experimental and estimated values.     

An improved method for calculation of interface pressure force in PLIC-VOF methods

A method for the application of interface force in the computational modeling of free surfaces and interfaces which uses PLIC-VOF methods is developed. This method is based on evaluation of the surface tension force only in the interfacial cells with out using the neighboring cells. The normal and the interface surface area needed for the calculation of the surface tension force are calculated more accurately. This method is applied on a staggered grid and it is referred to as Staggered Grid Interfere Pressure calculation method or SGIP. The present method is applied to a two-dimensional motionless liquid drop and a gas bubble. In addition, oscillations of a non-circular two-dimensional drop and a bubble due only to the surface tension forces are considered. It is shown that the new method predicts the pressure jump at the interface more accurately and produces less spurious currents compared to CSF, CSS and Meier's methods when applied to the same cases.     

牵张力使大鼠实验性牙齿移动对PTHrP表达的影响

通过探讨牵张力对甲状旁腺激素相关蛋白(Parathyroid hormone related protein,PTHrP)表达、分布的影响,为深入了解正畸牙齿移动过程的骨改建机理提供参考,本文使用体重200±20g、6～8W龄的健康雄性Wistar大鼠42只适应性喂养1W后随机分为7组,每组6只。选择每只大鼠的左侧上颌第一磨牙作为实验牙,以左侧上颌切牙作为支抗牙,安装正畸用0.012英寸(inch)步镍钛螺旋拉簧,力值为50g(0.49N)。分别于安装牙齿移动装置后1d、3d、5d、7d、14d、21d处死实验组大鼠,取含左侧上颌第一磨牙及其周围牙槽骨的组织块,常规进行HE染色和SABC法免疫组织化学染色。利用图像分析系统(0BI200高清晰度彩色病理图文分析系统),对每张免疫组化染色后的切片做定量分析。SPSS17.0建立数据库并进行统计学分析,显示在张力区牙周膜及牙槽骨组织中的成骨细胞、成纤维细胞以及间充质细胞PTHrP呈阳性表达,且张力区牙周组织中PTHrP的表达在加力第5天达到高峰。表明PTHrP牙周组织的改建有一定的调节作用,使张力区与压力区向不同的方向发展。