Packaging multi-wavelength DFB laser array using REC technology

Packaging of Distributed feedback （DFB） laser array based on reconstruction=equivalent-chirp （REC） tech- nology is a bridge from chip to system, and influences the practical process of REC chip. In this letter, DFB laser arrays of 4 channel @1 310 nm and 8 channel @1 550 nm are packaged. Experimental results show that both 4 channel @1 310 nm and 8 channel @1 550 nm have uniform wavelength spacing and average side mode suppression ratio （SMSR）〉35 dB. When I=35 mA, we get the total output power 1 mW of 4 channel @1 310 nm, and 227 μW of 8 channel @1 550 nm, respectively. The high frequency characteristic of the packaged chips is also demonstrated, and the requirements of 4× 10 G or even 8× 10 G system can be reached, we demonstrate the practical and low cost performance of REC technology and indicates its potential application in the future fiber-to-the-home （FTTH）.     

Design, Fabrication and Measurement of Ni/Ti Multilayer Used for Neutron Monochromator

Ni/Ti multilayers, which can be used for neutron monochromators, are designed, fabricated and measured. Firstly, their reflectivities are simulated based on the Nevot-Croce model. Reflectivities of two Ni/Ti multilayer mirrors with periods d = 10.3 nm （M1） and d = 7.8 nm （M2） are calculated. In the calculation, the reflectivity of the Ni/Ti multilayer is taken as a function of the gazing angle with different roughness factors δ =1.0 nm and = 1.5 nm. Secondly, these two multilayers are fabricated by the direct current magnetron sputtering technology. Thirdly their structures are characterized by small-angle x-ray diffraction. The roughness factors are fitted to be 0.68 nm and 1.16nm for M1 and M2, respectively. Finally their reflective performances are measured on the V14 neutron beam line at the Berlin Neutron Scattering Centre （BENSC）, Germany. The experimental data show that the grazing angle of the reflected neutron intensity peak increases, but the reflected neutron intensity decreases, with the decreasing periods of the multilayers.     

A Novel Multisection Distributed Feedback Laser with Varied Ridge Width for Self-Pulsation Generation

A novel ridge-waveguide multisection （MS） distributed feedback （DFB） laser, which consists of two identical DFB sections but different ridge widths, is proposed to generate beating-type self-pulsations （SPs）. The spatiotemporal dynamic response of such a multisection DFB laser is calculated based on a large-signal travelling-wave model. Self-pulsating output at about 150GHz is predicted, and evidences for the beating mechanism of the SPs are provided. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on SP generated by MS-DFB lasers with varied ridge width. Compared to other alternatives, such devices are much easier to implement and also enjoy the advantages of lower cost and higher design freedom.     

Magnetic Behaviour of Sm2Co7/Fe/Sm2 Co7, Nanocomposite Trilayers with Cr and Ti Additions

Trilayered Sm2Co7/Fe/Sm2Co7 spring exchange magnets are fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering on MgO substrates. Very thin layers （0.3-0.7 nm） of Cr and Ti are added at the interfaces of the two magnetic phases. The thickness of StucCo7 is kept at 20nm and Fe at 6nm while the thickness of Cr and Ti are varied as 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7nm. The base pressure of sputtering chamber is kept below 10^-7 Torr and Ar pressure at 3-8m Torr. The samples are characterized by x-ray diffraction （XRD） and SQUID magnetometer. We report improvement in exchange coupling of nonacomposite magnets by addition of thin layers of Cr at interfaces.     

Atomic Diffusion in Cu/Si （111） and Cu/SiO2/Si （111） Systems by Neutral Cluster Beam Deposition

The Cu films are deposited on two kinds of p-type Si （111） substrates by ionized duster beam （ICB） technique. The interface reaction and atomic diffusion of Cu/Si （111） and Cu/SiO2/Si （111） systems are studied at different annealing temperatures by x-ray diffraction （XRD） and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry （RBS）. Some significant results are obtained： For the Cu/Si （111） samples prepared by neutral dusters, the interdiffusion of Cu and Si atoms occurs when annealed at 230℃. The diffusion coefficients of the samples annealed at 230℃ and 500℃ are 8.5 ×10^-15 cm^2.s^-1 and 3.0 ×10^-14 cm^2.s^-1, respectively. The formation of the copper-silicide phase is observed by XRD, and its intensity becomes stronger with the increase of annealing temperature. For the Cu/SiO2//Si （111） samples prepared by neutral dusters, the interdiffusion of Cu and Si atoms occurs and copper silicides are formed when annealed at 450℃. The diffusion coefficients of Cu in Si are calculated to be 6.0 ×10^-16 cm^2.s^-1 at 450℃, due to the fact that the existence of the SiO2 layer suppresses the interdiffusion of Cu and Si.     

Efficient Top-Emitting Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes Using Chromium as Anode

We demonstrate a high eftlciency top-emitting polymer light-emitting diode （TPLED） with chromium （Cr） taking as the anode. The TPLED structure is Cr/poly-3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene （PEDOT：PSS）/poly [2-（4-3＇,7＇- dimethyloctyloxy）-phenyl]-p-phenylenevinylene） （P-PP V） /Ba/Ag. The Cr （ 100 nm） anode is prepared by sputterdepositing in a vacuum chamber. It is found that the device emissive properties are affected dramatically by the thickness of both PEDOT：PSS and the Ag cathode. Optimized thicknesses of PEDOT：PSS and Ag layer are 60nm and 15nm, respectively. The diode exhibits excellent electroluminescence （EL） properties, such as a turn-on voltage of 3.32 V, luminous eftlciency of 4.41 cd/A and luminance of 6989cd/m^2 at driving voltage of about 9 V.     

Magnetotransport properties of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3//La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 bilayers

The perovskite bilayers La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 （LCMO） （100 nm） / La0.67Sr0.33MnO3（LSMO） （100 nm） and LSMO （100 nm） / LCMO （100 nm） are fabricated by a facing-target sputtering technique. Their transport and magnetic properties are investigated. It is found that the transport properties between them are different obviously due to distinguishable structures, and the different lattice strains in both films result in the difference of metal-to-insulator transition. Only single-step magnetization loop appears in our bilayers from 5K to 320K, and the coercive force of LSMO/LCMO varies irregularly with a minimum ～ 2387A/m which is lower than that of LCMO and LSMO single layer films. The behaviour is explained by some magnetic coupling.     

Electrochemical,thermal,and photophysical properties of novel two-photon absorption chromophores

Electrochemical, thermal, and photophysical properties of novel two- （BPODPA）, four- （BBPOPA）, and six-branch （TBPOA） triphenylamine chromophores are studied. The decomposition temperature of chro- mophores reaches 373 - 412 ℃. The electrochemical properties is explored by cyclic voltammetry. The ionization potential of chromophores is in the range of 5.14 - 5.18 eV. Excitation at 400 nm reveals emission peaks at 483 - 487 nm and the fluorescence quantum yields are 0.73 - 0.75 in CH2Cl2. Two-photon absorption （TPA） properties of chromophores are measured by nonlinear transmission method. The maximum TPA cross-section values are measured at 758 nm to be 20369 GM （1 GM=10^-50 cm^4 -s/photon） for TBPOA, 7024 GM for BBPOPA, and 1227 GM for BPODPA, respectively. When pumped with 800-nm laser irradiation, chromophores show strong two-photon excited blue-green fluorescence at 502 - 518 nm. These results provide a basis for understanding the electronic and optical properties of the conjugated multi-branch chromoohore in terms of the underlying molecular and electronic structures.     

Four-Channel 1.55μm DFB Laser Array Monolithically Integrated with a 4× 1 Multimode-Interference Combiner Based on Nanoimprint Lithography

A monolithically integrated four-channel λ/4 phase shift distributed feedback （DFB） laser array with a 4 × 1 multimode interference combiner is designed and fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. The threshold currents of the lasers are less than 10mA, which are as good as a discrete DFB laser. Moreover, the side-mode suppression ratio is also better than 50 dB. The channel space is about 200 GHz for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications in an 1.55μm system.     

Gain and Noise Figure of a Double-Pass Waveguide Amplifier Based on Er/Yb-Doped Phosphate Glass

A waveguide amplifier is fabricated by Ag^＋-Na^＋ two-step ion exchange on Er/Yb-doped phosphate glass. The spectroscopic performance of glass and the properties of channel waveguide are characterized. A double-pass configuration is adopted to measure the gain and noise figure （NF） of the waveguide amplifier, and the comparison of gain and NF for the single and double-pass configuration of the waveguide amplifier is presented. The results show that the double-pass configuration can make the gain increase from 8.8dB （net gain 2.2dB/cm） of the single-pass one to 14.6dB （net gain 3.65dB/cm） for small input power at 1534nm, and the NF are all lower than 5.5dB for both the configurations.     

Iron trichloride as oxidizer in acid slurry for chemical mechanical polishing of Ge2Sb2Te5

The effect of iron trichloride （FeC13） on chemical mechanical polishing （CMP） of Ge2Sb2Te5 （GST） film is inves- tigated in this paper. The polishing rate of GST increases from 38 nm/min to 144 nm/min when the FeC13 concentration changes from 0.01 wt% to 0.15 wt%, which is much faster than 20 nm/min for the 1 wt% H2O2-based slurry. This polish- ing rate trends are inversely correlated with the contact angle data of FeCl3-based slurry on the GST film surface. Thus, it is hypothesized that the hydrophilicity of the GST film surface is associated with the polishing rate during CMP. Atomic force microscope （AFM） and optical microscope （OM） are used to characterize the surface quality after CMP. The chemical mechanism is studied by potentiodynamic measurements such as Ecorr and Icorr to analyze chemical reaction between FeCl3 and GST surface. Finally, it is verified that slurry with FeCl3 has no influence on the electrical property of the post-CMP GST film by the resistivity-temperature （RT） tests.     

Low-Threshold Conjugated Polymer Distributed Feedback Lasers on InP Substrate

We demonstrate a low threshold polymer solid state thin-film distributed feedback （DFB） laser on an InP substrate with the DFB structure. The used gain medium is conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-（2-ethylhexyloxy）-l, 4- phenylenevinylene] （MEH-PPV） doped polystyrene （PS） and formed by drop-coating method. The second order Bragg scattering region on the InP substrate gave rise to strong feedback, thus a lasing emission at 638.9nm with a line width of 1.2nm is realized when pumped by a 532nm frequency-doubled Nd：YAG pulsed laser. The devices show a laser threshold as low as 7n J/pulse.     

Optical properties of 1.3-μm InAs/GaAs quantum dots grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

The optical properties of self-assembled InAs quantum dots （QDs） on GaAs substrate grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD） are reported. Photoluminescence （PL） measurements prove the good optical quality of InAs QDs, which axe achieved using lower growth temperature and higher InAs coverage. At room temperature, the ground state peak wavelength of PL spectrum and full-width at half-maximum （FWHM） are 1305 nm and 30 meV, respectively, which are obtained as the QDs are finally capped with 5-nm In0.06Ga0.94As strain-reducing layer （SRL）. The PL spectra exhibit two emission peaks at 1305 and 1198 nm, which correspond to the ground state （GS） and the excited state （ES） of the QDs, respectively.     

Surface Plasmon Resonance and Raman Scattering Activity of the Au/AgxO/Ag Multilayer Film

The nanostructured Au/AgxO/Ag sandwich multilayer films on quartz substrates are prepared by the magnetron sputtering method. The morphology, plasmon resonance and surface enhanced Raman scattering （SERS） activi- ties of the multilayer films are studied. The resonant absorption wavelength of localized surface plasmon is tuned in a wide range from 618nm to 993nm by controlling the density of nanoparticles of Au and Ag. The SERS activity of the Au/AgxO/Ag multilayer films are enhanced over -10 times compared with those of bare Ag and bare Au films. These properties may find a potential application in biosensor and bioimaging.     

Highly sensitive fiber refractive index sensor based on side-core holey structure

We propose a side-core holey fiber （SCHF）-based surface plasmon resonance （SPR） sensor to achieve high refractive index （RI） sensitivity. The SCHF structure can facilitate analyte filling and enhance the overlapping area of the core mode and surface plasmon polariton （SPP） mode. The coupling properties of the sensor are analyzed by numerical simulation. The maximum sensitivity of 5000 nm/RIU in an RI range of 1.33-1.44, and the average sensitivity of 9295 nm/RIU in an RI range from 1.44 to 1.54 can be obtained.     

An Improved Blue Polymer Light-Emitting Diode by Using Sodium Hydroxide/Ca/Al Cathode

The performance of blue polymer light-emitting diodes （PLEDs） based on poly（9,9-dioctylfluorene） （PFO） is improved by introducing a thin layer of sodium hydroxide （NaOH） between the calcium cathode and the PFO emissive layer. By replacing the commonly used Ca/Al cathode by a NaOH （2.5nm）/Ca （10nm）/Al cathode, the driving voltage is reduced from 8.3 V to 5.4 V and the light-emitting efficiency is enhanced from 0.46cd/A to 0.72cd/A for achieving a luminance of 500cd/m^2, respectively. Moreover, the device with NaOH/Ca/Al cathode shows a pure blue emission of （0.17, 0.12） at high brightnesses. These improvements are attributed to introduction of a thin layer of NaOH that can lower the interracial barrier and facilitate electron injection.     

Structural and Optical Properties of Nonpolar m-Plane GaN and GaN-Based LEDs on γ-LiAlO_2

We report the structural and optical properties of nonpolar m-plane GaN and GaN-based LEDs grown by MOCVD on a 7-LiAlO2 （100） substrate. The TMGa, TMIn and NH3 are used as sources of Ga, In and N, respectively. The structural and surface properties of the epilayers are characterized by x-ray diffraction, polarized Raman scattering and atomic force microscopy （AFM）. The films have a very smooth surface with rms roughness as low as 2nm for an area of 10×10μm^2 by AFM scan area. The XRD spectra show that the materials grown on 7-LiAl02 （100） have （1 - 100） m-plane orientation. The EL spectra of the m-plane InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells LEDs are shown. This demonstrates that our nonpolar LED structure grown on the 7-LiAlO2 substrate is indeed free of internal electric field. The current voltage characteristics of these LEDs show the rectifying behaviour with a turn on voltage of 1-3 V.     

Optical properties of polymer poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone） film waveguide

The optical properties of novel polymer poly（phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone, PPESK） film waveguide are studied by prism coupler. The optical properties of PPESK-8020, including refractive index, birefringence, thermo-optical coefficient and optical loss, are demonstrated. This kind of material has the advantages of low optical loss （less than 0.24 dB/cm at 1310 nm and 0.52 dB/cm at 1550 nm） and high thermal stability （1% weight loss temperature： 488 ℃）. Due to these excellent properties, it may have great potential in optical waveguide applications.     

High Spectral Resolution Mo/Si Multilayers Working at High Order Reflection

The high reflectance orders are used to improve the spectral resolution of Mo/Si multilayers. The multilayers for the first-, second- and third-order reflectance are designed and optimized, respectively. These multilayers are fabricated by using a directed current magnetron sputtering system, and the reflectivity is measured in an extreme ultraviolet range by synchrotron radiation. The experimental results show that the spectral resolution λ/Δλ（λ= 14 nm） increases from 24.6 for the first order to 66.6 for the third order.     

Er^3＋/Tm^3＋/Yb^3＋ tridoped oxyfluoride glass ceramics with efficient upconversion white-light emission

A novel Tm^3＋/Yb^3＋ triply-doped glass ceramics containing BaF2 nano-crystals are successfully prepared. Fluoride nanocrystals BaF2 are successfully precipitated in glass matrix, which is affirmed by the X-ray diffraction results. The intense blue （476 nm）, green （543 nm）, and red （656 nm） emissions of the glass ceramics are simultaneously observed at room temperature under 980-am excitation, and the emission luminescence intensity increases significantly compared with the precursor glass, which is attributed to the low phonon energy of fluoride nanocrystals when rare-earth ions are incorporated into the precipitated BaF2 nanocrystals. Under 980-nm excitation at 400 mW, the international commission on illumination （CIE） chromaticity coordinate （X = 0.278, Y = 0.358） of the tridoped oxyfluoride glass ceramics＇ upconversion emissions is close to the standard white-light illumination （X = 0.333, Y= 0.333）. The results indicate that Tm^3＋/Yb^3＋ triply doped glass ceramics can act as suitable materials for potential three-dimensional displays applications.