Ion Exchange Properties of Ceric Silicontungstate

Ceric silicotungstate was prepared under optimum conditions. The characteristics of the compound were investigated using different techniques. The resulting compounds showed good exchange properties with high affinity toward some cations, like Pb²¹, Fe³¹, Ag¹, Ba²¹, Ra²¹ and UO₂ ²¹. The use of this exchanger for separation and analysis of radium isotopes in environmental samples is recommended.     

Ion-exchange behaviour of copper ferricyanide

A new inorganic ion exchanger, copper ferricyanide prepared by adding copper nitrate to a potassium ferricyanide solution at 80°C has been found to be stable in acids and salt solutions. It has been characterized by chemical analysis, thermogravimetry. X-ray and infrared spectroscopy. Distribution coefficients determined for various metal ions show that the exchanger has a high affinity for heavy univalent cations. The variation of K_d for a number of metal ions as a function of nitric acid concentration and ammonium nitrate has been investigated to elucidate the probable exchange mechanism and to work out conditions for elution. Binary separations of Cs from a number of other metal ions were achieved on the column of exchanger. The exchanger is useful for the separation of¹³⁷Cs.     

Ion Chromatographic Separation on Silica Grafted with Benzo-18-C-6 Crown Ether

Abstract

Benzo-18-C-6 crown ether has been grafted on silica gel modified with a spacer. By very carefull control of each step of the synthesis an exchanger for alkali and alkaline earth cations with high capacity and low equilibrium time has been prepared. The chromatographic behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metal halides on this benzo-18-C-6 crown ether modified silicas was investigated with water as the mobile phase. With alkali metal chlorides, very good separations are obtained in less than 30 minutes. With alkaline earth metal chlorides, very good separations are also obtained except for Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺. Separations are also observed with mixtures of alkali and alkaline earth cations. Moreover, a very efficient separation of anions is observed, partly as a result of the hydrophobic character of the exchanger.     

Impact of photogenerated charge behaviors on luminescence of Eu3+-incorporated microporous titanosilicate ETS-10

A series of Eu³⁺-incorporated ETS-10 samples were successfully prepared based on the traditional ion exchange method. The relationship between photogenerated charge behaviors and luminescent properties has been investigated in detail. It has been demonstrated that as a result of the charge transfer from the titanate quantum wires to Eu³⁺ crystal field states, the host matrix ETS-10 functions as the sensitizer of Eu³⁺ to enhance the red luminescence, while Eu³⁺ cations contribute to the recombination of photogenerated charges. The behavior of photogenerated charges has significant impact on the luminescent properties of Eu³⁺-incorporated ETS-10 materials.     

Sorption of Cations of the Zn2+-Hg2+-NO3--H2O System by Biomass of Ostreatus Agaricaceae Basidiomycete and KB-4(H+) Cation Exchanger

Sorption of cations of the Zn²⁺-Hg²⁺-NO₃ ^--H₂O system by the biomass of basidiomycete (line 21 Pl. ostreatus f. florida) and by KB-4(H⁺) cation exchanger at pH 1.00 was studied. The results are discussed with regard to the state of cations in the solution before contact with the sorbent, sorbent properties, and sorption behavior of cations.     

Preparation and Application of Magnetically Recoverable Cationic Exchanger Support on Monodisperse Fe<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Nanoparticles

A magnetically recoverable cationic exchanger has been effectively prepared through immobilized chloroacetic acid (CA) onto the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method in an aqueous system. The MNPs were modified with sodium silicate and chloroacetic acid (CA), thus endowed these nanoparticles with strong magnetism and good dispersion. The physicochemical properties of the cationic exchange materials were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The magnetic properties of the cationic exchange materials were analyzed by a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The content of ions was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The prepared cationic exchange nanoparticles display an excellent magnetic property with a saturation magnetization value of 26.58 emu/g and the prepared exchanger possess considerable thermal stability, which indicating a great potential application in heavy metal ion wastewater treatment. In this experiment, the exchange capacity of lead ion was 3.4 mmol g^–1, And the maximum lead removal rate is up to 73.85%.     

Membranelektrode zur selektiven,potentiometrischen Erfassung organischer Kationen

A liquid ion exchanger membrane electrode responding preferentially to large onium ions is described. Selectivities of the sensor for different cations vary by factors of up to 10¹⁴ and the selectivity constants correlate closely with the corresponding exchange constants of the extracation system involved. For most cations the electrode shows theoretical response at activities >10^?6M and has a life time of at least 4 months.     

Equilibria and heats of exchange of alkaline-earth metal ions on the Na form of mordenite

Sorption-analytic studies of ion exchange equilibria combined with direct calorimetric measurements of the heats of ion exchange sorption of the Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ba²⁺ cations were performed over the whole range of solid phase fillings with sorbed cations on the Na forms of two mordenites prepared from natural specimens rich in Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations. Ion exchange constants were determined and the Gibbs energies and entropies of ion exchange were calculated. The thermodynamic characteristics obtained were analyzed taking into account the preferable localization of alkaline-earth metal ions on certain exchange centers in the structure of mordenite. The presence of natural mordenite memory effects with respect to extra-framework Ca²⁺ cations in the presence of which these zeolites were crystallized in nature was established.     

Formability and properties of self-standing clay film by montmorillonite with different interlayer cations

Influences of exchangeable interlayer cations were investigated on self-standing film formability, film morphology, and properties of the clay films such as flexibility and gas barrier property. Ion-exchanged montmorillonite samples were prepared by a cation exchange from naturally bearing cation, mostly Na⁺, to Li⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, and Fe^{2+, 3+}. Self-standing films were prepared from aqueous colloidal dispersions of these montmorillonite samples with no additives. The montmorillonite samples with monovalent or divalent cation formed flat self-standing films while the Al-montmorillonite sample produced a distorted film. The Fe-montmorillonite sample formed many separated reddish-brown rod-shaped pieces. Clay film microstructures were different with interlayer cations. The films with monovalent interlayer cations were constructed by the stacking of units with delicately waved thin clay sheets in the whole film, but other films show different morphologies between the upper side and lower side; the upper side is laminated with thin sheets; the lower side is laminated with large thick sheets.The self-standing films’ flexibility and gas barrier property differed according to the interlayer cations. These properties were good in cases of samples with monovalent cations. The innumerable short wave and sheet thinness are considered to foster good flexibility and gas barrier properties. The differences in film formability and properties of the films are attributable to different swellability among samples with different interlayer cations. The montmorillonite samples with monovalent cations swell sufficiently by water, but those with polyvalent cations swell poorly. In the latter case, clay crystals aggregate in water, then the aggregate grows into large particles, creating a film with large particles.     

Particle diffusion kinetics of exchange for transition metal ions in crystalline tin(IV) antimonophosphate

Summary The kinetics of exhange of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ ions in crystalline tin(IV) antimonophosphate were studied under different conditions of temperature, exchanging ion concentration and the particle size of the exchanger. The kinetics were controlled by particle diffusion and the t^1/2 law operated up to 65–75% of exchange. The entropies of activation and energies of activation for all the cations used showed no appreciable variation. Reduction in particle size of the exchanger caused an increase in the relative exchange rates and a decrease in the diffusion coefficients.     

The crystal structures of strontium exchanged sodium titanosilicates in relation to selectivity for nuclear waste treatment

The exchange of Sr²⁺ into the proton form of the ion exchanger Na₂Ti₂O₃(SiO₄)·2H₂O was examined by means of X-ray powder diffractometry. This material has a sitinakite framework structure enclosing a tunnel parallel to the c-axis. At the 25% Sr²⁺ exchange level, the strontium ion was found near an oxo-framework oxygen midway between two adjacent faces of the tetragonal unit cell. It is bonded to five framework oxygen atoms and five water molecules. The Sr coordination number (CN) is reduced to nine in a sitinakite phase for which 16 mol% of the Ti (IV) was replaced by Nb (V). It has been previously shown that at a higher level of Nb substitution (25 mol%), the CN was further reduced to seven. This change in CN is opposite to what is observed for Cs⁺ where the CN is eight for the Ti phase and 12 for the Ti_1.5Nb_0.5 phase. The changes in CN are accompanied by a series of changes in the space group to accommodate occupancy of the exchange sites by the cations and water molecules. The selectivity of exchanger is governed by the strength and number of bonds formed by the exchange reactions.     

Stannic silicomolybdate as cesium selective cation exchanger

Stannic silicomolybdate was prepared under optimum conditions in well granulated amorphous form. It showed ion exchange properties with very high selectivity for cesium in both aqueous and ethanol solutions. The results suggest the application of this exchanger for separation and determination of¹³⁷Cs in environmental samples. The separation of⁹⁰Sr from¹³⁷Cs was achieved with great efficiency.     

Study of Sorption Properties of Amorphous Zirconium Phosphate

Amorphous zirconium phosphate ion-exchanger has been prepared in our laboratory according to the procedure given by Gal and Gal. The Chemical composition has been determined. Some chemical properties; stabilities and sorption of mono- to hexavalent cations have been studied in detail. It was found that washing the zirconium phosphate ion exchanger with alcohol before drying would increase the exchange capacity of amorphous zirconium phosphate.     

Zirconium vanadophosphate as an inorganic ion exchanger

Zirconium vanadophosphate was characterized as a stable inorganic ion exchager. The ion-exchange capacity was measured as 1.75 meq. H⁺ g^?1 at room temperature and it is stable up to 300°C. The exchanger is selective for devalent cations and the order of sorption of cations was found to be M²⁺ > M⁺ > M³⁺ M⁴⁺. Separations of Co²⁺?Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺?Hg²⁺ and Cr(VI)?Cr³⁺ were achieved on a column containing the ion exchanger. Copper could be separated from other base metals in geochemical samples. Differential thermal analysis showed an endothermic peak in the range of 65–420°C due to the dehydration of the ion exchanger with a low activation energy of 7.79 kcal mol^?1, which follows first-order kinetics. The ion exchanger did not show any further decomposition up to 1000°C. Infrared studies confirmed the presence of

groups which act as exchange sites for the cations. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the compound is crystalline, with a crystal structure resembling that of the mineral muscovite.     

Optimizing Cs-exchange in titanosilicate with the mineral pharmacosiderite topology: framework substitution of Nb and Ge

Titanosilicates with complete or partial substitution of Ge or Nb in the framework and having the mineral pharmacosiderite topology were hydrothermally prepared and their ion-exchange properties towards Cs were studied for Ti/Ge/Si, Ti/Si, Nb/Ti/Si and pure Ge phases. The basis for the differences in the ion exchange properties measured as distribution coefficients (K_d) for these materials are detailed via structural characterization using the Rietveld refinement technique on the X-ray powder diffraction data. The differences in affinity towards Cs⁺ result either from the degree of hydration of the exchanger resulting in different coordination environments or the position of cesium ion in the eight-ring channel.     

Ion-exchange selectivity of a sulfonic cation exchanger based on immobilized cis-tetraphenylcalix[4]resorcinolarene

The ion-exchange equilibrium of protons in SO₃H groups of a sulfonic cation exchanger based on immobilized cis-tetraphenylcalix[4]resorcinolarene with cations of Li⁺, Na⁺, Ag⁺, Cu²⁺, In³⁺, and protonated 1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantane in aqueous solutions of electrolytes at 293 K was studied. The corrected coefficients of the cation exchange selectivity were calculated.     

Thermal characterization of hydrous tungsten oxides and their behavior as ion exchanger

The preparation, and thermal characterization and ion exchanger behavior of hydrous tungsten oxides obtained from purified tungsten trioxide, by processing of a Brazilian scheelite ore were described. By an alkaline fusion of tungsten trioxide with an excess of sodium carbonate at 900°C an intermediate tungstate product is obtained. Acid lixiviation of the tungstate intermediary in different experimental conditions produces two different hydrous tungsten oxides I and II respectively. A third material was produced by thermal treatment of II, yielding the material IIA, a monohydrate species. The materials prepared were characterized by TG/DTG, X-ray diffractometry and by surface area measurements. Their ion exchange behavior was studied too, using Na⁺ and K⁺ ions as the exchanged species. The inorganic exchanger materials were partially regenerated and may be used consecutively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Equilibria and heats of ion exchange in the system of mordenite-alkali and alkaline earth cations

A concurrent absorption analytical study of the ion exchange equilibria and direct microcalorimetric measurement of the heat of ion exchange absorption of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations for the sodium forms of two mordenites (NaM) obtained from naturally occurring samples rich in Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations has been carried out for the first time. The free energies and entropies of exchange have been calculated. It was shown that the free energy of exchange in the K⁺-NaM system is determined by the enthalpy, whereas in the Ca²⁺-NaM system it is determined by the entropy of solvation. The measured thermodynamic characteristics of exchange were analyzed taking into account the preferred localization of sorption for the cations in the structure. A memory effect in natural mordenites has been established for extra-skeletal K⁺ and Ca²⁺ cations, in the presence of which these zeolites crystallized in nature. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 312–317, September–October, 2006.