任意截面的弯曲进气道内流场的近似计算

本文应用摄动法给出了任意截面的弯曲进气道内流场的近似计算方法.进气道内的气体假设是可压缩的无粘性有势流动.进气道的轴线假设是任意的平面曲线,而且截面的形状也可以是任意的.同时还要求进气道的几何形状是细长的,即横截面方向的尺度要比其轴线的曲率半径小得多,而且截面积的大小及形状沿轴线方向的变化是缓慢的.近似解的结果表明,截面积形心处的轴向速度等于按一元流关系算出的值,而非形心处的轴向速度则和该点至轴线曲率中心处的距离成反比.横截面上的速度分量可分解为代表截面积的大小变化和形状变化的两部分,其中代表面积大小变化部分的速度分量由文中的简单公式给出,求形状变化部分的速度分量相当于求解一个平面调和函数的Neumann边值问题.     

金属粉末冶金抗摩复合材料研制方面的成就

对摩擦部件材料的要求 现代机器制造业和运输业的发展是与摩擦部件的运转速度和载荷容量的提高联系在一起的。对抗摩材料的要求是由它的工作条件决定的,并在广阔的范围内变化着。但是,存在着一系列对所有抗摩材料都必须共同具备的要求,这些共同的要求就是:尽可能低的摩擦系数和高的耐磨性;最优化的整体和表面强度,这种强度使表面层的高强度与能够有效磨合相结合;足够高的韧性以尽可能排除脆性破坏;高的抗疲劳强度;在材料的工作表面上形成能防止咬粘的二次结构层的能力;相当高的导热性和最佳的热胀系数;     

牛顿力学体系中固体力学研究框架的几点注记

本文从四十多年前遇到并解决的三个与固体力学和结构力学相关的机械强度与振动的问题谈起。当时在分析与解决这些问题的方法时,思考并领悟到如何从结构的构形与几何约束、结构承受的外载的性质和结构材料的秉性与行为着眼,实质上就是从以牛顿力学体系的外载(F)、质点质量(m)和物体运动的加速度(a)(即物体的位移、速度、加速度等运动表现的力学运动的几何量)的运动行为作为三个最基本的视点并描述它们之间的联系,在拓广后给出可变形固体力学分析的基本框架。进而刻画出在20世纪70年代、90年代和21世纪初的固体力学的基本框架及其框架内每个不同构元的联系与演进,并以图1,2,3表示。随着现代科技的发展,这一框架下的分析方法近些年已经扩展到更广泛的科技疆域,并在与其他学科的交缘的过程中揭示新的交缘变量的演化方程。人们还期望进入更小和更大尺度时空,研究更广泛的物质包括信息的生成与传递、有生命物质的运动和各种“极端”的力学环境条件下的力学现象,这些新的疆域将是明天的力学工作者耕耘的新天地。     

牛顿力学体系中固体力学研究框架的几点注记

本文从四十多年前遇到并解决的三个与固体力学和结构力学相关的机械强度与振动的问题谈起。当时在分析与解决这些问题的方法时,思考并领悟到如何从结构的构形与几何约束、结构承受的外载的性质和结构材料的秉性与行为着眼,实质上就是从以牛顿力学体系的外载(F)、质点质量(m)和物体运动的加速度(a)(即物体的位移、速度、加速度等运动表现的力学运动的几何量)的运动行为作为三个最基本的视点并描述它们之间的联系,在拓广后给出可变形固体力学分析的基本框架。进而刻画出在20世纪70年代、90年代和21世纪初的固体力学的基本框架及其框架内每个不同构元的联系与演进,并以图1,2,3表示。随着现代科技的发展,这一框架下的分析方法近些年已经扩展到更广泛的科技疆域,并在与其他学科的交缘的过程中揭示新的交缘变量的演化方程。人们还期望进入更小和更大尺度时空,研究更广泛的物质包括信息的生成与传递、有生命物质的运动和各种"极端"的力学环境条件下的力学现象,这些新的疆域将是明天的力学工作者耕耘的新天地。     

国际力学中心简介

在意大利风光明媚的威尼靳城北面约一百二个公里的地方,是一个约有十万居民的历史悠久的美丽的小城市乌迪内。国际力学中心就座落在它的市中心的原托尔索宫。在这座两层楼的相当富丽堂皇的建筑内,有两个小型的设备很好的报 ...     

谈力的功的定义

已刊登的几篇关于讨论力的功的定义的文章中,关于功的定义是准确的,严格的,完整的,并不需要作补充或修正.但如果把功的定义改为     

瑞利数对行波对流缺陷特性的影响

通过流体力学方程的数值模拟,研究了瑞利数对分离比ψ=-0.6的混合流体行波对流缺陷结构的影响。结果表明:对于给定的相对瑞利数r,缺陷的出现是间歇性的,缺陷出现的位置固定,缺陷出现的周期保持为常数;对于不同的r,缺陷形成时滚动的分裂是不对称的,可以在原滚动的上方也可以在原滚动的下方形成一个新的滚动,从而形成缺陷,缺陷出现的位置基本稳定在腔体的中部,缺陷出现周期随着r的增加而增加;在具有缺陷的行波存在的下限附近,缺陷出现周期减小得较快;在具有缺陷的行波存在的上限附近,缺陷出现周期增加得较快。有缺陷和无缺陷的行波的对流垂直流速最大值δwmax都随着时间在周期变化,但规律是不同的。具有缺陷的行波中,垂直流速最大值δwmax的周期代表缺陷出现的周期;在无缺陷的行波中,垂直流速最大值δwmax的周期代表行波的周期。     

国际力学中心简介

在意大利风光明媚的威尼靳城北面约一百二个公里的地方,是一个约有十万居民的历史悠久的美丽的小城市乌迪内。国际力学中心就座落在它的市中心的原托尔索宫。在这座两层楼的相当富丽堂皇的建筑内,有两个小型的设备很好的报     

根据爆轰产物的微观描述预估凝聚炸药的爆轰压力

40年代以来,从凝聚炸药的化学成分和密度直接计算它的爆轰性质有几种不同的方法,它们的共同点都是采用稳定流动的守恒定律和在爆轰的不连续面上的CJ条件,不同点在于对爆轰产物这样的非常稠密的气体和固体的混合物用什么样的状态方程来描述,本文综述几种状态方程的特点和它们所预估的爆轰压力值之间的差异。      

随机振动进展述评

本文是对随机振动中的问题、方法和结果的一个评述。重点放在近十五年的发展上。现行的研究领域包括:发展更合理的随机振源模型,发展更有效的预测非线性系统与参激系统的随机响应的方法,发展更优的估计随机振动系统的可靠性的步骤,及发展更佳的在随机振动测量基础上识别系统参数的技术。     

On formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity in pre-stressed compressible solids

In this paper, formulas for the velocity of Rayleigh waves in compressible isotropic solids subject to uniform initial deformations are derived using the theory of cubic equation. They are explicit, have simple algebraic forms, and hold for a general strain energy function. Unlike the previous investigations where the derived formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity are approximate and valid for only small enough values of pre-strains, this paper establishes exact formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity being valid for any range of pre-strains. When the prestresses are absent, the obtained formulas recover the Rayleigh wave velocity formula for compressible elastic solids. Since obtained formulas are explicit, exact and hold for any range of pre-strains, they are good tools for evaluating nondestructively prestresses of structures.     

Green's function for SH-waves in a cylindrically monoclinic material

Green's function for SH-waves in a cylindrically monoclinic material is considered for impulsive and time-harmonic sources. Closed form expressions for the Green's function are derived for a few limited values of anisotropic parameters. A very interesting time development of the wave front shape is illustrated and the wave front singularity is discussed for the transient SH-wave. Contours of the displacement amplitude for the time-harmonic wave are also shown.     

Renormalization Group Model of Large-Scale Turbulence in Porous Media

Renormalization group methods are used to develop a macroscopic (large-scale) turbulence model for incompressible flow in porous media. The model accounts for the large-distance and large-time behavior of velocity correlations generated by the momentum equation for a randomly stirred, incompressible flow. Utilizing the renormalization procedure, the transport equations for the large-scale modes and expressions for effective transport coefficients are obtained. Expressions for renormalized turbulent viscosity, which accounts for the ultraviolet subrange of the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum, are also obtained.     

FRP筋粘结式锚具的界面径向弹性模量分析

建立了FRP(Fibre Reinforced Polymer)筋粘结式锚具粘结界面的Rib-scale模型和Bar-scale模型,然后利用Fourier-Bessel级数推导了FRP筋、混凝土以及钢套筒等在径向应力作用下的解析解.解析解与数值解吻合较好,验证了用Fourier-Bessel级数表达的解析解的有效性....     

Boundary element simulations of spheres settling in circular,square and triangular conduits

Numerical simulations of a spherical particle sedimenting in circular, triangular and square conduits containing a viscous, inertialess, Newtonian fluid were investigated using the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Settling velocities and pressure drops for spheres falling along the centre-lines of the conduits were computed for a definitive range of sphere sizes. The numerical simulations for the settling velocities showed good agreement with existing experimental data. The most accurate analytic solution for a sphere settling along the axis of a circular conduit produced results which were almost indistinguishable from the present BEM calculations. For a sphere falling along the centre-line of a square conduit, the BEM calculations for small spheres agreed well with analytic results. No analytic results for a sphere falling along the axis of a triangular conduit were available for comparison. Extrapolation of the BEM predictions for the pressure drops, to infinitely small spheres, showed remarkable agreement with analytic results. For the circular conduit, the sphere's settling velocity and angular velocity were computed as a function of drop position for small, medium and large spheres. Excellent agreement with a reflection solution was achieved for the small sphere. In addition, end effects were investigated for centre-line drops and compared where possible with available experimental data and analytic results.Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA.     

Long-wavelength dispersion of acoustic waves in transversely inhomogeneous anisotropic plates

Long-wavelength onset of the fundamental branches is described for a free anisotropic plate with arbitrary through-plate variation of material properties. Main attention is given to the flexural branch. Closed-form expressions for the leading-order dispersion coefficient of the velocity and displacement are derived for a generic case and exemplified for the various types of either continuous, or discrete, or periodic inhomogeneity and for the monoclinic symmetry. The relevance of the static averaging is examined in detail. The bounds for the slope of the flexural velocity branch are established. The upper fundamental branches are considered for the case when these are uncoupled inplane and shear horizontal ones.     

Renewal of basic laws and principles for polar continuum theories （XI）——consistency problems

Some consistency problems existing in continuum field theories are briefly reviewed. Three arts of consistency problems are clarified based on the renewed basic laws for polar continua. The first art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for polar continua. The second art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for polar continua and for other nonpolar continua. The third art discusses the consistency problems between the basic laws for micropolar continuum theories and the dynamical equations for rigid body. The results presented here can help us to get a deeper understanding the structure of the basic laws for various continuum theories and the interrelations between them. In the meantime, these results obtained show clearly that the consistency problems could not be solved in the framework of traditional basic laws for continuum field theories.     

The re-examination of the weakly nonlinear theory of hydrodynamic stability

The weakly nonlinear theory has been widely applied in the problem of hydrodynamicstability and also in other fields.However,although its application has been successful forsome problems,yet,for other problems,the results obtained are not satisfactory,especiallyfor problems like transition or the evolution of the vortex in the free shear flow,for whichthe goal of the theoretical investigation is not seeking for a steady state,but predicting anevolutional process.In this paper,we shall examine the reason for the unsuccessfulness andsuggest ways for its amendment.     

Development of co-current air–water flow in a vertical pipe

Measurements of the cross-sectional distribution of the gas fraction and bubble size distributions were conducted in a vertical pipe with an inner diameter of 51.2 mm and a length of about 3 m for air/water bubbly and slug flow regimes. The use of a wire-mesh sensor obtained a high resolution of the gas fraction data in space as well as in time. From this data, time averaged values for the two-dimensional gas fraction profiles were decomposed into a large number of bubble size classes. This allowed the extraction of the radial gas fraction profiles for a given range of bubble sizes as well as data for local bubble size distributions. The structure of the flow can be characterized by such data. The measurements were performed for up to 10 different inlet lengths and for about 100 combinations of gas and liquid volume flow rates. The data is very useful for the development and validation of meso-scale models to account for the forces acting on a bubble in a shear liquid flow and models for bubble coalescence and break-up. Such models are necessary for the validation of CFD codes for the simulation of bubbly flows.