Dual molecular light switches for pH and DNA based on a novel Ru(II) complex. A non-intercalating Ru(II) complex for DNA molecular light switch

A new Ru(II) complex of [Ru(phen)(2)(Hcdpq)](ClO(4))(2) {phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, Hcdpq = 2-carboxyldipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline} was synthesized and characterized. The spectrophotometric pH and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) titrations showed that the complex acted as a dual molecular light switch for pH and ct-DNA with emission enhancement factors of 17 and 26, respectively. It was shown to be capable of distinguishing ct-DNA from yeast RNA with this binding selectivity being superior to two well-known DNA molecular light switches of [Ru(bpy)(2)(dppz)](2+) {bpy =2,2'-bipyridine, and dppz = dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine}and ethidium bromide. The complex bond to ct-DNA probably in groove mode with a binding constant of (4.67 ± 0.06) × 10(3) M(-1) in 5 mM Tris-HCl, 50 mM NaCl (pH = 7.10) buffer solution, as evidenced by UV-visible absorption and luminescence titrations, the dependence of DNA binding constants on NaCl concentrations, DNA competitive binding with ethidium bromide, and emission lifetime and viscosity measurements. To get insight into the light-switch mechanism, theoretical calculations were also performed by applying density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT.     

A Ru(II) complex with 2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline: synthesis, characterization, and acid-base and DNA-binding properties

A new Ru(II) complex of [Ru(bpy)2(Hmspip)]Cl2 {in which bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, Hmspip=2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline} have been synthesized and characterized. The ground- and excited-state acid-base properties of [Ru(bpy)2(Hmspip)]Cl2 and its parent complex of [Ru(bpy)2(Hpip)]Cl2 {Hpip=2-phenyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline} have been studied by UV-visible (UV-vis) and emission spectrophotometric pH titrations. [Ru(bpy)2(Hmspip)]Cl2 acts as a calf thymus DNA intercalators with a binding constant of 4.0×10(5) M(-1) in buffered 50 mM NaCl, as evidenced by UV-vis and luminescence titrations, steady-state emission quenching by [Fe(CN)6]4-, DNA competitive binding with ethidium bromide, reverse salt titrations and viscosity measurements.     

The pH-induced emission switching and interesting DNA-binding properties of a novel dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex

A novel dinuclear Ru(II) complex, [(bpy)(2)Ru(ebipcH(2))Ru(bpy)(2)](ClO(4))(4), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and ebipcH(2) = N-ethyl-4,7-bis([1,10]-phenanthroline[5,6-f]imidazol-2-yl)carbazole, has been newly synthesized. The pH effects on UV-vis absorption and emission spectra of the complex are studied, and ground- and excited-state ionization constants of the complex are derived. The binding of the complex to calf thymus (ct) DNA is investigated with absorption and luminescence titrations, steady-state emission quenching, and viscosity measurements. The complex acts as a pH-induced "on-off" emission switch between pH 8.0 and pH 10.0 with a maximum on-off ratio of approximately 100 which is favorably compared with the other imidazole-containing Ru(II) complex congeners, and a strong ct-DNA intercalator with an intrinsic binding constant of 1.31(+/-0.08) x 10(6) M(-)(1) in buffered 50 mM NaCl.     

钌配合物[Ru(bpy)2(PNT)]2+的合成、表征及与DNA相互作用研究

以cis-Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O与PNT为原料合成钌(Ⅱ)多吡啶配合物[Ru(bpy)2(PNT)]2+(bpy=2,2’-联吡啶, PNT=2-[4’-(5-四唑基)苯基]咪唑-[4,5-f][1,10]邻菲咯啉), 通过元素分析、质谱和核磁共振波谱对该化合物进行了结构表征. 利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、热变性和黏度实验研究了配合物与CT-DNA的相互作用, 实验结果表明, 该配合物以部分插入模式与DNA结合.     

一种新型含二茂铁基的多吡啶钌配合物与DNA的相互作用

利用金属配合物与DNA作用前后的光电性质变化探索大分子DNA的结构、构象、生物功能和作用机制之间的规律是无机化学前沿研究热点．Koepf等发现二氯二茂钛[(C6H5)2TiCl2]具有抗肿瘤活性,开创了金属茂类抗癌络合物研究的新领域,大量实验表明：金属茂类化合物不仅具有广泛的抗癌谱,     

吲哚咪唑基钌(Ⅱ)联吡啶配合物与酵母RNA的相互作用

通过紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱滴定、稳态荧光猝灭和溴化乙啶竞争键合实验研究了Ru(Ⅱ)配合物[Ru(bpy)(H₂iip)₂](ClO₄)₂{bpy=2,2′-联吡啶, H₂iip=2-(吲哚-3-基)-咪唑[4,5-f][1,10]-邻菲罗啉}的酵母RNA键合性质. 结果表明, 二者键合模式为嵌入键合, 其键合常数为7.09×10⁶ L/mol, 比小牛胸腺DNA的键合常数大, 且比同类配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(H₂iip)](ClO₄)₂的酵母RNA键合常数大.     

Ru(bpy)2(L)]Cl2: luminescent metal complexes that bind DNA base mismatches

Here we report the synthesis of luminescent ruthenium complexes that bind DNA base pair mismatches. [Ru(bpy)2(tpqp)]Cl2 (tpqp = 7,8,13,14-tetrahydro-6-phenylquino[8,7-k][1,8]phenanthroline), [Ru(bpy)2(pqp)]Cl2 (pqp = 6-phenylquino[8,7-k][1,8]phenanthroline), and [Ru(bpy)2(tactp)]Cl2 [tactp = 4,5,9,18-tetraazachryseno[9,10-b]triphenylene] have been synthesized, and their spectroscopic properties in the absence and presence of DNA have been examined. While [Ru(bpy)2(pqp)]2+ shows no detectable luminescence, [Ru(bpy)2(tpqp)]2+ is luminescent in the absence and presence of DNA with an excited-state lifetime of 10 ns and a quantum yield of 0.002. Although no increase in emission intensity is associated with binding to mismatch-containing DNA, luminescence quenching experiments and measurements of steady-state fluorescence polarization provide evidence for preferential binding to oligonucleotides containing a CC mismatch. Furthermore, by marking the site of binding through singlet oxygen sensitized damage, the complex has been shown to target a CC mismatch site directly with a specific binding affinity, Kb = 4 x 10(6) M(-1). [Ru(bpy)2(tactp)]2+, an analogue of [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ containing a bulky intercalating ligand, is luminescent in aqueous solution at micromolar concentrations and exhibits a 12-fold enhancement in luminescence in the presence of DNA. The complex, however, tends to aggregate in aqueous solution; we find a dimerization constant of 9.8 x 10(5) M(-1). Again, by singlet oxygen sensitization it is apparent that [Ru(bpy)2(tactp)]2+ binds preferentially to a CC mismatch; using a DNase I footprinting assay, a binding constant to a CC mismatch of 8 x 10(5) M(-1) is found. Hence results with these novel luminescent complexes support the concept of using a structurally demanding ligand to obtain selectivity in targeting single base mismatches in DNA. The challenge is coupling the differential binding we can obtain to differential luminescence.     

一种含芴基的钌(II)配合物的合成及DNA键合性质

合成了一种新的钌(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)2(Hfip)](ClO4)2, 其中bpy代表2,2′-联吡啶, Hfip代表2-(9H-芴-2-基)-1H-咪唑-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-邻菲啰啉. 通过紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱、稳态荧光淬灭、与溴化乙锭的竞争实验、粘度测量和DNA热变性研究了该配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的键合性质. 结果表明, 该配合物能嵌入键合DNA, 键合常数Kb=8.6×105 L·mol-1 (50 mmol·L-1 NaCl).     

一种含吲哚咪唑基Ru(II)配合物的酸碱性质和与DNA相互作用的研究

合成了一个新的Ru(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(H₂iip)](ClO₄)₂•5H₂O [bpy＝2,2'-联吡啶, H₂iip＝2-吲哚基-咪唑并[4,5-ƒ][1,10]-邻菲罗啉]. 通过酸碱滴定发射光谱测定了该配合物的表观电离常数; 用紫外可见光谱、荧光光谱、稳态荧光淬灭、溴化乙锭竞争键合、粘度测量和DNA裂解实验研究了配合物与DNA的相互作用性质. 结果表明配合物以经典的插入模式与DNA键合, 键合常数K_b＝(5.97±0.27)×10⁵ mol^－1•L (50 mmol/L NaCl).     

一个嫁接有羧酸羟基乙基酯的二吡啶吩嗪Ru(II)配合物的合成、与DNA的相互作用以及溶剂变色性质的研究

合成并表征了一个新的Ru(II)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂(hedppc)](ClO₄)₂ {bpy＝2,2'-联吡啶, hedppc＝二联吡啶[3,2-a: 2',3'-c]吩嗪-11-羧酸(2-羟乙基)酯}. 通过紫外-可见吸收光谱、与溴化乙锭竞争实验、粘度测量和DNA裂解实验研究了配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的相互作用性质. 结果表明配合物以插入模式与DNA键合,键合常数K_b＝(6.99±1.34)×10⁶ mol^－1•L (s＝2.03±0.04)与母体配合物[Ru(bpy)₂ (dppz)]^2＋相近,但光致发光和溶剂变色等光学性质与[Ru(bpy)₂ (dppz)]^2＋有明显的差别.     

Proton-induced luminescence of mono- and dinuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes containing 4-pyridinealdazine

New mono- and dinuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyls, of formulas [Re(bpy)(CO)3(PCA)]+ (1), [(bpy)(CO)3Re(I)(PCA)Re(I)(CO)3(bpy)]2+ (2), and [(bpy)(CO)3Re(I)(PCA)Ru(II)(NH3)5]3+ (3) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, PCA = 4-pyridinecarboxaldehydeazine), have been synthesized as PF6- salts and characterized by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and photophysical techniques. These species do not emit at room temperature in CH(3)CN; however, in aqueous solutions, a decrease in pH induces luminescence in all of them, due to protonation of one of the N atoms of the -C=N-N=C- chain of PCA, as indicated by the pKa values of the ground states, obtained by absorption measurements, which are ca. 3 orders of magnitude lower than the pKa value of the pyridine N of PCA in complex 1. On the other hand, the values of pKa* of the excited states, obtained by emission measurements, of complexes 1 and 2 are similar (pKa* = 2.7 +/- 0.1 at I = 0.1 M) and higher than those of the corresponding ground states. At low values of pH, chemical decomposition takes place rapidly in complex 3, but not in 1 and 2, supporting the possible use of these latter species as luminescent sensors of pH. The heterodinuclear complex, of formula [(bpy)(CO)3Re(I)(PCA)Ru(III)(NH3)5]4+, was obtained by bromine oxidation of the [Re(I), Ru(II)] precursor in CH3CN solution; from spectral and electrochemical measurements, the recombination charge-transfer reaction [Re(II), Ru(II) ] --> [Re(I), Ru(III)], which occurs after photoexcitation, is predicted to lie in the Marcus inverted region.     

Visible-light-driven photoreactions of [(bpy)2Ru(II)L]Cl2 in aqueous solutions (bpy = bipyridine, l = 1,2-bis(4-(4'-methyl)-2,2'-bipyridyl) ethene)

Visible-light-induced photoreactions of [(bpy)2Ru(II)L]Cl2 (bpy = bipyridine, L = trans-1,2-bis(4-(4'-methyl)-2,2'-bipyridyl) ethene) in aqueous solution are examined. From pH titrations, it is found that the Ru complex is a stronger base (pKa* = 6) in the excited state than in the ground state (pKa = 4). Photolysis of the [(bpy)2Ru(II)L] complex in solutions at pH 7 and 12 led to formation of species with increased emission quantum yields, approximately 55 nm blue-shift of the emission maximum to 625 nm, and disappearance of the absorption band at 330 nm, the latter arising from the olefinic bond of the L ligand. No spectral changes are observed in solutions at pH < or = 4. With the help of chromatography, mass spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and NMR, photoproducts formed at neutral pH have been analyzed. It is found that the major product is a dimer of [(bpy)2Ru(II)L], dimerizing around the double bond. Photoreactions do not occur in the dark or in the aprotic solvent acetonitrile. We propose that a Ru(III) radical intermediate is formed by photoinduced excited-state electron and proton transfer, which initiates the dimerization. The radical intermediate can also undergo photochemical degradative reductions. Below pH 4, the emission quenching is proposed to arise via protonation of the monoprotonated [(bpy)2Ru(II)LH] followed by electron transfer to the viologen-type moiety created by protonation. The products of photodegradation at pH > 12 are different from those of pH 7, but the mechanism of the degradation at pH > 12 was not elucidated.     

两种有机磺酸配合物的合成、表征及与DNA键合性质

合成了2个新型有机磺酸配合物,[Cd(phen)₂(ans)₂]·H₂O (1)和[Pb(phen)₂(ans)₂]·H₂O (2) (phen=1,10-邻菲咯啉,ans=4-氨基-1-萘磺酸根),通过元素分析、红外光谱等对配合物进了表征,用X-射线单晶衍射方法测定了配合物的单晶结构。应用紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱及粘度测定方法研究了配合物与ctDNA的作用,发现2个配合物均以插入和氢键两种模式与ctDNA发生作用。     

Photophysical properties of ruthenium bipyridine (4-carboxylic acid-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) complexes and their acid-base chemistry

Photophysical properties such as absorption and emission spectra, lifetimes, and redox potentials of eight ruthenium complexes, Ru(LL)2(MebpyCOOH)2+, where LL represents bpy, phen, Me2bpy, Me4bpy, (MeO)2bpy, (EtO)2bpy, Cl2bpy, and NO2phen, have been measured. The acid dissociation constants of ground and excited states have been determined. The ground-state pKa values were obtained from the pH dependence of the complex absorbance changes. The excited-state pKa* values were extracted from the emission titration curve and corrected for the excited-state lifetime of both protonated and deprotonated species. The largest DeltapKa, pKa*-pKa, found for Ru(Me2bpy)2(MebpyCOOH)2+ and Ru(Me4bpy)2(MebpyCOOH)2+ of 1.7 indicate that MebpyCOOH gains most of the MLCT excited-state electron. The big negative DeltapKa found for Ru(Cl2bpy)2(MebpyCOOH)2+, -4.2, clearly indicates the metal-to-ligand charge transfer to the Cl2bpy ligands.     

Luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridine biotin complexes: synthesis, characterization, photophysical and electrochemical properties, and avidin-binding studies

Two luminescent ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes containing a biotin moiety [Ru(bpy)(2)(L1)](PF(6))(2) (1) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(L2)](PF(6))(2) (2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; L1 = 4-(N-((2-biotinamido)ethyl)amido)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine; L2 = 4-(N-((6-biotinamido)hexyl)amido)-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties have been studied. Upon photoexcitation, complexes 1 and 2 display intense and long-lived triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer ((3)MLCT) (dpi(Ru) --> pi*(L1 or L2)) emission in fluid solutions at 298 K and in low-temperature glass. We have studied the binding of these ruthenium(II) biotin complexes to avidin by 4'-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid (HABA) assays, luminescence titrations, competitive assays using native biotin, and quenching experiments using methyl viologen. On the basis of the results of these experiments, a homogeneous competitive assay for biotin has been investigated.     

A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex as an inducer and potential luminescent switch-on probe for G-quadruplex DNA

Given that recognition and regulation of G-quadruplex nucleic acid structures is an important goal for the development of chemical tools and medicinal agents, a dinuclear ruthenium complex [Ru₂(bpy)₄(bip-phenol)](ClO₄)₄ {bpy?=?2,2′-bipyridine, bip-phenol?=?2,4-bis(1H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline-2-yl)phenol} has been synthesized and characterized, and its interactions with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA have been explored by photophysical and biophysical methods. This complex can induce and stabilize the formation of an antiparallel G-quadruplex of telomeric DNA in the absence of salt, or in the presence of K⁺/Na⁺-containing buffer. The complex binds strongly to the telomeric G-quadruplex, with a binding constant K_b?>?10⁶ and a 2:1 [complex]/[quadruplex] binding ratio. Fluorescence titrations revealed that the complex behaves as a promising photophysical “light switch” for G-quadruplex DNA, with 8.6- and 8.4-fold fluorescence enhancements in Na⁺ and K⁺ buffers, respectively.     

双核钌(II)多吡啶配合物与酵母RNA的相互作用研究

用紫外-可见吸收光谱和荧光光谱滴定、稳态荧光淬灭和反向盐滴定实验研究了双核钌(II)配合物[(bpy)₂Ru(ebipcH₂)Ru(bpy)₂](ClO₄)₄ {bpy＝2,2'-联吡啶; ebipcH₂＝N-乙基-4,7-二(咪唑-[4,5-f]-(1,10-邻菲啰啉)-2-基)咔唑}与酵母RNA的相互作用. 结果表明该双核配合物以插入方式与酵母RNA作用, 在生理盐浓度下(≈150 mmol/L NaCl)该配合物与RNA的相互作用明显强于DNA.     

Role of electronic structure on DNA light-switch behavior of Ru(II) intercalators

A series of ruthenium(II) complexes possessing ligands with an extended pi system were synthesized and characterized. The complexes are derived from [Ru(bpy)3](2+) (1, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) and include [Ru(bpy)2(tpphz)](2+) (2, tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3',2'-h:2',3'-j]phenazine), [Ru(bpy)2(dppx)](2+) (3, dppx = 7,8-dimethyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), [Ru(bpy)2(dppm2)](2+) (4, dppm2 = 6-methyldipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), and [Ru(bpy)2(dppp2)](2+) (5, dppp2 = pyrido[2',3':5,6]pyrazino[2,3-f][1,10]phenanthroline). The excited-state properties of these complexes, including their DNA "light-switch" behavior, were compared to those of [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)](2+) (6, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine). Whereas 2, 3, and 4 can be classified as DNA light-switch complexes, 5 exhibits negligible luminescence enhancement in the presence of DNA. Because relative viscosity experiments show that 2-6 bind to DNA by intercalation, their electronic absorption and emission spectra, electrochemistry, and temperature dependence of the luminescence were used to explain the observed differences. The small energy gap between the lowest-lying dark excited state and the bright state in 2-4 and 6 is related to the ability of these complexes to exhibit DNA light-switch behavior, whereas the large energy gap in 5 precludes the emission enhancement in the presence of DNA. The effect of the energy gap among low-lying states on the photophysical properties of 1-6 is discussed. In addition, DFT and TD-DFT calculations support the conclusions from the experiments.     

新型双核配合物的形成及荧光性质研究

利用光谱学方法研究了[Ru(bpy)2TPPHZ]2+(TPPHZ=四吡啶[3,2-a: 2',3'-c: 3",2"-h: 2'",3'"-j]吩嗪)和[Ru(bpy)2ODHIP]2+(ODHIP=3,4-二羟基-咪唑并[4,5-f][1,10]邻菲咯啉)与Ni2+的配位情况及配位后的荧光性质变化, 探讨了配合物与Ni2+配位形成双核配合物后与DNA的作用机制变化. 结果表明, [Ru(bpy)2TPPHZ]2+和[Ru(bpy)2ODHIP]2+均可与Ni2+配位, 形成双核配合物[Ru(bpy)2(TPPHZ)Ni]4+和[Ru(bpy)2(ODHIP)Ni]4+, 配合物的荧光强度随着Ni2+浓度的增加而减弱. 与DNA作用后, 配合物仍可与Ni2+配位形成双核配合物, [Ru(bpy)2(TPPHZ)Ni]4+的荧光几乎完全消失, 同时配合物与DNA保持插入模式作用, 而配合物[Ru(bpy)2(ODHIP)Ni]4+与DNA的作用则由沟面结合改为插入结合, 同时配合物的荧光减弱.     

Binding of Ru(bpy)2(eilatin)2+ to matched and mismatched DNA

The DNA-binding properties of Ru(bpy)2(eilatin)(2+) have been investigated to determine if the sterically expansive eilatin ligand confers specificity for destabilized single-base mismatches in DNA. Competitive DNA photocleavage experiments employing a sequence-neutral metallointercalator, Rh(bpy)2(phi)(3+) (phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinonediimine), and a mismatch-specific metalloinsertor, Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)(3+) (chrysi = chrysene-5,6-quinonediimine), reveal that the eilatin complex binds to a CC mismatched site with an apparent binding constant of 2.2(2) x 10(6) M(-1). Nonetheless, the selectivity in binding mismatched DNA is not high: competitive titrations with Rh(bpy)2(phi)(3+) show that the complex binds also to well-matched B-form sites. Thus, Ru(bpy)2(eilatin)(2+), despite containing the extremely expansive eilatin ligand, displays lower selectivity for the mismatch than does Rh(bpy)2(chrysi)(3+), a metalloinsertor containing the smaller, though still bulky, chrysene-5,6-quinonediimine ligand. In summary, the size and shape of the eilatin ligand allow stacking with both well-matched and mismatched DNA.