Direct electrochemical regeneration of monooxygenase subunits for biocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation

We report the first example of direct electrochemical regeneration of a flavin-dependent monooxygenase for asymmetric epoxidation catalysis. It is shown that electrochemical regeneration of the oxygenase subunit of the multicomponent styrene monooxygenase is sufficient to perform enantiospecific S-epoxidation of various styrene derivatives. Kinetic bottlenecks of the novel electroenzymatic reaction are identified. This work opens up new alternatives for asymmetric oxyfunctionalization catalysis.     

Chiral model complexes for methane monooxygenase and their asymmetric catalysis of styrene epoxidation

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Exploring the biocatalytic scope of a bacterial flavin-containing monooxygenase

A bacterial flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), fused to phosphite dehydrogenase, has been used to explore its biocatalytic potential. The bifunctional biocatalyst could be expressed in high amounts in Escherichia coli and was able to oxidize indole and indole derivatives into a variety of indigo compounds. The monooxygenase also performs the sulfoxidation of a wide range of prochiral sulfides, showing moderate to good enantioselectivities in forming chiral sulfoxides.     

Asymmetric epoxidation via phase-transfer catalysis: direct conversion of allylic alcohols into alpha,beta-epoxyketones

Studies into the use of a chiral phase-transfer catalyst in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite to effect the enantio-selective formation of alpha,beta-epoxyketones from allylic alcohols are described.     

Stereospecific epoxidation of anthracyclinones: a route to 8(r)-methoxydaunomycinone

Stereoselective epoxidation of $\text{1}$, the 7,8-unsaturated derivative of daunomycinone, followed by $\text{trans}$ opening of the epoxide $\text{2}$, afforded 8(R)-methoxydaunomycinone $\text{6a}$; its configuration at C-8 was determined by chemical correlation and PMR studies.     

The first example of direct heterylation of calixpyrrole

1,2,4-Triazine derivatives react with calixpyrrole to give stable nucleophilic addition products.     

一例多钒酸盐杂化材料的制备及高效催化烯烃环氧化

以2-(2-吡啶基)咪唑(pIM)、Co²⁺和NaVO₃为原料,在水热条件下,制备了新的钒氧簇化合物[Co (pIM) V₂O₆](1)。采用X射线单晶衍射、粉末X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和元素分析等方法对化合物进行了表征。单晶解析表明,该化合物由VO₄四面体和CoO₃N₂四方锥通过氧原子共边、共角连接成二维结构。基于钒氧簇在催化氧化体系中的高效活性,1作为非均相反应的催化剂,在以H₂O₂为氧化剂的催化烯烃环氧化反应中表现出优秀的催化性能,催化剂能够多次重复使用且活性基本保持不变。此外,磁化率研究表明1中存在反铁磁相互作用。     

一例多钒酸盐杂化材料的制备及高效催化烯烃环氧化

以2-(2-吡啶基)咪唑(pIM)、Co²⁺和NaVO₃为原料,在水热条件下,制备了新的钒氧簇化合物[Co(pIM)V₂O₆] (1)。采用X射线单晶衍射、粉末X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和元素分析等方法对化合物进行了表征。单晶解析表明,该化合物由VO₄四面体和CoO₃N₂四方锥通过氧原子共边、共角连接成二维结构。基于钒氧簇在催化氧化体系中的高效活性,1作为非均相反应的催化剂,在以H₂O₂为氧化剂的催化烯烃环氧化反应中表现出优秀的催化性能,催化剂能够多次重复使用且活性基本保持不变。此外,磁化率研究表明1中存在反铁磁相互作用。     

The first example of enamine-Lewis acid cooperative bifunctional catalysis: application to the asymmetric aldol reaction

(-)-Sparteine directed lithiation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine, alkylation with chloromethylboronate pinacol ester and acid-based deprotection provides homoboroproline HX salt in 94% ee, which is then an efficient enamine-type pyrrolidine catalyst in an asymmetric aldol reaction when neutralised and especially when esterified in situ with a tartrate ester, for example, providing 90% ee of the aldol adduct derived from acetone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde.     

Iminium salt catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation: the first high enantioselectivities

A highly enantioselective iminium salt catalyst has been prepared and tested in the catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes, giving up to 95% ee, the highest ee yet reported for iminium salt-catalyzed epoxidation. Catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol % may be used.     

Stereospecific post-metallocene polymerization catalysts: the example of isospecific styrene polymerization

In the context of developing single-site stereoselective post-metallocene catalysts, the case for isospecific styrene polymerization catalysts based on methylaluminoxane-activated group 4 metal bis(phenolato) complexes is summarized. Ligands derived from the 1,4-dithiabutanediyl-linked bis(phenol)s have been found to induce stereochemical rigidity by the presence of the hemi-labile sulfide donor functions. Isospecific styrene polymerization was achieved using easily accessible catalyst precursors of the type [MX₂(OC₆H₂-^tBu₂-4,6)₂{S(CH₂)₂S}] (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; X = Cl, OⁱPr, CH₂Ph). Activating the dibenzyl titanium complex [Ti(CH₂Ph)₂(OC₆H₂-^tBu₂-4,6)₂{S(CH₂)₂S}] with B(C₆F₅)₃ and AlⁱBu₃, controlled isotactic polymerization became possible at lower temperatures. A remarkable dependence of both the activity and stereoselectivity on the ligand substitution pattern was observed. Analogous precursors with the 1,5-dithiapentanediyl-linked bis(phenolato) ligand gave syndiotactic polystyrene with lower activity.     

Dual catalysis: combining photoredox and Lewis base catalysis for direct Mannich reactions

A dual catalytic system combining photoredox and Lewis base catalysis has been developed. By the appropriate choice of light source and catalyst, the photoredox cycle can be optimally modulated to match the base catalyzed reaction cycle to provide the corresponding products under mild reaction conditions.     

Preferential hydroxylation over epoxidation catalysis by a horseradish peroxidase mutant: a cytochrome P450 mimic

Density functional theory calculations are presented on the catalytic properties of a horseradish peroxidase mutant whereby the axial nitrogen atom is replaced by phosphorus. This mutant has never been studied experimentally and only one theoretical report on this system is known (de Visser, S. P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 20759-20761). Thus, a one-atom substitution in horseradish peroxidase changes the properties of the catalytic center of the enzyme to more cytochrome P450-type qualities. In particular, the phosphorus-substituted horseradish peroxidase mutant reacts with substrates via a unique reactivity pattern, whereby alkanes are regioselectively hydroxylated even in the presence of a double bond. Reaction barriers of propene epoxidation and hydroxylation are almost identical to ones observed for a cytochrome P450 catalyst and significantly higher than those obtained for a horseradish peroxidase catalyst. It is shown that the regioselectivity difference is entropy and thermally driven and that the electron-transfer processes that occur during the reaction mechanism follow cytochrome P450-type patterns in the hydroxylation reaction.     

Chiral proton catalysis: a catalytic enantioselective direct aza-Henry reaction

Despite Nature's longstanding ability to use a proton, the most prevalent Lewis acid, to both activate and orient a substrate during an enantioselective reaction, this work represents the first example of this phenomenon outside of a protein. A chiral, nonracemic BisAMidine (BAM) ligand was designed, synthesized, and complexed to the proton of a Br?nsted acid. The resulting coordination compound catalyzed the production of enantioenriched product from the combination of a Schiff base and nitroalkane (the aza-Henry reaction). This particular reaction is also considered a model for many analogous carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions catalyzed by enzymes (e.g., the Mannich reaction). This discovery suggests the use of ionic hydrogen bonds in asymmetric catalysis may not only be more general than previously thought, but also a viable "green" approach to single-enantiomer organic compounds.     

A first example of catalytic ylide epoxidation reaction: facile synthesis of vinyl epoxides from aldehydes catalyzed by diisobutyl telluride

In the presence of cesium carbonate, a variety of aldehydes can be epoxidized directly with allyl bromide at 50°C under solid-liquid phase transfer condition by use of a catalytic amount of diisobutyl telluride to afford vinyl epoxides in good yields with predominant cis stereoselectivity.     

A lipase catalyzed condensation reaction with a tricyclic diketone: yet another example of biocatalytic promiscuity

Novozym 435 (a commercially available immobilized form of Candida antarctica lipase B) was found to catalyze a condensation reaction of 5-hydroxy-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.0^2,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one with acetaldehyde (enzymatically produced from vinyl acetate in situ) under low water conditions, in presence of 10% organic co-solvent (N,N-dimethyl formamide or pyridine), to form a bis-adduct. Even though the condensation reaction occurred with pyridine (acting as a base catalyst) in the presence of acetaldehyde and in the absence of enzyme, the reaction was very slow as compared to the enzymatic process. Thus, while the non-enzymatic process took 4 days to achieve 100% conversion; in presence of enzyme it was possible within 4 h.     

Characterization of the two-component, FAD-dependent monooxygenase SgcC that requires carrier protein-tethered substrates for the biosynthesis of the enediyne antitumor antibiotic C-1027

C-1027 is a potent antitumor antibiotic composed of an apoprotein (CagA) and a reactive enediyne chromophore. The chromophore has four distinct chemical moieties, including an ( S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosine moiety, the biosynthesis of which from l-alpha-tyrosine requires five proteins: SgcC, SgcC1, SgcC2, SgcC3, and SgcC4; a sixth protein, SgcC5, catalyzes the incorporation of this beta-amino acid moiety into C-1027. Biochemical characterization of SgcC has now revealed that (i) SgcC is a two-component, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monooxygenase, (ii) SgcC is only active with SgcC2 (peptidyl carrier protein)-tethered substrates, (iii) SgcC-catalyzed hydroxylation requires O 2 and FADH 2, the latter supplied by the C-1027 pathway-specific flavin reductase SgcE6 or Escherichia coli flavin reductase Fre, and (iv) SgcC efficiently catalyzes regioselective hydroxylation of 3-substituted beta-tyrosyl-S-SgcC2 analogues, including the chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, fluoro-, and methyl-substituted analogues, but does not accept 3-hydroxy-beta-tyrosyl-S-SgcC2 as a substrate. Together with the in vitro data for SgcC4, SgcC1, and SgcC3, the results establish that SgcC catalyzes the hydroxylation of ( S)-3-chloro-beta-tyrosyl-S-SgcC2 as the final step in the biosynthesis of the ( S)-3-chloro-5-hydroxy-beta-tyrosine moiety prior to incorporation into C-1027. SgcC now represents the first biochemically characterized two-component, FAD-dependent monooxygenase that acts on a carrier-protein-tethered aromatic substrate.