A new route for the functionalisation of wood through transesterification reactions

A novel transesterification reaction between acetylated maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster Soland) and methyl benzoate (MB), in the presence of dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) as a catalyst, was performed. Reaction was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance cross-polarisation with magic-angle spinning (NMR CP MAS) analysis: signals corresponding to benzoylated wood were identified and, when transesterification was performed with ethyl trimethylsilylacetate (ETMSA), characteristic trimethylsilyl groups were detected. The acetyl/benzoyl exchange rate was found to increase with increasing amount of DBTO, temperature and reaction time and a concurrent deterioration of the woody material was evidenced.     

Highly ordered Zn-doped mesoporous silica: An efficient catalyst for transesterification reaction

Designing highly ordered material with nanoscale periodicity is of great significance in the field of solid state chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis of highly ordered 2D-hexagonal mesoporous zinc-doped silica using a mixture of anionic and cationic surfactants under hydrothermal conditions. Powder XRD, N₂ sorption, TEM analysis revealed highly ordered 2D-hexagonal arrangements of the pores with very good surface area (762 m² g⁻¹) in this Zn-rich mesoporous material. Chemical analysis shows very high loading of zinc (ca. 12.0 wt%) in the material together with retention of hexagonal pore structure. Interestingly, high temperature calcination resulted into zinc silicate phase, unlike any ZnO phase, which otherwise is expected under heat treatments. High surface area together with Zn loading in this mesoporous material has been found useful for the catalytic activity of the materials in the acid-catalyzed transesterification reactions of various esters under mild liquid phase conditions.     

Acyclic phenylalkanediols as substrates for the study of enzyme recognition: synthesis of substrates and enzymatic resolution via hydrolysis and transesterification

Different racemic or prochiral phenyl alkane (l,n)-diols were synthesized, and their resolution was carried out by two different strategies: enzymatic transesterification with vinyl acetate, or enzymatic hydrolysis of their corresponding diacetates, in both cases catalysed by porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). The absolute configuration of the optically enriched reaction products was determined by formation of Mosher's esters or by the use of the Benzene Sector and Benzene Chirality Rules as obtained from the Circular Dichroism spectra.     

Synthesis of [13]-membered macrocyclic stevastelins via a transesterification reaction as the key step: total synthesis of stevastelin C3

A new synthesis of stevastelin C3 (3), a [13]-membered ring component of the stevastelin family, whose structure was recently revised, is reported. Initially, a macrolactonization approach was attempted to generate the [13]-membered macrolactone but this met with failure, so a translactonization reaction was tried to obtain the targeted stevastelin C3 (3) from the corresponding [15]-membered ring counterpart. Unfortunately, this strategy did not prove successful, and, consequently, we opted to undertake a transesterification reaction from 23, as a means to accommodate the requisite aminoacid moiety at the correct position, to obtain 24. From 24, and through intermediates 25-28, the acyclic precursor of the [13]-membered ring macrolactone, compound 30, was efficiently prepared. By utilizing the synthetic course developed by Chida, we took 30 forward and completed the total synthesis of stevastelin C3 (3).     

Preparation and characterisation of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate and metal aluminophosphate as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification reaction

Preparation, characterisation of pure aluminophosphate and aluminophosphate modified with different transition metals (V, Fe, Co Ni & Cu) and their catalytic activity in mono/dibenzyl substituted malonates synthesis are explained. The materials were prepared by the coprecipitation method in the absence of any structure-directing species and characterized for their composition, crystalline nature, total surface acidity, specific surface area pore diameter and pore volume by different techniques. Catalytic activity of the materials was investigated in transesterification of diethylmalonate with benzyl alcohol in liquid phase. Pure aluminophosphate resulted only in benzyl ethylmalonate whereas the incorporation of transition metals favored the formation of both benzyl ethylmalonate and dibenzylmalonate. Catalytic activity parallels the surface acidity and mesoporosity of the catalysts. The effect of the molar ratio of reactants, amount of catalyst, and reaction time on the conversion of diethyl malonate and transester yield has been studied. The highest activity of iron aluminophosphate is attributed to its mesoporous nature with uniform pore size distribution, higher surface acidity and surface area. Further, the scope and generality of iron aluminophosphate as a catalyst in the transesterification was studied using various aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic alcohols. The catalysts could be recycled by retaining most of its initial activity.     

Boric acid: an efficient and environmentally benign catalyst for transesterification of ethyl acetoacetate

An efficient and environmentally benign boric acid catalyzed protocol for the transesterification of ethyl acetoacetate with a variety of primary and secondary alcohols in good to excellent yields is described. The versatility of this transformation is demonstrated with problematic substrates such as propargyl alcohol and allyl alcohol, which are known to undergo Carroll rearrangement during transesterification.     

有机-无机复合型固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化甘油乙酸甲酯酯交换反应

酸性催化剂在传统的炼化工艺和最近的生物炼制技术中均起着十分重要的作用.相较于传统的液体酸,固体酸催化剂由于具有易分离、可重复使用、无腐蚀性和环保等优点而引起了广泛的研究兴趣.在过去的几十年中,研究者们成功研制出多种不同类型的固体酸,如沸石、杂多酸、金属氧化物和磺化的碳基材料等.但是,传统的固体酸仍存在一些不足,如酸中心类型和酸强度不确定、表面酸位点分布不均以及活性位点易流失、稳定性较差等.甘油是生物柴油生产过程中的主要副产物.据统计,2022年全球生物柴油的年产量将达到1410亿升,这意味着甘油的产量也将增加.因此,将过剩的甘油催化转化制备高附加值产品具有重要的意义.甘油在酸催化的作用下可以制备得到丙酮缩甘油、甘油酯、丙烯醛和甘油醚等高附加值产品.其中,乙酸甘油酯(包括单乙酸甘油酯(MAG)、二乙酸甘油酯(DAG)和三乙酸甘油酯)在工业中具有广泛的应用,它们既可用于医药、食品和化妆品行业,又可作为燃料添加剂改善生物柴油的性能.目前乙酸甘油酯的主要合成路径为甘油与乙酸或乙酸酐酯化法,但乙酸和乙酸酐对反应设备有腐蚀性,限制了其在工业上的大规模应用.乙酸甲酯是聚乙烯醇生产过程中的主要副产物,具有来源广泛、安全、无味、易分离(沸点低)等优点,因此,以乙酸甲酯为乙酰化试剂与甘油进行酯交换反应制备乙酸甘油酯这一新的合成路径引起了关注.然而固体酸催化剂在该反应中的应用鲜有文献报道.对羟基苯磺酸(PSA)是一种有机液体强酸,可用于缩醛化、酯化、酯交换等酸催化反应中,但它不可分离、无法重复使用而且对环境污染严重.因此,本文采用一锅法,将均相PSA固载在经硅烷偶联剂KH560改性的磷酸锆载体(K-ZrP)上,制备得到一系列不同PSA含量的无机-有机复合型固体酸催化剂(PSA/K-ZrP-x).通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、固体核磁共振碳谱(13C SSNMR)表征方法研究了催化剂的精细结构,吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)光谱结果表明催化剂的酸性中心主要是布朗斯特酸,通过热重、X射线光电子能谱表征结果计算催化剂中活性组分([H+],S)的整体与表面含量,结果表明PSA/K-ZrP-2中PSA的含量已饱和,且PSA在K-ZrP载体表面分散均匀,从而增加了表面酸位点的可接触性,通过氮气吸脱附和扫描电镜研究了PSA/K-ZrP-x的形成过程,线扫描元素分析表明PSA/K-ZrP-2具有蒲公英状结构.以甘油乙酸甲酯酯交换反应为模型反应,考察了所制备催化剂的活性,结果表明PSA/K-ZrP-2催化剂的稳定性明显高于H3PW12O40,Amberlyst-45,HBEA和HZSM-5等常见的商业化固体酸和AlCl3,FeCl3等路易斯酸.在2.2％[H+]含量的PSA/K-ZrP-2催化剂作用下,10 mmol甘油与100 mmol乙酸甲酯于100℃反应4h,甘油转化率可达81.3％,MAG和DAG的选择性之和达97.7％.在反应初期(0.17 h),该催化剂的比活性可达24028.2 mg-glycerol/g-cat/h,且五次循环使用后活性无明显降低.结合本文表征结果,偶联剂KH560可增强对羟基苯磺酸和磷酸锆之间的相互作用,从而提高催化剂的稳定性.同时,该催化剂在甘油与其它酯类的酯交换反应中也表现出优异的反应活性,表明PSA/K-ZrP-2固体酸催化剂具有较好的普适性.     

Concurrent esterification and N-acetylation of amino acids with orthoesters: A useful reaction with interesting mechanistic implications

The concurrent esterification and N-acetylation of amino acids has been studied with triethyl orthoacetate (TEOA) and triethyl orthoformate (TEOF). In a surprising finding, only 1 equiv of TEOA in refluxing toluene was necessary to convert l-proline and l-phenylalanine into the corresponding N-acetyl ethyl esters in good yield. The same transformation using TEOF was not effective. Stereochemical outcome and stoichiometric studies as well as structural variation of the amino acids in this reaction provided unexpected mechanistic insight.     

Effect of transesterification products on the miscibility and phase behavior of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/bisphenol A polycarbonate blends

Blends of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/bisphenol A polycarbonate (PTT/PC) with different compositions were prepared by melt blending. The effect of transesterification on the miscibility and phase behavior of the blends was studied using DSC, DMA, and ¹H NMR. The DMA results revealed a two-phase system with partial miscibility. DSC thermograms of the first heating scan showed a crystallizable system in which addition of PC-phase reduces the degree of crystallinity. However, the cooling and also the second heating scans revealed the complete miscibility of all the blends. It was concluded that annealing at 300 °C (to remove thermal history of the blends) caused the constituents to undergo the transesterification reaction, which changes the blend to a miscible system. The miscibility is due to formation of block copolymers with different block lengths which also suppress the crystallization of the system. The degree of randomness and sequence lengths of the copolymers were determined to analyze the extent of transesterification reaction and structure of the system. It was observed that as the reaction progresses, the degree of randomness increases and the sequence length of the copolymers decreases. Moreover, both increase of reaction time and temperature increased the extent of reaction. The results of DSC and ¹H NMR showed that a small amount of reaction is needed to change this system to a miscible blend.     

Niobium(V) oxide: a new and efficient catalyst for the transesterification of β-keto esters

Niobium(V) oxide is an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of β-keto esters with several kinds of alcohols, leading to good conversions. Moderate to good isolated product yields have been obtained at faster rates than those recently reported for various catalysts.     

On the importance of the nature of the ionic liquids in the selective simultaneous separation of the substrates and products of a transesterification reaction through supported ionic liquid membranes

Previously, we reported the selective simultaneous separation of the substrates and products of a transesterification reaction (vinyl butyrate, 1-butanol, butyl butyrate, and butyric acid) through supported liquid membranes (SLMs) based on two ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim⁺][PF₆⁻], and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [omim⁺][PF₆⁻]. The significant differences observed in the selectivity values, attributed to the different nature of the ionic liquid phase used, led us to further investigate this matter.     

A mechanistic study of the reaction between furfural-acetone resins and polyamines

We have studied the reactions of furfural-acetone resins and their main components, i.e., monoand difurfurylidene acetones, with aliphatic polyamines and organic acid anhydrides. It is shown that furfural-acetone resins can be hardened under the action of polyamines and do not react with acid anhydrides. probable mechanism of the reaction with polyamines is proposed.     

A kinetic study of the reaction between formic acid and HoBr

The reaction between formic acid and HOBr in strongly acid aqueous media was studied by absorption spectrophotometry at 298 K. Bromine, the monitored species, displays a transient behavior, gradually rising up to a maximum and then decaying with first-order kinetics. Reaction rates, expressed as R = -dC_Br2/dt, depend on the concentrations of HCOOH (0.1–1.4M), HOBr (0.3–1.5 × 10^?3 M), and H⁺ (0.1–1.0M). The mechanism with k₁ =1.04 ± 0.20M^?1· s_?1, k₃ = 20.2M^?1, quantitatively accounts for all observations within experimental error.     

A study of the gas-phase reaction between protonated acetaldehyde and methanol

Protonated acetaldehyde is methylated on the oxygen during interaction with methanol in the gas phase. The ionic product of the ion/molecule reaction between methanol and protonated acetaldehyde is identical with C-protonated methylvinyl ether (high-pressure ionization), and with the (M − C₂H₅)⁺ fragment ion of sec-butyl methyl ether (following electron ionization), and also with the (M − OCH₃)⁺ fragment ion of acetaldehyde dimethylacetal (following electron ionization). The structures of these ions and the mechanism of their formation were established by isotope-labeling experiments and collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of model compounds obtained with three different types of tandem mass spectrometers (BEQQ, triple-quadrupole, and a penta-quadrupole instrument). Gas phase synthesis of the product ion from [²H₃]-methanol or [²H₄]-acetaldehyde provided insight into its mode of formation and collision-induced dissociation.     

Recyclable and selective Lewis acid catalysts for transesterification and direct esterification in a fluorous biphase system: tin(IV) and hafnium(IV) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amide complexes

Tin(IV) and hafnium(IV) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amide complexes were shown to give excellent yield and selectivity for highly practical transesterification and direct esterification, respectively, with an equimolar ratio of the reactants in a fluorous biphase system. It was found that these metal complexes were completely recovered and reused in the immobilized fluorous phase without loss of their catalytic activities.     

Insights into the cycloaddition reaction mechanism between ketenimine and unsaturated hydrocarbon: A theoretical study

The cycloaddition reaction mechanisms between interstellar molecule ketenimine and unsaturated hydrocarbon (ethyne and ethylene) have been systematically investigated employing the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) method. Geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses have been performed for the stationary points on the potential energy surfaces of the system. The calculated results show that it can be produced the five-membered cyclic carbene intermediates through pericyclic reaction processes between ketenimine and ethyne (or ethylene). For the reaction between ketenimine and ethyne, through the following H-transferred processes, carbene intermediate can be isomerized to the pyrrole compounds. For the reaction between ketenimine and ethylene, carbene intermediate can be isomerized to the pyrroline compounds. The present study is helpful to understand the reactivity of nitrogenous cumulene ketenimine and the formation of prebiotic species in interstellar space.     

吡哌酸、氟哌酸与HSA、IgC相互作用的研究

本文研究了在人体生理pH值条件下, 吡哌酸、氟哌酸与人血清白蛋白(HSA)和人体γ球蛋白(IgC)间的相互作用, 求出了吡哌酸、氟哌酸与蛋白质的结合常数及结合位置, 并根据热力学参数确定了它们之间的主要作用力类型。     

A spectrophotometric study of the colour reaction between chloranil and aromatic amines

The colour reaction between aromatic amines and chloranil was studied spectrophotometrically. A 1 : 1 adduct formed in solution, with some dissociation. The effects of solvents, acid and alkali were examined. The adducts exhibited intense, and characteristic, broad absorption bands, which could be used for the detection and estimation of an aromatic amine, in the absence of substances of similar light absorption characteristics. A correlation between the basicities of an amine and the ight absorption of the adduct was established.