有序宏孔-介孔TiO_2薄膜的制备及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

我们使用表面活性剂P123和聚苯乙烯球双模板技术,合成了多级有序的宏孔/介孔TiO2薄膜,并将其与P25多孔薄膜复合形成双层结构的染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极.实验结果表明,宏孔/介孔TiO2薄膜层的引入,有效地提高了光阳极对太阳光的散射以及捕获能力,从而提高了染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转化效率.与使用单一P25光阳极的染料敏化太阳能电池相比,双层TiO2结构的染料敏化太阳能电池所产生的短路光电流密度从7.49上升到了10.65mA/cm2,开路电压也从0.65提高到了0.70V.在太阳光强度为AM1.5时所测得的光电转化效率表明,双层TiO2结构的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转化效率为5.55%,比单层P25结构的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转化效率提升了83%.     

双面进光太阳能电池透明对电极研究进展

近年来,太阳能电池（包括染料敏化、量子点敏化及钙钛矿太阳能电池）因其成本低、质量轻、效率高受到研究人员的广泛关注.双面进光太阳能电池是太阳光能通过光阳极以及透明对电极同时入射的器件,是近年来扩宽太阳能电池光利用率及能效以达到提高器件光电性能的主要手段,其中透明对电极的性能直接影响器件的背面进光效率,因此研究对电极对提高双面进光太阳能电池光电转化效率十分必要.本文针对传统对电极透光性低,成本高,光利用率低等问题,与双面进光的高光电转换效率以及低成本等特点对比,综合分析了透明对电极材料的选择及界面修饰改性等对双面进光染料敏化、量子点敏化及钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能的影响及其应用前景.     

骨架结构多孔TiO2薄膜增强染料敏化太阳能电池性能

以空心球状TiO₂为基体、以片状TiO₂为骨架,采用刮刀法制备了染料敏化太阳能电池的多孔TiO₂光阳极薄膜。光电转化效率测试结果表明,当作为骨架支撑材料的片状TiO₂含量为20wt%时,光阳极薄膜组装成太阳能电池的光电转化效率达到最高值4.53%,比商业P₂₅制备的无孔无骨架TiO₂薄膜电池(4.06%)及无骨架结构的多孔TiO₂薄膜电池(4.17%)的性能均有显著提高。当片状TiO₂的最佳含量为20wt%电池薄膜厚度为33μm时,太阳能电池光电转化效率进一步提升为7.06%。光电性能增强的原因是骨架结构有利于快速传输电子并增大染料吸附量。本研究通过设计制备具有骨架结构的多孔TiO₂薄膜为提高染料敏化太阳能电池性能提供了新的思路。     

骨架结构多孔TiO2薄膜增强染料敏化太阳能电池性能

以空心球状TiO₂为基体、以片状TiO₂为骨架,采用刮刀法制备了染料敏化太阳能电池的多孔TiO₂光阳极薄膜。光电转化效率测试结果表明,当作为骨架支撑材料的片状TiO₂含量为20wt%时,光阳极薄膜组装成太阳能电池的光电转化效率达到最高值4.53%,比商业P25制备的无孔无骨架TiO₂薄膜电池(4.06%)及无骨架结构的多孔TiO₂薄膜电池(4.17%)的性能均有显著提高。当片状TiO₂的最佳含量为20wt%电池薄膜厚度为33 μm时,太阳能电池光电转化效率进一步提升为7.06%。光电性能增强的原因是骨架结构有利于快速传输电子并增大染料吸附量。本研究通过设计制备具有骨架结构的多孔TiO₂薄膜为提高染料敏化太阳能电池性能提供了新的思路。     

TiO2/SnO2复合空心球在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

采用模板辅助法制备了SnO2/TiO2复合空心球,样品直径为1.5~4.0μm,比表面积达到了92.9 m^2·g^-1,复合空心球表现出优越的光散射性能.以这种复合空心球作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极,电池的光电转换效率可达到7.72%,高于SnO2微米球(2.70%)和TiO2微米球(6.26%).此外,以锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶作为底层,SnO2/TiO2复合空心球作为光散射层制备的双层结构光阳极,电池光电转换效率进一步提升至8.43%.     

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池是一种受到广泛关注的新型太阳能电池。根据电池的结构不同可以将其分为p型和p-n叠层型染料敏化太阳能电池。其中p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的理论光电效率可以达到43%,高于传统的基于n型TiO_2光阳极的染料敏化太阳能电池理论效率(30%),引起了科学界的高度关注。本文将总结基于p型光电极染料敏化太阳能电池(p型和p-n型叠层器件)的研究成果,重点介绍用于p型和p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的电极材料,染料及电解质的研究进展;同时总结目前该类电池发展中亟需解决的问题以及进一步提高器件效率的途径。     

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池是一种受到广泛关注的新型太阳能电池。根据电池的结构不同可以将其分为p型和p-n叠层型染料敏化太阳能电池。其中p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的理论光电效率可以达到43%,高于传统的基于n型TiO₂光阳极的染料敏化太阳能电池理论效率（30%）,引起了科学界的高度关注。本文将总结基于p型光电极染料敏化太阳能电池（p型和p-n型叠层器件）的研究成果,重点介绍用于p型和p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的电极材料,染料及电解质的研究进展;同时总结目前该类电池发展中亟需解决的问题以及进一步提高器件效率的途径。     

水热法可控合成二氧化钛纳米晶及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

本文报道了水热法可控合成二氧化钛纳米晶及其在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用.选择合适的有机碱胶化剂,能很好地控制二氧化钛纳米晶的生长,形成不同形貌和粒径的锐钛矿型二氧化钛纳米晶颗粒.染料敏化太阳能电池光电性能测试结果表明,以四乙基氢氧化铵为胶化剂合成的边长为8～13nm的正方形二氧化钛纳米晶构成的光阳极光电性能优于以四丁基氢氧化铵为胶化剂合成的边长为7～10nm的正方形二氧化钛纳米晶以及长18～35nm,宽10～18nm的长方形二氧化钛纳米晶构成的光阳极.用较高浓度的四甲基氢氧化铵胶化剂能合成球形或椭球形亚微米级二氧化钛颗粒,以其为散射中心在光阳极中构建散射层,染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率能由6.77%提高到8.18%.     

基于TiO2纳米管阵列的高效正面透光型染料敏化太阳能电池的制备及其光电性能

报道了一种基于TiO2纳米管(TNT)阵列正面透光型光阳极的高效染料敏化太阳能电池.将TNTs在450°C烧结后能避免其有序结构在HF处理过程中被破坏,使膜内高速电子传输通道被保留,有利于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)实现高速电荷传输.再用HF、TiCl4、HF和TiCl4混合等溶剂对TNTs进行处理,提高其表面粗糙度以吸附更多染料.染料吸附量的增加能提高光阳极在300-570 nm波段光子捕获效率,该波段是染料吸收光子的主要区域.然而,在染料吸收光子较弱的长波段区域(570-800 nm)光子捕获效率的增加主要源于光阳极光散射率的提高.光阳极光子捕获效率的提高使DSSC的内外量子效率在全波段(300-800 nm)均有所增加,从而使短路电流明显提高.从电化学阻抗数据可知,与电子传输性能密切相关的电化学参数如电荷传输电阻、界面电荷复合电阻、电容、电子寿命、电子扩散长度和电子收集效率等在含处理过的TNTs光阳极DSSC中均有所改善,从而提高电池光电转换效率.含HF和TiCl4混合溶剂处理TNTs光阳极的DSSC最高光电转换效率能达到7.30%,比未处理的DSSC(5.38%)提高35.69%.     

基于TiO_2纳米管阵列的高效正面透光型染料敏化太阳能电池的制备及其光电性能（英文）

报道了一种基于TiO2纳米管(TNT)阵列正面透光型光阳极的高效染料敏化太阳能电池.将TNTs在450°C烧结后能避免其有序结构在HF处理过程中被破坏,使膜内高速电子传输通道被保留,有利于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)实现高速电荷传输.再用HF、TiCl4、HF和TiCl4混合等溶剂对TNTs进行处理,提高其表面粗糙度以吸附更多染料.染料吸附量的增加能提高光阳极在300-570 nm波段光子捕获效率,该波段是染料吸收光子的主要区域.然而,在染料吸收光子较弱的长波段区域(570-800 nm)光子捕获效率的增加主要源于光阳极光散射率的提高.光阳极光子捕获效率的提高使DSSC的内外量子效率在全波段(300-800 nm)均有所增加,从而使短路电流明显提高.从电化学阻抗数据可知,与电子传输性能密切相关的电化学参数如电荷传输电阻、界面电荷复合电阻、电容、电子寿命、电子扩散长度和电子收集效率等在含处理过的TNTs光阳极DSSC中均有所改善,从而提高电池光电转换效率.含HF和TiCl4混合溶剂处理TNTs光阳极的DSSC最高光电转换效率能达到7.30%,比未处理的DSSC(5.38%)提高35.69%.     

TiCl4 assisted formation of nano-TiO2 secondary structure in photoactive electrodes for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

A new kind of photoactive electrodes with nanocrystalline TiO2(nano-TiO2)secondary structure is successfully prepared via a simple method of adding a small amount of TiCl4 2-propanol solution in conventional nano-TiO2 paste to form micro-sized nano-TiO2 aggregates.The benefits of this special structure include improved optical absorption,increased light scattering ability,and enhanced electron transport and collection efficiency.Dye-sensitized solar cells(DSCs)based on these photoactive electrodes show improved performance.The power conversion efficiency of the cells can be increased from 5.03%to 7.30%by substituting 6μm conventional nano-TiO2 thin film with the same thickness of as-prepared nano-TiO2 aggregates film in the photoactive electrodes.A higher power conversion efficiency of the cells can be obtained by further increasing the thickness of the nano-TiO2 aggregates film.     

A novel architecture of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-framed TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells

A novel architecture of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-framed TiO₂ electrodes is developed for dye-sensitized solar cells. The PTFE-framed TiO₂ electrodes with various thicknesses have been successfully fabricated, ranging from 20 to 160 μm. The optimal energy conversion efficiency of 9.04% is achieved with a film thickness of 60 μm. The PTFE-framed structure not only provides tunable film thickness but a reliable and cost-effective way for the mass production of photo-electrodes.     

Achieving Efficient Thick Film All-polymer Solar Cells Using a Green Solvent Additive

Advances in organic photovoltaic technologies have been geared toward industrial high-throughput printing manufacturing, which requires insensitivity of photovoltaic performance regarding to the light-harvesting layer thickness. However, the thickness of light-harvesting layer for all polymer solar cells(all-PSCs) is often limited to about 100 nm due to the dramatically decreased fill factor upon increasing film thickness, which hampers the light harvesting capability to increase the power conversion efficiency, and is unfavorable for fabricating large-area devices. Here we demonstrate that by tuning the bulk heterojunction morphology using a non-halogenated solvent, cyclopentyl methyl ether, in the presence of a green solvent additive of dibenzyl ether, the power conversion efficiency of all-PSCs with photoactive layer thicknesses of over500 nm reached an impressively high value of 9%. The generic applicability of this green solvent additive to boost the power conversion efficiency of thick-film devices is also validated in various bulk heterojunction active layer systems, thus representing a promising approach for the fabrication of all-PSCs toward industrial production, as well as further commercialization.     

Electrophoretic Deposition of a Reduced Graphene–Au Nanoparticle Composite Film as Counter Electrode for CdS Quantum Dot‐Sensitized Solar Cells

A reduced graphene (RG)‐Au nanoparticle composite film is successfully fabricated by electrophoretic deposition and used as counter electrode for quantum dot‐sensitized solar cells. The RG‐Au composite is prepared by one‐step microwave‐assisted reduction of chloroaurate in alkaline solution with graphite oxide dispersion. Under one sun illumination (AM 1.5 G, 100 mW cm^?2), the cell with a RG‐Au counter electrode shows an energy conversion efficiency of 1.36 %, which is higher than those of cells employing conventional Pt or Au counter electrodes, due to the superior combination of highly catalytic Au nanoparticles and the conductive graphene network structure.     

Novel ZnO nanostructured electrodes for higher power conversion efficiencies in polymeric solar cells

1-Dimensional nanostructured ZnO electrodes have been demonstrated to be potentially interesting for their application in solar cells. Herein, we present a novel procedure to control the ZnO nanowire optoelectronic properties by means of surface modification. The nanowire surface is functionalized with ZnO nanoparticles in order to provide an improved contact to the photoactive P3HT:PCBM film that enhances the overall power conversion efficiency of the resulting solar cell. Charge extraction and transient photovoltage measurements have been used to successfully demonstrate that the surface modified nanostructured electrode contributes in enhancing the exciton dissociating ratio and in enlarging the charge lifetime as a consequence of a reduced charge recombination. Under AM1.5G illumination, all these factors contribute to a considerably large increase in photocurrent yielding unusually high conversion efficiencies over 4% and external quantum efficiencies of 87% at 550 nm for commercially available P3HT:PCBM based solar cells. The same approach might be equally used for polymeric materials under development to overcome the record reported efficiencies.     

喷涂法制备高效率三元体系聚合物太阳能电池

采用喷涂技术制备了能量转化效率为9.06%的三元体系聚合物太阳能电池,该太阳能电池在卷对卷印刷和规模化生产中具有极大的应用潜力。     

Comparison of electrode structures and photovoltaic properties of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with TiO2 and Nb, Ge, Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes

Electrode structures and photovoltaic properties of porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were examined to disclose the effects of partial substitution of Ti atom by the other metals in the composite electrodes. The TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were prepared by sol-gel process using laurylamine hydrochloride as a template for the formation of micellar precursors yielding well-defined mesoporous nanocrystalline structures, as in the cases of the formation of silica and titania tubules and nanoparticles by the templating mechanism. The TiO2 and Nb-, Ge-, and Zr-added TiO2 composite electrodes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, BET surface area analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and impedance measurements. The TiO2 anatase nanocrystalline structure is retained after doping a small amount (5 mol %) of Nb, Ge, or Zr into the TiO2 structure, suggesting the homogeneous distribution of the doped metals with replacing Ti atom by the doped metal. The power conversion efficiency of the porphyrin-sensitized solar cells increases in the order Zr-added TiO2 (0.8%) < Nb-added TiO2 (1.2%) < TiO2 (2.0%) < Ge-added TiO2 cells (2.4%) under the same conditions. The improvement of cell performance of the Ge-added TiO2 cell results from the negative shift of the conduction band of the Ge-added TiO2 electrode. The Ge-added TiO2 cell exhibited a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.5% when the porphyrin was adsorbed onto the surface of the Ge-added TiO2 electrode with a thickness of 4 microm in MeOH for 1 h.     

Self-Assembled Graphene/MWCNT Bilayers as Platinum-Free Counter Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We describe the preparation and properties of bilayers of graphene- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an alternative to conventionally used platinum-based counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The counter electrodes were prepared by a simple and easy-to-implement double self-assembly process. The preparation allows for controlling the surface roughness of electrode in a layer-by-layer deposition. Annealing under N₂ atmosphere improves the electrode's conductivity and the catalytic activity of graphene and MWCNTs to reduce the I₃⁻ species within the electrolyte of the DSSC. The performance of different counter-electrodes is compared for ZnO photoanode-based DSSCs. Bilayer electrodes show higher power conversion efficiencies than monolayer graphene electrodes or monolayer MWCNTs electrodes. The bilayer graphene (bottom)/MWCNTs (top) counter electrode-based DSSC exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency of 4.1 % exceeding the efficiency of a reference DSSC with a thin film platinum counter electrode (efficiency of 3.4 %). In addition, the double self-assembled counter electrodes are mechanically stable, which enables their recycling for DSSCs fabrication without significant loss of the solar cell performance.     

基于咔唑染料敏化剂的合成及电喷雾的DSSC器件制备

本文设计并合成了两个不含金属的新型纯有机染料CBR和CI,用核磁共振、MALDI-TOF、紫外可见吸收光谱和红外光谱对其结构进行了表征,将其应用到以电喷雾法制备Ti O2光阳极的染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)中,并测定了染料在Ti O2光阳极上的吸附量.结果表明,在AM 1.5 G的模拟光照下,基于染料CI的电池有更好的器件性能,短路电流(JSC)、开路电压(VOC)、填充因子(FF)和电池效率(η)分别为5.4 m A/cm2、0.73 V、0.58和2.3%.鉴于纯有机染料CBR和CI在350~450 nm区域的吸收较强,选择染料CBR或CI与传统染料N719共敏化,器件效率由5.2%(N719)分别提高到了5.6%(CBR-N719)和6.7%(CI-N719).     

Copper selenide film electrodes prepared by combined electrochemical/chemical bath depositions with high photo-electrochemical conversion efficiency and stability

Copper selenide (of the type Cu_2-xSe) film electrodes, prepared by combined electrochemical (ECD) followed by chemical bath deposition (CBD), may yield high photo-electrochemical (PEC) conversion efficiency (∼14.6%) with no further treatment. The new ECD/CBD-copper selenide film electrodes show enhanced PEC characteristics and exhibit high stability under PEC conditions, compared to the ECD or the CBD films deposited separately. The electrodes combine the advantages of both ECD-copper selenide electrodes (in terms of good adherence to FTO surface and high surface uniformity) and CBD-copper selenide electrodes (suitable film thickness). Effect of annealing temperature, on the ECD/CBD film electrode composition and efficiency, is discussed.