影响微藻规模化培养的因素

概述了微藻生物能源技术中的微藻规模化培养的研究现状,从藻种筛选、代谢机理、培养条件和光生物反应器几个不同的角度阐述了影响微藻规模化培养的因素,为微藻生物能源的发展及光生物反应器的研发提供建议与思路.     

微藻的高油脂化技术

温室效应与石化能源紧缺已成为全球问题,生物燃料作为一种可再生且环境友好的替代能源受到人们的普遍关注。不少微藻油含量高,环境适应性强,净碳值几乎为零,被认为是生物质能,尤其生物柴油最重要的原料来源之一。本文综述了油脂微藻的国内外研究现状,并对高油脂微藻藻种筛选、高密度培养,以及提高微藻油脂含量和产油速率的可能方法进行了讨论;阐述了采用基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性;最后介绍了以CO2废气为碳源,膜生物反应器强化微藻培养技术,为进一步降低微藻产油成本,提高微藻生物柴油经济性提出了一条极有可能实现工业化的潜在高效生产途径。     

微藻的高油脂化技术研究进展

温室效应与石化能源紧缺已成为全球问题,生物燃料作为一种可再生且环境友好的替代能源受到人们的普遍关注。不少微藻油含量高,环境适应性强,净碳值几乎为零,被认为是生物质能,尤其是生物柴油最重要的原料来源之一。本文综述了油脂微藻的国内外研究现状,并对高油脂微藻藻种筛选、高密度培养,以及提高微藻油脂含量和产油速率的可能方法进行了讨论;阐述了采用基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性;最后介绍了以CO2废气为碳源,膜生物反应器强化微藻培养技术,为进一步降低微藻产油成本,提高微藻生物柴油经济性提出了一条极有可能实现工业化的潜在高效生产途径。     

微藻脂肪合成与代谢调控

随着能源与环境问题的日益严峻,利用微藻生产生物柴油已经成为研究者们关注的焦点。与传统油料作物相比,微藻具有生长速度快、含油量高、不占用耕地等优势,是极具潜力的生物燃料生产原料。虽然许多微藻在压力条件下会在细胞内积累脂肪,特别是中性脂肪三酰甘油(TAG),它是生产生物柴油的主要原料,但目前对于微藻脂肪的合成和代谢调控还了解的很少。为了更好地理解和操纵微藻脂肪代谢以增强脂肪积累,本文综述了微藻脂肪合成与代谢调控的研究进展,包括TAG生物合成途径,提高脂肪积累的生化调控和基因工程策略,阐述了营养控制对脂肪积累的影响,总结了增强脂肪酸合成途径、增强Kennedy途径、调控TAG旁路途经、抑制脂肪合成的竞争途径、抑制脂肪的分解代谢等5种基因工程策略,同时也对微藻脂肪代谢研究的发展进行了展望。     

能源微藻采收及油脂提取技术

微藻具有光合效率高、生长周期短、油含量高等特性,是一种极具前景的生物柴油大宗原料。藻体采收和油脂提取是决定微藻柴油生产成本的关键环节,此下游技术的改进对提高微藻产油的经济性意义重大。本文综述了国内外微藻培养液的浓缩采收方法,并对絮凝沉降、絮凝气浮、离心和过滤等方法的作用机制和采收效率进行比较;阐述了目前微藻油脂的提取技术,从操作条件和能量消耗角度分别对有机溶剂、超临界和亚临界法进行评价;特别介绍了一种同时实现微藻生长和油脂提取的新型微藻油脂原位萃取法;最后总结了微藻能源下游技术中存在的主要问题和今后的发展方向,为进一步提高微藻生物柴油经济性提出参考性意见。     

煤层气治理与利用技术研究开发进展

煤层气作为一种非常规天然气,既是宝贵的清洁能源,其主要成分甲烷同时也是一种主要的温室气体;煤层气的直接排放不仅加剧了大气温室效应和环境污染,同时也是能源资源的极大浪费.近年来,煤层气的治理和利用受到了广泛关注,有关技术研究和开发取得了很大进展.本文对近年来煤层气的治理和利用技术研发进展进行了总结和评估,侧重于介绍煤层气分离系统中关键的中、高浓度煤层气催化燃烧脱氧技术以及乏风瓦斯逆向流催化燃烧减排及余热利用技术.最后对煤层气综合利用技术进行了展望.     

湿地温室气体气相色谱分析及采样-进样技术研究进展

总结了近年来湿地温室气体通量研究的国内外现状,介绍了中科院成都生物研究所高原湿地温室气体监测的样品采集和分析技术的研究成果,并对湿地温室气体色谱分析采样-进样技术的改进展开了探讨.拟研制开发一种全新的采样-进样技术,以提高样品分析的速率和准确性,拓展色谱技术在生态环境领域的适用范围.     

微藻高油脂化基因工程研究策略

石化能源危机与全球气候变化已成为人类的两大重要难题。生物柴油作为可替代普通柴油的环境友好且可再生的能源受到普遍关注。相比植物油和动物脂肪生产,藻类油脂产率高且容易培养,被认为是未来生物柴油发展的重要原料之一。通过转基因技术强化油脂代谢途径,提高富油微藻含油量,已经成为新的研究热点。已有植物研究表明,增强甘油酯酰基转移酶表达,可以提高Kennedy途径代谢中间体通量,从而增加甘油三酯(TAG)的积累。本文综述了微藻油脂代谢途径的国内外研究现状和提高油脂积累的代谢调控策略;详细阐述了基于植物油脂合成强化的成功经验,通过增强微藻Kennedy途径对提高TAG生物合成的重要作用;讨论了当前转基因微藻的遗传转化方法及其需要解决的关键性科学技术问题;分析了基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性,并对该研究的发展进行了展望。     

微藻生物固碳技术进展和发展趋势

大气中CO2含量升高是导致温室效应的主要原因,因此,减少CO2的排放和积累是解决全球气候变暖的重点.传统的CO2减排方法包括捕集(capture)和储存(storage),涉及化学吸附、物理吸收、膜分离和低温蒸馏等一系列物理化学方法,但其均存在成本高和不可再生等缺点.通过种植或养殖生物质可以捕集CO2.微藻生长周期短、光合效率高,其CO2固定效率为一般陆生植物的10~50倍;同时微藻生长速度快,能利用不可耕地,具有广阔的发展前景.本文概述了适用的藻种及所能达到的CO2固定效果,分析了光生物反应器类型、光照强度、光周期、温度、pH、CO2浓度、CO2吸收效率、气体传质效率和营养需求(包括来自市政和工业农废水中的N、P等营养)等多种因素对微藻固碳效果的影响.最后,对微藻固碳的实际应用和经济可行性进行了评估,展望了微藻固碳技术的发展和应用前景.     

低碳复合能源系统——中国未来能源的解决方案和发展模式?

中国以煤为主的资源禀赋和能源消费结构,以及持续增长的能源需求和CO2减排压力,是中国能源发展所面临的重大挑战.本文提出了"低碳复合能源系统"的设想和解决方案,将煤等高含碳资源与核能和可再生能源等低碳资源进行耦合,通过其物质流、能源流和信息流的集成,提高系统能效和碳效并实现CO2减排与资源化利用,使其成为中国未来能源发展的战略解决方案.在此基础上,构建了核能-煤基低碳复合能源系统、风能/太阳能-煤(生物质)基低碳复合能源系统,并对其进行初步技术经济评估和详尽地诠释.     

Utilization of Agricultural Residues of Pineapple Peels and Sugarcane Bagasse as Cost-Saving Raw Materials in Scenedesmus acutus for Lipid Accumulation and Biodiesel Production

The aim of this study is to optimize the lipid accumulation in microalgae by using two agricultural residues of pineapple peels and sugarcane bagasse as low-cost organic carbon sources. Green microalgae Scenedesmus acutus was isolated and selected for cultivation. Effects of three initial sugar concentrations and the stage for adding sugar during cultivation on biomass and lipid production were investigated. The results clearly showed that two-stage cultivation is more suitable than one-stage. The maximum biomass concentration and productivity were obtained at 3.85 g/L and 160.42 mg/L/day when sugarcane bagasse was used. The highest lipid content and lipid yield was reached at 28.05 % and 0.93 g/L when pineapple peels were used, while in the case of sugarcane bagasse, 40.89 % and 1.24 g/L lipid content and yield were obtained. Lipid content was found in normal condition (autotrophic) at 17.71 % which was approximately 2.13-fold lower than when sugarcane bagasse was used (40.89 %). Biodiesel production via in situ transesterification was also investigated; the main fatty acids of palmitic acid and oleic acid were found. This work indicates that using agricultural residues as organic carbon sources could be able to increase lipid content and reduce the cost of biofuel production.     

Production,Purification, and Study of the Amino Acid Composition of Microalgae Proteins

Microalgae are known to be rich in protein. In this study, we aim to investigate methods of producing and purifying proteins of 98 microalgae including Chlorella vulgaris, Arthrospira platensis, Nostoc sp., Dunaliella salina, and Pleurochrysis carterae (Baltic Sea). Therefore, we studied their amino acid composition and developed a two-stage protein concentrate purification method from the microalgae biomass. After an additional stage of purification, the mass fraction of protein substances with a molecular weight greater than 50 kDa in the protein concentrate isolated from the biomass of the microalga Dunaliella salina increased by 2.58 times as compared with the mass fraction before filtration. In the protein concentrate isolated from the biomass of the microalga Pleurochrysis cartera, the relative content of the fraction with a molecular weight greater than 50.0 kDa reached 82.4%, which was 2.43 times higher than the relative content of the same fractions in the protein concentrate isolated from this culture before the two-stage purification. The possibilities of large-scale industrial production of microalgae biomass and an expanded range of uses determine the need to search for highly productive protein strains of microalgae and to optimize the conditions for isolating amino acids from them.     

Recovering Microalgal Bioresources: A Review of Cell Disruption Methods and Extraction Technologies

Microalgae have evolved into a promising sustainable source of a wide range of compounds, including protein, carbohydrates, biomass, vitamins, animal feed, and cosmetic products. The process of extraction of intracellular composites in the microalgae industry is largely determined by the microalgal species, cultivation methods, cell wall disruption techniques, and extraction strategies. Various techniques have been applied to disrupt the cell wall and recover the intracellular molecules from microalgae, including non-mechanical, mechanical, and combined methods. A comprehensive understanding of the cell disruption processes in each method is essential to improve the efficiency of current technologies and further development of new methods in this field. In this review, an overview of microalgal cell disruption techniques and an analysis of their performance and challenges are provided. A number of studies on cell disruption and microalgae extraction are examined in order to highlight the key challenges facing the field of microalgae and their future prospects. In addition, the amount of product recovery for each species of microalgae and the important parameters for each technique are discussed. Finally, pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted treatments, which are becoming an attractive option due to their simplicity and effectiveness in extracting microalgae compounds, are discussed in detail.     

Photoautotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Accumulating Microalgae Consortia Selected under Nitrogen and Phosphate Limitation

Microalgae consortia were photoautotrophically cultivated in sequencing batch photobioreactors (SBPRs) with an alteration of the normal growth and starvation (nutrient limitation) phases to select consortia capable of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation. At the steady state of SBPR operation, the obtained microalgae consortia, selected under nitrogen and phosphate limitation, accumulated up to 11.38% and 10.24% of PHA in their biomass, which was identified as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB). Photoautotrophic and mixotrophic batch cultivation of the selected microalgae consortia was conducted to investigate the potential of biomass and PHA production. Sugar source supplementation enhanced the biomass and PHA production, with the highest PHA contents of 10.94 and 6.2%, and cumulative PHA productions of 100 and 130 mg/L, with this being achieved with sugarcane juice under nitrogen and phosphate limitation, respectively. The analysis of other macromolecules during batch cultivation indicated a high content of carbohydrates and lipids under nitrogen limitation, while higher protein contents were detected under phosphate limitation. These results recommended the selected microalgae consortia as potential tools for PHA and bioresource production. The mixed-culture non-sterile cultivation system developed in this study provides valuable information for large-scale microalgal PHA production process development following the biorefinery concept.     

A new strategy for lipid production by mix cultivation of Spirulina platensis and Rhodotorula glutinis

Mix cultivation of microalgae (Spirulina platensis) and yeast (Rhodotorula glutinis) for lipid production was studied. Mixing cultivation of the two microorganisms significantly increased the accumulation of total biomass and total lipid yield. Dissolved oxygen and medium components in the mixed fermentation medium were analyzed. Mix cultivation in monosodium glutamate wastewater was further studied. Result indicated 1,600 mg/L of biomass was obtained and 73% of COD were removed.     

Isolation of Novel Microalgae from Acid Mine Drainage and Its Potential Application for Biodiesel Production

Microalgae were selected and isolated from acid mine drainage in order to find microalgae species which could be cultivated in low pH condition. In the present investigation, 30 microalgae were isolated from ten locations of acid mine drainage in South Korea. Four microalgae were selected based on their growth rate, morphology, and identified as strains of KGE1, KGE3, KGE4, and KGE7. The dry biomass of microalgae species ranged between 1 and 2 g L^?1 after 21 days of cultivation. The growth kinetics of microalgae was well described by logistic growth model. Among these, KGE7 has the highest biomass production (2.05?±?0.35 g L^?1), lipid productivity (0.82?±?0.14 g L^?1), and C16–C18 fatty acid contents (97.6 %). These results suggest that Scenedesmus sp. KGE 7 can be utilized for biodiesel production based on its high biomass and lipid productivity.     

Highly Valuable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae: Strategies to Improve Their Yields and Their Potential Exploitation in Aquaculture

Microalgae have a great potential for the production of healthy food and feed supplements. Their ability to convert carbon into high-value compounds and to be cultured in large scale without interfering with crop cultivation makes these photosynthetic microorganisms promising for the sustainable production of lipids. In particular, microalgae represent an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whose consumption is related to various health benefits for humans and animals. In recent years, several strategies to improve PUFAs’ production in microalgae have been investigated. Such strategies include selecting the best performing species and strains and the optimization of culturing conditions, with special emphasis on the different cultivation systems and the effect of different abiotic factors on PUFAs’ accumulation in microalgae. Moreover, developments and results obtained through the most modern genetic and metabolic engineering techniques are described, focusing on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid production or an altered PUFAs’ profile. Additionally, we provide an overview of biotechnological applications of PUFAs derived from microalgae as safe and sustainable organisms, such as aquafeed and food ingredients, and of the main techniques (and their related issues) for PUFAs’ extraction and purification from microalgal biomass.     

Mixotrophic Cultivation of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: Status and Prospects

Biodiesel from microalgae provides a promising alternative for biofuel production. Microalgae can be produced under three major cultivation modes, namely photoautotrophic cultivation, heterotrophic cultivation, and mixotrophic cultivation. Potentials and practices of biodiesel production from microalgae have been demonstrated mostly focusing on photoautotrophic cultivation; mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae for biodiesel production has rarely been reviewed. This paper summarizes the mechanisms and virtues of mixotrophic microalgae cultivation through comparison with other major cultivation modes. Influencing factors of microalgal biodiesel production under mixotrophic cultivation are presented, development of combining microalgal biodiesel production with wastewater treatment is especially reviewed, and bottlenecks and strategies for future commercial production are also identified.     

Growth of Chlorella vulgaris on Sugarcane Vinasse: The Effect of Anaerobic Digestion Pretreatment

Microalgae farming has been identified as the most eco-sustainable solution for producing biodiesel. However, the operation of full-scale plants is still limited by costs and the utilization of industrial and/or domestic wastes can significantly improve economic profits. Several waste effluents are valuable sources of nutrients for the cultivation of microalgae. Ethanol production from sugarcane, for instance, generates significant amounts of organically rich effluent, the vinasse. After anaerobic digestion treatment, nutrient remaining in such an effluent can be used to grow microalgae. This research aimed to testing the potential of the anaerobic treated vinasse as an alternative source of nutrients for culturing microalgae with the goal of supplying the biodiesel industrial chain with algal biomass and oil. The anaerobic process treating vinasse reached a steady state at about 17 batch cycles of 24 h producing about 0.116 m³CH₄ kgCOD_vinasse ^?1. The highest productivity of Chlorella vulgaris biomass (70 mg l^?1 day^?1) was observed when using medium prepared with the anaerobic digester effluent. Lipid productivity varied from 0.5 to 17 mg l^?1 day^?1. Thus, the results show that it is possible to integrate the culturing of microalgae with the sugarcane industry by means of anaerobic digestion of the vinasse. There is also the advantageous possibility of using by-products of the anaerobic digestion such as methane and CO₂ for sustaining the system with energy and carbon source, respectively.