液体环二次破碎所形成云雾颗粒尺寸测量和测试系统的标定

介绍了激光散射法测量颗粒尺寸系统的工作原理和标定结果,并对液体环轴对称抛撒进行了光学测量。实验结果表明,液体环二次破碎产生云雾区的液滴Ｓａｕｔｅｒ平均直径在固定点随时间的增加呈减小的趋势,而云雾区的宽度和云雾区前缘的液滴颗粒的Ｓａｕｔｅｒ平均直径则随测量的距离增加均有所增加。     

竖直下抛液体燃料爆炸抛撒的初步数值研究

对具有轴向初始速度即竖直下抛液体燃料的爆炸抛撒云雾形成过程进行了数值研究。近场的数据来自丁珏等的工作,以此数据作为远场初始参数。远场是燃料液滴与空气、燃料蒸汽、不同尺寸的液滴颗粒组成的多相体系之间的相互作用的过程。液滴的直径比较小,把液滴看成连续介质,且相互作用只考虑液滴的蒸发、破碎、碰撞聚合。轴向初速为0(静爆)时计算结果与实验结果相吻合。这说明本模型可以模拟爆炸抛撒云雾的形成过程,进而可以预估高速运动下云雾的形成过程。用以上模型计算了竖直下抛初速为100m/s、装填5kgPO的FAE装置的爆炸抛撒过程。所得的结果表明,100m/s的初速将影响云雾的最终形状及云雾内部的浓度分布。     

激波作用下液体喷射雾化的实验研究

液体在气流作用下的喷射抛撒过程是流体力学研究中令人感兴趣的重要领域,笔者采用改进后的激波管实现了激波作用下液体的喷射抛撒,并通过阴影照相和激光散射法分别对液体的抛撒状态和抛撒液滴的直径进行了测量,研究表明,在喷射过程中,流场中固定位置所测得的液滴Ｓａｒｔｅｒ平均直径随时间的发展而逐渐减小,在开始时时刻液滴直三小较快而最终渐趋平缓;在对不同抛撒距离雾化场的测量中发现,没位置测得的颗粒最大直 隧测得位     

FAE爆炸场超压与威力的实验研究

利用现场测试系统动态灵敏度标定技术,分别等精度测试了FAE和TNT爆炸场峰值超压。在此基础上获得了各自的爆炸波峰值超压随传播距离的拟合曲线和TNT当量比。结果表明:FAE爆炸场超压分布规律与TNT有显著区别,前者属于大体积云雾爆炸,爆炸场可划分为云雾爆轰区、云雾边缘区和冲击波作用区;在云雾爆轰区,超压平均值在2.6MPa左右,在小于2/3云雾半径的范围内比同质量的TNT低,在大于2/3的云雾半径范围则显著大于TNT;在冲击波作用区,环氧丙烷燃料的FAE爆炸超压约是TNT爆炸效果的5倍,超压均呈衰减趋势,但FAE衰减比TNT缓慢许多。     

固态燃料空气炸药空爆实验研究

通过四组无约束固态燃料空气炸药(FAE)装置与等质量的TNT在野外开放空间的一次起爆对比实验,测得了不同配方组份FAE装置在不同距离的爆炸超压分布,FAE装置峰值超压比相同距离的TNT高1.14~1.6倍;并运用空气冲击波峰值超压公式计算出了FAE的等效爆炸TNT当量随距离的变化关系,在爆炸场边缘区,FAE装置爆炸当量达到了3.88倍TNT当量;通过高速摄影的图片得到了爆炸产生火球的持续时间和最大作用范围,与等质量TNT爆炸火球相比,FAE的优势明显;运用粉尘爆炸下极限浓度估算了云雾爆轰区半径,并分析了测量到的固态FAE爆炸场的压力分布单调衰减的原因;建议在保持超压不变的情况下,把提高爆温作为提高FAE爆炸性能的主要途径。     

一次引爆型固相FAE云雾爆轰半径的研究

研究了氧平衡及爆炸下极限条件对燃料空气炸药（Fuel Air Explosive,FAE）云雾爆轰半径的影响。由固相FAE燃料的氧平衡及爆炸下极限条件,导出一次引爆型固相FAE云雾爆轰半径计算公式,并从理论上给出了FAE云雾爆轰半径的范围。通过对FAE爆炸场超压的测量及对FAE爆炸过程高速摄像分幅照片的定量分析,得到一次引爆型固相FAE的云雾爆轰半径,并将其与计算的云雾爆轰半径进行了对比,计算的云雾爆轰半径与试验值是一致的。研究结果表明,FAE燃料负氧越多,对应的云雾爆轰半径值越大;燃料爆炸下极限值越小,对应的云雾爆轰半径值越大,且固相FAE的爆轰半径不超过爆炸下极限条件爆轰半径。FAE中的高效燃料可以通过氧平衡以及爆炸下极限条件来选择,以此提高FAE的功率。     

固态燃料小型FAE装置空中爆炸场效应分析

通过一次引爆固态复合粉尘燃料小型FAE装置与等质量TNT在自由空间的爆炸对比实验,获得了不同距离的峰值超压值,并运用粉尘爆炸下极限浓度对云雾爆轰区半径进行了估算。结果表明,固态燃料小型FAE装置空爆峰值超压分布规律不同于TNT,云雾爆轰区内的峰值超压不呈现单调减的特征,而是在有限范围内呈现波动趋势;云雾爆轰区外的峰值超压随距离增大迅速衰减,但固态燃料小型FAE装置的峰值超压大于相同距离处等质量的TNT。高速摄影观测结果显示,固态燃料小型FAE装置爆炸的化学反应持续时间大于等质量TNT。     

多相燃料空气炸药爆炸压力场研究

采用高速运动分析系统对固态燃料FAE（Fuel Air Explosive）分散、爆轰过程进行光学测量,用压电传感器等组成的压力测试系统对FAE爆炸压力场进行测量,对固态燃料FAE燃料分散、爆轰波及冲击波进行了研究。分析了气-固-液多相爆轰的特征和压力波形的特点,研究了其冲击波峰值超压及比冲量随传播距离变化的规律。在云雾区内,多相爆轰波压力波形具有多峰结构,爆炸波峰值超压及冲量为一恒定值;爆轰区外,爆轰波转变成爆炸冲击波,峰值压力和比冲量迅速衰减,得到了峰值超压、比冲量随传播距离的变化规律。     

液体燃料空气炸药形成过程的数值模拟

对液体燃料的爆炸抛撒形成的云雾运动作了数值模拟。建立了多相流模型与算法，给出了云雾区的速度场与燃料浓度分布。云雾的外形变化与实验结果符合较好。     

固、液相FAE一次引爆实验研究

基于离散爆轰思想,进行了小药量无约束空间固、液相燃料空气炸药(fuelairexplosive,简称FAE)弹体的野外一次引爆实验。实验结果表明,固、液相FAE弹体的爆炸效果均明显优于等质量的TNT装药;固相FAE弹体一次引爆后的云雾分散规律和爆炸压力场分布不同于液相FAE弹体。在本实验装置条件下,固相FAE弹体的远场超压增长峰值虽未超过等质量的液相FAE弹体,但其火焰持续时间却比等质量液相FAE弹体的长。若仅考察弹体云雾最大半径,固相FAE弹体并不比等质量的液相FAE弹体优越太多,但固相FAE弹体的爆炸作用体积增大较多。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of spray-atomization characteristics of biodiesel fuel in various fuel and ambient temperatures conditions

The purpose of this work is to reveal the effects of fuel temperatures and ambient gas conditions on the spray-atomization behavior of soybean oil methyl ester (SME) fuel. The spray-atomization behavior was analyzed through spray parameters such as the axial distance from the nozzle tip, local and overall Sauter mean diameter (SMD). These parameters were obtained from a spray visualization system and a droplet measuring system. In addition, the experimental results were compared with the numerical results calculated by the KIVA-3V code. It was revealed that the increase of the fuel temperature (from 300 K to 360 K) little affects the spray liquid tip penetration. The increase of the ambient gas temperature (from 300 K to 450 K) caused a increase in the spray liquid tip penetration. Also, biodiesel fuel evaporation actively occurred due to the increase in the fuel temperature and the ambient gas temperature. Of special significance was that the highest vapor fuel mass concentration was observed at the center region of the spray axis. In the results of the microscopic characteristics, the detected local droplet size at the axial direction and overall droplet size at the axial and radial direction in a control volume increased when the fuel temperature increased. This is believed to be due to an increase in the number of small droplets that quickly evaporated. In addition, the increased fuel temperature caused the decrease of the number of droplets and the increase of the vapor fuel mass. The mean axial velocity of droplets decreased with increasing fuel temperature.     

乙醚云雾场燃爆参数实验研究

基于自行研发的20 L二次脉冲气动喷雾多相爆炸测试系统和全散射粒径测量系统,对乙醚液体燃料瞬态雾化云雾场的燃爆参数进行实验研究。通过调节气动压力、设计喷雾剂量,得到了粒径相同、质量浓度不同的乙醚云雾燃爆超压、温度及点火延迟时间等燃爆参数。结果表明,在索特平均直径为22.90 μm的条件下:乙醚云雾与空气混合物的燃爆下限为80.26 g/m3,燃爆上限为417.34 g/m3;最大超压峰值为0.78 MPa,其出现在云雾质量浓度为278.23 g/m3时;最大爆温峰值为1 260 ℃,其出现在云雾质量浓度为228.29 g/m3时;点火延迟时间在燃爆极限范围内呈U型分布。     

Droplet size and velocity characteristics of water-air impinging jet atomizer

A water-air impinging jets atomizer is investigated in this study, which consists of flow visualization using high speed photography and mean droplet size and velocity distribution measurements of the spray using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Topological structures and break up details of the generated spray in the far and near fields are presented with and without air jet and for an impinging angle of 90°. Spray angle increases with the water jet velocity, air flow rate and impinging angle. PDA results indicate that droplet size is smallest in the spray center, with minimum value of Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of 50 µm at the air flow rate of Q_m = 13.50 g/min. SMD of droplets increases towards the spray outer region gradually to about 120 µm. The mean droplet velocity component W along the air-jet axis is highest in the spray center and decreases gradually with increasing distance from the spray center. SMD normalized by the air nozzle diameter is found firstly to decrease with gas-to-liquid mass ratio (GLR) and air-to-liquid momentum ratio (ALMR) and then remain almost constant. Its increasing with aerodynamic Weber number indicates an exponential variation. The study sheds light on the performance of water-air impinging jets atomizers providing useful information for future CFD simulation works.     

Flow and atomization characteristics of a twin-fluid nozzle with internal swirling and self-priming effects

A twin-fluid nozzle was proposed for low-pressure atomization. The nozzle is featured by swirling air flows in the mixing chamber. Liquid medium is thereby inhaled due to the pressure difference. An experimental work was performed to investigate the atomization performance of the nozzle and the hydrogen peroxide solution served as the liquid medium. Droplet size and droplet velocity were measured. Effects of the diameter of the air-injection orifice and the air-injection pressure were investigated. The results show that small droplet size is achieved with the proposed nozzle. As the spray develops, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the droplets decreases first and then increases, irrespective of the variation of the air-injection orifice diameter and the air-injection pressure. Overall SMD varies inversely with the air-injection orifice diameter and air-injection pressure. Near the nozzle, cross-sectional velocity distribution exhibits a peak-valley pattern, which is replaced with uniformized velocity distributions away from the nozzle. Similarity of cross-sectional radial velocity distribution at different air pressures is evidenced. Furthermore, the correlation between droplet size and droplet velocity is established.     

新型微乳化柴油抛撒和云雾爆炸实验及其抑爆性能评估

为掌握新型微乳化柴油的抑爆性能和机理,开展了-10#柴油、普通微乳化柴油和新型微乳化柴油抛撒和云雾爆炸实验。采用灰色关联分析法,对柴油样品云雾爆炸火球的表面最高温度时的平均温度、高温(高于1 273.15 K)持续时间、火球最大截面积、火球辐射度等特征参数进行定量计算并评估其爆炸威力,又运用液体燃料抛撒和成像系统,研究柴油样品在激波及其高速气流作用下的抛撒雾化现象及其抑爆机理。结果表明:新型微乳化柴油的抛撒云雾径向扩展半径和云雾爆炸火球特征参数均明显小于-10#柴油、普通微乳化柴油,如在含水质量分数为5%的乳化柴油中分别添加质量分数为0.2%和0.4%的高分子聚合物防雾剂,形成的新型微乳化柴油的火球表面最高平均温度比-10#柴油分别低296.90和336.90 K,高温持续时间比-10#柴油分别少94和234 ms;火球最大截面积也分别只有-10#柴油的60.10%、53.53%;新型微乳化柴油的爆炸威力最小,抑爆性能最好,其次是普通微乳化柴油和-10#柴油;微乳化柴油的水分质量分数在15%以下时,多增加10%的水与添加0.2%防雾剂的抑爆效果相当;新型微乳化柴油抑爆性能较好的主要原因是柴油中添加防雾剂使其液滴黏弹性增大,在高速气流剪切作用不易破碎、雾化,液滴分散效果差。     

Experiments characterizing the interaction between two sprays of electrically charged liquid droplets

Experiments were conducted to characterize the interaction between two sprays of electrically charged ethanol droplets. The micrometer-size droplet sprays were generated electrohydrodynamically by applying a high positive voltage to two adjacent parallel needles that were located above a distant, electrically grounded funnel. The resultant droplet axial and lateral velocity components and diameter were measured as a function of needle spacing and applied voltage using a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer. Data were acquired at two axial positions below the needles' tips, for two needle spacings, four applied voltages and at a single flow rate.The results revealed that an increase in applied voltage yielded an increase in the spray charge density. This produced an increase in both the axial and lateral droplet velocity components and a decrease in the droplet Sauter mean diameter and in its variation across the spray. An increase in needle spacing yielded a decrease in the axial velocity component. The lateral velocity component and the Sauter mean diameter, however, were not noticeably affected by this increase. Photographic data established a relationship between the lateral half-width of the spray and axial distance. This was used to identify a nondimensional similarity between the axial mean velocity component and lateral position. The results collectively support that appropriate variations in the applied voltage and needle spacing can yield more spatially uniform mean velocity component and Sauter mean diameter profiles. These variations bring about increased mixing between the two needles' sprays and, thus, an enhanced development of the combined droplet spray.     

Atomization of glycerin with a twin-fluid swirl nozzle

Atomization of liquids with high viscosity is always a challenge, especially when small diameter droplets and high liquid flow rates are simultaneously required. In the present research, the performance of a Venturi–vortex twin-fluid swirl nozzle is examined, attending to its capabilities to generate droplets with diameters below 20 µm when atomizing pure glycerin at room temperature. In this nozzle, air is injected tangentially in a central convergent section, and discharges suctioning the liquid fed to a coaxial chamber, here using a gear pump. The resulting spray is visualized and analyzed. Droplet size distributions are measured with a laser diffractometer. As expected, droplet diameter increases with liquid flow rate, and quickly diminishes when air flow rate is increased. Sauter mean diameters (SMD) below 15 µm can be obtained even when atomizing pure glycerin. However, these values are obtained for relatively low glycerin flow rates (∼5 l/h), and with rather wide distributions. For 10 l/h and an air-to-liquid mass flow rate ratio (ALR) of 13.7 more than 26% of the glycerin volume is atomized in droplets smaller than 20 µm. Liquid ligaments are observed near the nozzle exit, but they tend to break up while moving downstream.     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

Comparison between laser diffraction and phase Doppler velocimeter techniques in high turbidity,small diameter sprays

The application of the laser diffraction and the phase Doppler techniques to small diameter dense sprays, such as those produced by Diesel and petrol injectors leads to differences between the measured sizes. For example, the Sauter mean diameter measured by laser diffraction was 30% smaller than the line-of-sight estimates from the phase Doppler measurements in the petrol spray and 100% smaller in the Diesel spray. The differences were due to the lack of spatial resolution of the laser diffraction technique and the influence of beam attenuation and non-spherical droplets in both instruments. Problems and sources of sizing errors in the application of both instruments are discussed.