低气流等离子炬管的设计及其分析性能

一、基本考虑等离子炬管是ICP发射光谱分析设备的核心组件。炬管的几何结构和工作参数直接影响着等离子体的各项分析性能,对于炬管的三支气流的通气方式、气流类型及其流量大小也是人们从事该光源研究的一个重要方面。中等功率(1-3千瓦)的ICP分析设备耗氩量通常为11-30升/分。因而分析成本较高,尤其是氩气的生产和使用受到国家和地区的限制,这就促使人们从各种渠道减少耗气量,例如:以廉价的空气或氮气部份取代昂贵的氩;选用耐高温的炬管材料(氮化硼);或改进炬管的几何结构,或用水冷。这些措施都已程度不等地达到了降低氩气消耗的目的,使商品化ICP设备的冷却氩气从18-20升/分降至9     

等离子体光谱光源技术的进展

光谱光源是光谱仪器和光谱技术的核心,等离子体光源是原子发射光谱技术的活跃领域之一,电感耦合等离子体(ICP)已成功地应用于原子发射光谱和无机质谱仪器。由于ICP光源采用氩气作为工作气体,耗量较大,降低氩气用量成为近些年来原子光谱技术研究和改进的重要目标。为此目的,已研究过各种低耗氩ICP光源,非氩气ICP光源,微波等离子体光源,射频电容耦合等离子体光源等。综述了近年这些等离子体发射光源的结构,分析性能及特点,以及它们所用工作气体情况。并归纳总结出,评价各种等离子体发射光谱光源应包括:等离子体温度(激发温度,气体温度),电子密度,工作气体种类及用量,元素检出限,光源的稳健性及经济方面等。     

电感耦合等离子体光谱仪器技术进展与现状

介绍了电感耦合等离子体光谱分析仪器技术的发展历程及主要技术特点,并分别评述了目前三种典型ICP光谱仪器及其技术现状和新进展,它们分别是：顺序扫描型ICP光谱仪、同时型ICP光谱仪及顺序-同时型ICP光谱仪。最后介绍了几种有较好应用前景的光谱新光源：静态高灵敏ICP(SHIP)光源,高功率微波等离子体光源,电容耦合等离子体光源,炬内进样短炬管等。     

电热蒸发进样低功率MPT—AES测定铜,锌,镉的研究

微波等离子体炬(MPT)是一种具有类似ICP炬管结构的新型等离子体光源,该光源的基本性质已进行了详细的研究。本文采用自制的低功率MPT为激发光源,以氧为工作气体,用微型电热蒸发装置进样,测得铜、锌和镉的检出限分别为3.3、1.4和1.7ng/mL。考察了碱金属元素对铜、锌和镉发射信号的影响,该方法应用于钢样中铜的测定,结果较好。     

微波等离子体光谱技术的发展(一)

微波等离子体光源是一类有较强激发能力的原子发射光谱光源,主要包括微波感生等离子体光源(MIP),微波电容耦合等离子体光源及微波等离子体炬光源。文章分两部分,第一部分介绍了微波感生等离子体光源的结构原理和性能,并对它们的技术特点和进展进行评述。低功率微波感生等离子体光源用于直接测定溶液中某些痕量金属元素是比较困难的,如Pb,Hg,Se等元素,但它已成功地与气相色谱联用用于测定C,H,O,N,S等难激发的非金属元素。高功率磁场激发的氮-微波感生等离子体光源(N2-MIP),允许使用通用玻璃同心雾化器产生湿试液气溶胶直接进入等离子体核心,等离子体能稳定运行,其分析性能近似于商用ICP光源,且运行费用低廉,是有发展前景的一种新型原子发射光谱光源。     

氯化铯中11种杂质元素的ICP发射光谱法测定

高纯金属铯和氯化铯中的微量杂质通常以光谱法或原子吸收法测定。部分元素也用比色法或化学发光动力学法测定。本文采用ICP发射光谱法同时测定氯化铯中Al、Be、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sr和Ti等11种杂质元素,应用低气流炬管使氩气消耗量减少。不用分离基体直接进行测定,方法简便快速。实验部分 1.仪器装置及工作参数: 高频发生器:GP3.5—E型,Va 4.25千伏,Ia 0.67安培,Ic 110毫安。低气流炬管:见参考文献。     

微波等离子体光谱技术的发展(二)

微波等离子体光源是一类重要的有较强激发能力的原子发射光谱光源,主要包括微波感生等离子体光源,电容耦合微波等离子体光源及微波等离子体炬光源。本文是微波等离子体光谱技术发展的第二部分,主要介绍了电容耦合微波等离子体光源及微波等离子体炬光源的结构原理和性能。并对它们的技术特点和进展进行评述。     

等离子体光谱光源技术的研究进展

光谱光源是光谱仪器和光谱技术的核心,等离子体光源是原子发射光谱技术的活跃领域之一,电感耦合等离子体(ICP)已成功地应用于原子发射光谱和无机质谱仪器。由于ICP光源采用氩气作为工作气体,耗量较大,降低氩气用量成为近些年来原子光谱技术研究和改进的重要目标。为此目的,已研究过各种低耗氩ICP光源,非氩气ICP光源,微波等离子体光源,射频电容耦合等离子体光源等。综述了近年这些等离子体发射光源的结构,分析性能及特点,以及它们所用工作气体情况。并归纳总结出,评价各种等离子体发射光谱光源应包括:等离子体温度(激发温度,气体温度),电子密度,工作气体种类及用量,元素检出限,光源的稳健性及经济方面等。     

乙醇溶液电感耦合等离子体发射光谱研究 Ⅲ.关于背景和氰分子辐射的某些观察

乙醇导入ICP导致等离子体连续辐射(即复合辐射和轫致辐射)强度减小和分子带(主要是CN带)强度增大。分子带的影响随波长而异,所以在正常分析区不同波长处的总背景强度随乙醇浓度增大有三种变化趋势:单调增大、单调减小或在某个乙醇浓度时出现最小值。详细研究了CN带强度与ICP工作参数的关系以及CN带对稀土元素和钪灵敏线的干扰,指出适当增加炬管的外管长度可以有效地抑制CN带。     

低功率微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法的研究——超声雾化进样测定金、银、铂、铑、钯

本文提出一种测定贵金属元素的微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法(MPTAES)。采用自制的超声雾化微量进样装置进样,以氩气为工作气体,探讨了观察高度,微波功率、体系介质、氩气流量和共存元素对被测元素发射信号的影响。选用合适的分析线和MPT光源的工作参数,其方法的检出限分别为5.8(Au)、0.5(Ag)、12(Pt)、1.6(Rh)和t 1.0ng/ml(Pd)。实际样品中金和银的测定结果是令人满意的。     

Multi-element model for the simulation of inductively coupled plasmas: Effects of helium addition to the central gas stream

A model for an atmospheric pressure inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is developed which allows rather easy extension to a variable number of species and ionisation degrees. This encompasses an easy calculation of transport parameters for mixtures, ionisation and heat capacity. The ICP is modeled in an axisymmetric geometry, taking into account the gas streaming into a flowing ambient gas. A mixture of argon and helium is applied in the injector gas stream as it is often done in laser ablation ICP spectrometry. The results show a strong influence of the added helium on the center of the ICP, which is important for chemical analysis. The length of the central channel is significantly increased and the temperature inside is significantly higher than in the case of pure argon. This means that higher gas volume flow rates can be applied by addition of helium compared to the use of pure argon. This has the advantage that the gas velocity in the transport system towards the ICP can be increased, which allows shorter washout-times. Consequently, shorter measurement times can be achieved, e.g. for spatial mapping analyses in laser ablation ICP spectrometry. Furthermore, the higher temperature and the longer effective plasma length will increase the maximum size of droplets or particles injected into the ICP that are completely evaporated at the detection site. Thus, we expect an increase of the analytical performance of the ICP by helium addition to the injector gas.     

Application of infrared thermography for online monitoring of wall temperatures in inductively coupled plasma torches with conventional and low-flow gas consumption

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) sources typically used for trace elemental determination and speciation were investigated with infrared (IR) thermography to obtain spatially resolved torch temperature distributions. Infrared thermographic imaging is an excellent tool for the monitoring of temperatures in a fast and non-destructive way. This paper presents the first application of IR thermography to inductively coupled plasma torches and the possibility to investigate temperatures and thermal patterns while the ICP is operating and despite background emission from the plasma itself. A fast and easy method is presented for the determination of temperature distributions and stress features within ICP torches.     

Investigation of matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy using laser ablation and solution nebulization — effect of second ionization potential

Plasma-related non-spectroscopic matrix effects of 31 elements in inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-atomic emission spectrometry were investigated using both laser ablation and solution nebulization as sample introduction techniques. Matrix effects were studied by monitoring the excitation conditions of the plasma using the ionic to atomic spectral line intensity ratios of zinc and magnesium. A new kind of matrix interference was found in the ICP that appears to be related to matrices with elements of low second ionization potential. The matrix effects do not correlate with the first ionization potential of the element. Only those matrix elements with low second ionization potential showed severe matrix effects. Increasing the forward power of the ICP or replacing the carrier gas with a 50%/50% argon–helium mixture did not significantly reduce this matrix effect. However, using 100% helium as the carrier gas greatly reduced the extent of this matrix effect, suggesting that argon is involved in the interference mechanism. The interference mechanism may involve interactions between doubly-charged matrix ions and argon species.     

Analytical inductively coupled nitrogen and air plasmas

The operation of inductively coupled plasmas generated at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen or air in a modified 18 mm i.d. quartz tube assembly is evaluated for the analysis of aqueous solutions and fine powders. The instrumentation and detailed procedure for the generation of molecular-gas discharges are described. Limits of detection for nitrogen and air ICP discharges are compared, and for five elements at the same wavelength the nitrogen ICP produced significantly poorer values than the air plasma. The air ICP provided comparable values to those reported in the literature for argon. The sensitivity, signal-to-background ratio, and limits of detection for calcium were compared for argon, air, and argon with air central gas discharges with pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulization and for airborne calcium carbonate powders.     

OES Use and Vaporization Modeling for Fly-Ash Plasma Vitrification

Results are presented of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) application asa control tool to improve fly-ash plasma vitrification. A twin-torch plasmasystem has been used for the fly-ash processing, and a new OES method hasexamined metallic vapors above the melt. The method allows the study ofnonhomogeneous optically thin plasmas exhibiting a symmetry plane withoutsophisticated tomographic systems. The dc arc torches are mounted above acold crucible filled with a synthetic glass. The arc intensity is from200 to 400 . Argon is introduced into the torches along the cathodeand the anode, while argon, oxygen or hydrogen are injected through thelance between the torches. Local plasma temperatures above the melt havebeen evaluated using measured relative intensities of spectral lines ofthe plasma-forming gas. Metallic vapor concentration in the plasma isdeduced from the intensity ratio of the metal–gas spectral lines. Leadoxide has been used to study heavy-metal behavior at the fly-ash plasmavitrification. Distribution of the lead along the crucible surface,depending on the plasma-forming gas composition as well as the concentrationevolution with time, have been examined. The elemental analysis of theresultant glass has been measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)with energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). A predictive model has beenadapted to simulate the noncongruent vaporization of heavy metals from themelt. According to the data obtained, steep variations of the volatility ofthe elements depend strongly on reducing properties of gases controllingthe plasma composition near the melted surface. In addition, the melttemperature and the redox potential of the gas phase are found to be themost critical parameters.     

Temperature and velocity distributions in an inductively coupled plasma

Computer simulations of inductively coupled plasma discharges (ICP) with flow patterns similar to those found in spectrochemical analysis were reported previously. In this investigation temperature and velocity distributions are measured under conditions which allow direct comparison with computer calculations for pure argon central gas flows without solution aerosols. Based upon these comparisons, a refined ICP gas flow model is proposed and its application provides agreement within experimental error between measured and calculated velocity and temperature profiles in most regions of the discharge.     

小功率空气冷却ICP-AES 研究I——小功率空气冷却ICP的特性

本文用顺序等离子体光谱仪研究了27.12MHz他激式R.F.发生器点燃的小功率空气冷却ICP的特性。测量并比较了二十个元素五十七条谱线在空气冷却和氩冷却两种ICP中的检测限。     

Emission spectra of an argon inductively coupled plasma in the vacuum ultraviolet: background spectra from 85 to 200 nm

The background spectra emitted from an argon ICP discharge have been recorded over the spectral range 85 to 200 nm. These vacuum ultraviolet spectra were acquired by coupling the ICP to a 0.5-m Seya-Namioka vacuum monochromator, through a helium purged side-arm. Background features observed include emission from the resonance lines of ArI, and emission from gas impurities such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.     

Simulation of droplet heating and desolvation in an inductively coupled plasma — Part I

The total desolvation rate of sample droplets in an argon inductively coupled plasma (Ar ICP) is investigated through the development of a two-phase continuum flow computer model. The desolvation model is supplemented by equations used to determine the trajectories of particles through the plasma. The model is used to calculate the behavior of aerosol droplets from a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN), a micronebulizer used to inject microliter quantities of samples that are toxic, expensive, or of limited volume. We use the combination of desolvation and transport models to present the first predicted spatial distribution of droplet concentrations and evaporation rates in an ICP flow. These data are compared with the behavior of a DIHEN spray in an environment with no net argon gas flow to determine the importance of gas flow rates to overall droplet concentration profiles in the ICP. In addition, two separate techniques (Stokes’ equation and the direct simulation Monte Carlo treatment) for determining droplet trajectories are contrasted.     

Emissionsspektroskopie mit induktiv gekoppelter Plasmaflamme als Detektor zur Elementanalyse nach gas-chromatographischer Trennung

Zusammenfassung Die Kombination eines Gas-Chromatographen mit dem Stickstoff/Argon-Plasma (ICPOES) bei hoher Leistung wird beschrieben und mit Pb- und Si-haltigen organischen Verbindungen getestet. Die direkte Anpassung von GC-Ausgang und Gaseinlaß am ICP-Brennersystem sowie das Aufheizen der Verbindung und des Trägergases ermöglichen die Eingabe kleiner Gasmengen in das Plasma. Die Ergebnisse dieser ersten Studien lassen erkennen, daß sich die ICPOES zur Lösung zahlreicher Probleme im Bereich der Spurenanalyse, der Anreicherung und gas-chromatographischen Trennung organischer Metallkomplexe wird einsetzen lassen, wenn die ICP-Anregung als Detektor in Verbindung mit einem Simultanspektrometer eingesetzt wird. Die Empfindlichkeit des N₂-/Ar-Plasmas bei hoher Leistung wird mit derjenigen des Ar-Plasmas bei niedriger Leistung verglichen. Als analytisches Beispiel wird die Bestimmung geringer Pb-Gehalte in Benzinen beschrieben, wobei auch das Verhältnis Bleitetraethyl/-tetramethyl bekannt wird.

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ICP optical emission spectrometry as a detector for elemental analysis after gas-chromatographic separation

Summary The combination of a gas-chromatographic device with high-power nitrogen/argon inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES) is described and tested with Pb and Si containing organic compounds. The direct combination of the GC output with the input tube of the ICP burner system and a heating-up device of the carrier gas make it possible to introduce small gas amounts into the ICP torch. The results of these studies suggest that ICP-OES should be applicable to solve many problems of trace elemental analysis, preconcentration and GC separation of organic metal complexes by using the ICP source as a detector system in connection with the simultaneous OES. The sensitivity of high-power nitrogen/ argon ICP is compared with that of low-power argon ICP. For example the determination of low contents of lead in petrol or fuels is given in detail. The ratio of lead tetraethyl/tetramethyl can be determined, too.