基于SfS的3D视觉测量研究

提出了一种将Shape from Silhouette(SfS)技术应用在三坐标机上的新方法,即用摄像机获取图像,用三坐标机作移动平台,构建视觉测量系统,应用SfS技术对物体进行三维测量。该视觉测量系统扩展了坐标机功能,扩大了其应用范围。实验结果表明,该视觉测量系统具有SfS技术和坐标机两者的优点,重构物体三维模型的过程简单快捷,精度高于0.4mm,其结果可作为坐标机智能测量的基础,是一种非常实用的方法。     

Simple calibration of a phase-based 3D imaging system based on uneven fringe projection

Phase-based fringe projection metrology systems have been widely used to obtain the shape of 3D objects. One vital step is calibration, which defines the relationship between the phase and depth data. Existing calibration methods are complicated because of the dependence of the relationship on the pixel position. In this Letter, a simple calibration procedure is introduced based on an uneven fringe projection technique, in which the relationship between phase and depth becomes independent of the pixel position and can be represented by a single polynomial function for all pixels. Therefore, given a set of discrete points with a known phase and depth in the measuring volume, the coefficient set of the polynomial function can be determined. A white plate having discrete markers with known separation is used to calibrate the 3D imaging system. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed calibration method is simple to apply and can build up an accurate relationship between phase and depth data.     

Enhanced cold mercury atom production with two-dimensional magneto-optical trap

A cold atom source is important for quantum metrology and precision measurement. To reduce the quantum projection noise limit in optical lattice clock, one can increase the number of cold atoms and reduce the dead time by enhancing the loading rate. In this work, we realize an enhanced cold mercury atom source based on a two-dimensional (2D) magneto-optical trap (MOT). The vacuum system is composed of two titanium chambers connected with a differential pumping tube. Two stable cooling laser systems are adopted for the 2D-MOT and the three-dimensional (3D)-MOT, respectively. Using an optimized 2D-MOT and push beam, about 1.3×10⁶ atoms, which are almost an order of magnitude higher than using a pure 3D-MOT, are loaded into the 3D-MOT for ²⁰²Hg atoms. This enhanced cold mercury atom source is helpful in increasing the frequency stability of a neutral mercury lattice clock.     

Epipolar rectification method for a stereovision system with telecentric cameras

3D metrology of a stereovision system requires epipolar rectification to be performed before dense stereo matching. In this study, we propose an epipolar rectification method for a stereovision system with two telecentric lens-based cameras. Given the orthographic projection matrices of each camera, the new projection matrices are computed by determining the new camera coordinates system in affine space and imposing some constraints on the intrinsic parameters. Then, the transformation that maps the old image planes on to the new image planes is achieved. Experiments are performed to validate the performance of the proposed rectification method. The test results show that the perpendicular distance and 3D reconstructed deviation obtained from the rectified images is not significantly higher than the corresponding values obtained from the original images. Considering the roughness of the extracted corner points and calibrated camera parameters, we can conclude that the proposed method can provide sufficiently accurate rectification results.     

Calculating depth maps from digital holograms using stereo disparity

Depth extraction is an important aspect of three-dimensional (3D) image processing with digital holograms and an essential step in extended focus imaging and metrology. All available depth extraction techniques with macroscopic objects are based on variance; however, the effectiveness of this is object dependent. We propose to use disparity between corresponding points in intensity reconstructions to determine depth. Our method requires a single hologram of a scene, from which we reconstruct two different perspectives. In the reconstruction the phase information is not needed, which makes this method useful for in-line digital holography. To our knowledge disparity based 3D image processing has never been proposed before for digital holography.     

Precise measurement of a weak radio frequency electric field using a resonant atomic probe

We present a precise measurement of a weak radio frequency electric field with a frequency of ■3 GHz employing a resonant atomic probe that is constituted with a Rydberg cascade three-level atom, including a cesium ground state |6S(1/2)〉,an excited state |6P(3/2)〉, and Rydberg state |nD(5/2)〉. Two radio frequency(RF) electric fields, noted as local and signal fields, couple the nearby Rydberg transition. The two-photon resonant Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency(Rydberg-EIT) is employed to directly read out the weak signal field having hundreds of k Hz difference between the local and signal fields that is encoded in the resonant microwave-dressed Rydberg atoms. The minimum detectable signal fields of ESmin= 1.36 ± 0.04 mV/m for 2.18 GHz coupling |68D(5/2)〉→ |69P(3/2)〉 transition and 1.33 ± 0.02 mV/m for 1.32 GHz coupling |80D(5/2)〉→ |81P(3/2)〉 transition are obtained, respectively. The bandwidth dependence is also investigated by varying the signal field frequency and corresponding -3 dB bandwidth of 3 MHz is attained. This method can be employed to perform a rapid and precise measurement of the weak electric field, which is important for the atom-based microwave metrology.     

超冷原子系综的非高斯纠缠态与精密测量

量子精密测量是基于量子力学的基本原理对特定物理量实施测量,并利用量子效应提高测量精度的交叉科学.随着超冷原子实验技术的发展,超冷原子为量子精密测量提供了一个优异的研究平台.利用发展成熟的量子调控技术,人们可以基于超冷原子系综制备一些新奇的非高斯多粒子纠缠态.基于多体量子干涉,利用这些非高斯纠缠态作为输入,可以实现超越标准量子极限的高精度测量.本文简要综述这一研究领域的进展.     

Science as social history

Quantum states of light, such as squeezed states or entangled states, can be used to make measurements (metrology), produce images, and sense objects with a precision that far exceeds what is possible classically, and also exceeds what was once thought to be possible quantum mechanically. The primary idea is to exploit quantum effects to beat the shot-noise limit in metrology and the Rayleigh diffraction limit in imaging and sensing. Quantum optical metrology has received a boost in recent years with an influx of ideas from the rapidly evolving field of optical quantum information processing. Both areas of research exploit the creation and manipulation of quantum-entangled states of light. We will review some of the recent theoretical and experimental advances in this exciting new field of quantum optical metrology, focusing on examples that exploit a particular two-mode entangled photon state – the High-N00N state.     

Quantum Zeno dynamics in atoms and cavities

Quantum Zeno Dynamics restricts the evolution of a system in a tailorable subspace of the Hilbert space by repeated measurements of a proper observable. This restricted dynamics can be counterintuitive and lead to the generation of interesting nonclassical states. We describe an experiment implementing the Zeno dynamics in an atomic Rydberg level manifold, and we propose an implementation in the cavity quantum electrodynamics context. Both systems open promising perspectives for quantum-enabled metrology and decoherence studies.     

Real-time measurement of glucose concentration and average refractive index using a laser interferometer

This study presents a non-destructive, highly precise optical metrology system for measuring the average refractive index of a liquid solution such that its glucose concentration can be derived. The metrology system is employed to measure the average refractive indices of samples with known glucose concentrations ranging from 0 to 200 g/l. By applying a regressional analysis technique to the experimental results, an analytical expression is derived to describe the relationship between the refractive index and the glucose concentration. An excellent agreement is observed between the experimentally determined values of the glucose concentration and the analytically derived results. For an assumed laser interferometer resolution of 1 nm, the measurement resolution of the proposed metrology system is found to be at least F=0.05 g/l, which is significantly better than that of F=2 g/l obtained using the polarimetric glucose sensor presented by Lo and Yu [A polarimetric glucose sensor using a liquid-crystal polarization modulator driven by a sinusoidal signal. Opt Commun, 2006; 259: 40–8].     

Fabrication of double-aperture hololens imaging system: application to mechanics

Duffy suggested the use of double-aperture imaging system for the measurement of in-plane displacement component. In this arrangement, twin apertures are placed symmetrically over the imaging lens. This imaging system is used in speckle metrology to measure component of displacement parallel to the line joining the two apertures. The imaging lens used in such configuration need not be diffraction limited over the entire lens aperture, but only over the two small areas encompassed by the two apertures. In present work, compact holographic lenses have been used to generate the two apertures of Duffy's double-aperture interferometer. This imaging system has been used in speckle metrology to measure crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) in an aluminium beam specimen having central edge crack subjected to three point bending. Experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Present experimental investigation reveals that compact holographic lenses can be used advantageously to generate apertures of double-aperture speckle interferometer for its use in the measurement of in-plane displacement component.     

Super-resolution and super-sensitivity of entangled squeezed vacuum state using optimal detection strategy

Interference metrology is a method for achieving high precision detection by phase estimation. The phase sensitivity of a traditional interferometer is subject to the standard quantum limit, while its resolution is constrained by the Rayleigh diffraction limit. The resolution and sensitivity of phase measurement can be enhanced by using quantum metrology. We propose a quantum interference metrology scheme using the entangled squeezed vacuum state, which is obtained using the magic beam splitter, expressed as |ψ〉=(|ξ〉|0〉+|0〉|ξ〉)/(2+2/coshr)~(1/2), such as the N00 N state. We derive the phase sensitivity and the resolution of the system with Z detection, project detection, and parity detection. By simulation and analysis, we determine that parity detection is an optimal detection method, which can break through the Rayleigh diffraction limit and the standard quantum limit.     

Depth from structured defocus that is independent of the object reflectivity function

Depth from defocus using structured light is a useful optical metrology technique since the camera and projector can be placed on the same optical axis and it can cope with depth discontinuities. However, the technique can suffer from large errors when used on surfaces with differing reflective properties. This paper demonstrates a method for overcoming this problem.     

A novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement

Camera calibration plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. During the process of camera calibration, nonlinear optimization technique is crucial to obtain the best performance of camera parameters. Currently, the existing optimization method aims at minimizing the distance error between the detected image point and the calculated back-projected image point, based on 2D image pixels coordinate. However, the vision measurement process is conducted in 3D space while the optimization method generally adopted is carried out in 2D image plane. Moreover, the error criterion with respect to optimization and measurement is different. In other words, the equal pixel distance error in 2D image plane leads to diverse 3D metric distance error at different position before the camera. All the reasons mentioned above will cause accuracy decrease for 3D vision measurement. To solve the problem, a novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement is proposed. The presented method is devoted to minimizing the metric distance error between the calculated point and the real point in 3D measurement coordinate system. Comparatively, the initial camera parameters acquired through linear calibration are optimized through two different methods: one is the conventional method and the other is the novel method presented by this paper. Also, the calibration accuracy and measurement accuracy of the parameters obtained by the two methods are thoroughly analyzed and the choice of a suitable accuracy evaluation method is discussed. Simulative and real experiments to estimate the performance of the proposed method on test data are reported, and the results show that the proposed 3D optimization method is quite efficient to improve measurement accuracy compared with traditional method. It can meet the practical requirement of high precision in 3D vision metrology engineering.     

Estimation of the 2D measurement error introduced by in-plane and out-of-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometry instruments

Optical interferometric metrology techniques are being increasingly used in industry. These techniques assure a greater accuracy in measuring displacements caused by deformations. One such technique, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), has been used successfully to measure in-plane and out-of-plane deformations. The usual model describing ESPI instruments behaviour is only valid in or near the centre of the illuminated surface. In general, this model is used as such for all the points on the surface creating thus an approximate figure of the reality. This study has led to an improved 3D vectorial model, allowing us to assess qualitatively and quantitatively what is actually measured throughout all the inspected surface. Calculations with practical parameters taken from real ESPI instruments designed in the Joint Research Centre of Ispra (Italy) were carried out. The results showing three-dimensional diagrams of the measurement errors are presented and discussed.     

Image displacement sensing (NDSE) for achieving overlay alignment

In this paper we discuss the application of NDSE [1] (Hewlett Packards nanoscale displacement sensing and estimation technology) as an overlay metrology tool. We describe a method where nanoscale displacement sensing forms the basis of a precision alignment measurement. We will then provide a review of experiments performed to assess the accuracy of one particular NDSE algorithm, tracking silicon targets as they translate on a piezoelectric stage under an optical microscope. We conclude by describing upcoming experiments which will incorporate NDSE as an alignment sensor in a nanoimprint lithography application.Current methods of overlay metrology and many methods of displacement metrology require precise alignment targets, such as symmetric geometric figures or extremely high-Q diffraction gratings. Such patterns are expensive to produce and/difficult to fabricate consistently. On the other hand, NDSE provides displacement sensing by tracking totally arbitrary patterns. As long as the patterns remain fixed, NDSE can provide extraordinary precision. We extend this advantage into a method for alignment sensing, which retains displacement sensing as the key underlying measurement. Hence, as with displacement sensing, the alignment targets need not be held to any absolute standard, pattern asymmetries caused by process variations are not an issue, and precision gratings are not required. PACS 06.30.Bp; 06.60.Sx; 81.16.-c; 81.16.Nd     

Subcycle controlled charge-directed reactivity with few-cycle midinfrared pulses

The steering of electron motion in molecules is accessible with waveform-controlled few-cycle laser light and may control the outcome of light-induced chemical reactions. An optical cycle of light, however, is much shorter than the duration of the fastest dissociation reactions, severely limiting the degree of control that can be achieved. To overcome this limitation, we extended the control metrology to the midinfrared studying the prototypical dissociative ionization of D(2) at 2.1 μm. Pronounced subcycle control of the directional D(+) ion emission from the fragmentation of D(2)(+) is observed, demonstrating unprecedented charge-directed reactivity. Two reaction pathways, showing directional ion emission, could be observed and controlled simultaneously for the first time. Quantum-dynamical calculations elucidate the dissociation channels, their observed phase relation, and the control mechanisms.     

基于量子Fisher信息的量子计量进展

量子计量是超冷原子气体研究中的一个热点领域.超冷原子体系独特的量子性质(量子纠缠)和量子效应有助于大幅度提高待测物理量的测量精度,这已经成为量子精密测量中的共识.量子Fisher信息对该领域的发展起了非常重要的作用.本文首先介绍量子Fisher信息的基本概念和量子计量的主要内容;然后简要回顾这些理论在提高测量精度方面的应用,特别是多粒子量子纠缠态的产生及其判定;再介绍线性和非线性原子干涉仪的相关进展;最后论述量子测量过程中的统计方法的研究进展.     

Accuracy improvement of laser line scanning for feature measurements on CMM

Because of its high speed and high detail output, laser line scanning is increasingly included in coordinate metrology applications where its performance can satisfy specified tolerances. Increasing its accuracy will open the possibility to use it in other areas where contact methods are still dominant. Multi-sensor systems allow to select discrete probing or scanning methods to measure part elements. Decision is often based on the principle that tight toleranced elements should be measured by contact methods, while other more loose toleranced elements can be laser scanned. This paper aims to introduce a method for improving the output of a CMM mounted laser line scanner for metrology applications. This improvement is achieved by filtering of the scanner's random error and by combination with widely spread and reliable but slow touch trigger probing. The filtered point cloud is used to estimate the form deviation of the inspected element while few tactile obtained points were used to effectively compensate for errors in the point cloud position.     

Shortcut-to-Adiabaticity-Like Techniques for Parameter Estimation in Quantum Metrology

Quantum metrology makes use of quantum mechanics to improve precision measurements and measurement sensitivities. It is usually formulated for time-independent Hamiltonians, but time-dependent Hamiltonians may offer advantages, such as a T4 time dependence of the Fisher information which cannot be reached with a time-independent Hamiltonian. In Optimal adaptive control for quantum metrology with time-dependent Hamiltonians (Nature Communications 8, 2017), Shengshi Pang and Andrew N. Jordan put forward a Shortcut-to-adiabaticity (STA)-like method, specifically an approach formally similar to the “counterdiabatic approach”, adding a control term to the original Hamiltonian to reach the upper bound of the Fisher information. We revisit this work from the point of view of STA to set the relations and differences between STA-like methods in metrology and ordinary STA. This analysis paves the way for the application of other STA-like techniques in parameter estimation. In particular we explore the use of physical unitary transformations to propose alternative time-dependent Hamiltonians which may be easier to implement in the laboratory.