Optical properties in photoelectron diffraction theory

Photoelectron diffraction effects may be strongly influenced by optical properties of the solid. Due to refraction and absorption of light at a surface, the state of polarization of light may be changed and, therefore, the corresponding photoelectron diffraction intensity. In order to include optical properties of solids in photoelectron diffraction theory, a general polarization vector of light is defined taking into account both refraction and absorption of light at the vacuum–solid boundary. In a first step, the radiation field of light inside the solid is approximated macroscopically according to classical electrodynamics. Analytical expressions are derived within a real-angle representation of Fresnel equations to reveal the influence of refraction and absorption of light on the state of polarization of light. A general refractive index in dependence on the incident angle of light is introduced which determines the refractive angle inside the solid (refraction law with real angles) and the order of influence of absorption of light. The general polarization vector is applied in the calculation of dipole transition matrix elements in a multiple-scattering cluster model of photoelectron diffraction, where the process of photoabsorption (dipole transition matrix element) and multiple scattering processes of photoelectrons (scattering path operator) are considered separately. Different analytical and numerical results of photoelectron diffraction effects are presented for light of general polarization incident at general angles taking into account the optical properties of the solid. Examples are shown and discussed in detail for Cu(001) and GaAs(110) surfaces.     

Measurement of degree of polarization of fluorescence of pure anthracene crystalline film

The polarization ratio (I _b/I_a) of fluorescence of a monocrystalline film of pure anthracene is measured correcting for all probable errors. Comparison with decay-time data brings out that deviation from the value obtained from absorption measurements is due to a loss of intensity in the a-polarized fluorescence as compared to what is expected from absorption data. This is interpreted as an evidence that anthracene crystal fluorescence is emitted from regions of local lattice imperfections. It is confirmed that the first electronic transition takes place along the short axis of the anthracene molecule.     

A self-consistent F-center calculation for the optical absorption and emission

A theoretical investigation of the luminescence processes associated with F-centers has been made. It assumes that the marked Stokes's shift arises from the electrostatic interaction between the F-electron and the neighboring ions. A semi-continuum model was employed. First, an examination of most of the previous F -center calculations in NaCI and KC1 was made. These were classified into four categories: (1) the semi-continuum model; (2) the semi-continuum polaron model; (3) the pointion model (a) without polarization and (b) with polarization: and (4) the Hartree-Fock model where the internal structure of the ions which surround the vacancy is taken into account. Some models were omitted. In all calculations, the differences in the eigenvalues associated with the lowest and the first excited state give approximately the measured values of the peak absorption and the peak emission bands. The actual eigenvalues show a large scatter, indicating no reliability in the present calculating techniques. Next, a new self-consistent approach is made. The following results were derived for NaCI and KC1: (1) self-consistent potentials for the absorption and emission; (2) energy level diagrams (relative to the bottom of the conduction band) and wavefunctions for both processes; (3) self-consistent values for the displacements of the first nearest neighbors; and (4) the lifetime of the first excited state (which agrees approximately with the measured result). The loose binding approximation is manifested during emission, whereas tight binding occurs during absorption. These calculations indicate that a self-consistent use of the semi-continuum model can describe the simplest optical properties of the F-center.     

Multifunctional Device for Circular to Linear Polarization Conversion and Absorption

In this paper, a metastructure multifunctional device for circular-to-linear polarization conversion (PC) and perfect absorption is proposed in which the electrical conductivity of the silicon material is controlled by light, thus changing the function of the device. The paper also explores three methods of optimizing bandwidth and their mechanisms, which are analyzed by means of current and energy density diagrams. The unit structure of this device adopts a 2 × 2 array, which is used for differentiated reflection of circular polarization waves, and forms linear polarization waves after reflection. In the other state, ultrawideband absorption can be achieved by changing the conductivity of silicon by external optical pumping, and the bandwidth is widened by inserting air resonators. In general, the device can form a PC at 0.89–1.31 THz with a relative bandwidth of 38% when there is no illumination. The resulting linear polarization wave has an axial ratio greater than 19 dB. When the silicon is excited by light resulting in a stable conductivity of around 9000 S m⁻¹, the absorption band is 0.89–2.01 THz, the relative bandwidth is 77%, and the absorption rate is above 90%. This device can be used for communication, electromagnetic cloaking, and modulation.     

电磁波在大面积等离子体片中传播特性的分析

脉冲磁约束线形空心阴极放电形成的大面积等离子体片可应用于等离子体天线、隐身及模拟超音速飞行器表面的等离子体鞘套. 本文首次利用实测等离子体片电子密度时空分布和横向场传播矩阵法, 研究了电磁波在等离子体片中反射率、透射率、吸收率随频率及脉冲放电时间的变化特征. 结果表明: 极化方向平行磁场的电磁波, 在小于截止频率的低频带内具有较高的反射率和吸收率, 增大电流, 反射率增加, 吸收率下降, 在大于截止频率的高频带内反射率和吸收率较低, 增大电流, 透射率下降, 吸收率升高; 极化方向垂直磁场的电磁波在高混杂谐振频率附近存在吸收率明显增强的吸收带, 谐振吸收峰值与放电电流无关; 脉冲放电期间, 电磁波的反射率、透射率与吸收率由不稳定过渡到稳定的时间约为100 μs, 过渡时间随着放电电流的增加而增大, 极化方向垂直磁场、小于截止频率的电磁波在稳定放电阶段谐振吸收较强. 本文的研究成果对利用等离子体片实现对电磁波的稳定高反射作用具有重要意义.     

积雪性质与积雪表面双向偏振反射之间关系研究

积雪性质的变化会影响积雪的反射,从而遥感技术中可以利用反射信息的变化来确定积雪性质。由于反射过程中会产生偏振信息,在研究可见光近红外波段(350～2 500 nm)不同粒径大小积雪表面多角度反射特性的基础上,同时分析了粒径以及由干雪变成湿雪对积雪表面偏振反射特性的影响。通过野外测量结果表明,粒径大小对积雪表面偏振反射的影响在近红外波段1 500 nm附近比较明显,表现为在前向散射方向,随着粒径的增加对应的偏振度变大;这是由于在该波段附近,积雪对光的吸收很强,随着粒径的增加,吸收会变大,探测器获取的光大部分为单次散射光,而单次散射光是引起偏振信息的主要来源;在研究过程中发现从干雪变成湿雪这一过程会使偏振信息增加,这是由于湿雪表面水膜的存在,将相邻的雪粒粘连在一起,相当于使积雪粒径变大,但是这种影响主要体现在近红外波段。综上所述,将多角度偏振信息与反射信息结合可以为反演积雪性质提供可靠的方法与理论基础。     

Polarization fields in the positronium atom undergoing emission or absorption of optical photons

This paper solves the problem of the interaction of an electron and positron via the field of soft and hard photons with emission or absorption of a real photon. The interaction is interpreted as a third-order QED effect in the coordinate representation. The role of intermediate states with positive and negative frequencies is studied. A general expression is derived for the matrix elements of the operator of the effective electron-positron interaction energy for different types of quantum transitions. The expression makes it possible to calculate the probabilities of the corresponding transitions in the nonrelativistic approximation. Electric dipole transitions in the positronium atom accompanied by emission (absorption) of an optical photon are investigated. Two-particle wave functions of the positronium atom are used to introduce the concept of polarization fields inside the positronium atom. It is found that the polarization fields depend on the coordinates and time and on the choice of the pair of states between which a quantum transition with emission or absorption of a photon takes place. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 471–488 (February 1998)     

Circuit-oriented modelling of ring-resonators

In this work we propose a circuit-based analysis of both a ring phase shifter and a single ring filter, taking into account the effects of imperfections in the directional couplers and polarization conversion in bent waveguides. New models for the directional coupler and for the bent waveguide are proposed and used to find an analytical expression of the transfer functions of ring based devices. The numerical results obtained with the new models show that defects in directional couplers and polarization conversion in bent waveguides are responsible of spectral impairments often observed experimentally, confirming the validity of the model.     

Infrared study of the lattice vibrations in CuInS2

Infrared reflectivity and absorption spectra of CuInS₂ are measured in the wave-number range from 180 to 700cm^–1for the polarization directions perpendicular and parallel to the tetragonalc axis of the crystals. The optical dispersion parameters of the fundamental lattice modes are determined for both polarization directions and compared with previously published data. All the structures observed in the absorption spectra in the wavenumber range beyond the fundamental lattice bands can be interpreted in terms of two-phonon combination modes due to zone-centre phonons.     

Simultaneous measurement of rotational and translational diffusion of anisotropic colloids with a new integrated setup for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

This paper describes an integrated setup for fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) for determining translational and rotational Brownian diffusion simultaneously, ensuring that these two quantities are measured under exactly the same conditions and at the same time in dynamic experiments. The setup is based on translational-FRAP with a fringe pattern of light for both the bleaching and monitoring of fluorescently labeled particles, and rotational-FRAP, which uses the polarization of a short bleach light pulse to create a polarization anisotropy. The fringe pattern of the probe beam is modulated in conjunction with a synchronized lock-in amplifier giving a fast, sensitive, ensemble-averaged measurement compared to microscope-image based techniques. The experimental polarization geometry we used ensures that the fluorescence emission is collected without polarization bias. Therefore, only the orientation of the absorption dipole moment of the fixed dye in the particles is measured, which simplifies interpretation of the data. The polarization is modulated rapidly between two orthogonal polarization states, giving the polarization anisotropy in one, single measurement. The rotational and translational Brownian diffusion of anisotropic colloids is measured for ellipsoids of revolution. This experiment shows that in this case the rotational correlation function matches a three-exponential decay in accordance with theoretical predictions.     

Polarimetric Measurement of Plasma Poloidal Magnetic Field via Heterodyne Phase Shift Methods

The rotation of the plane of polarization of radiation propagating through a magnetized plasma (Faraday effect) yields the line integral of the electron density times the longitudinal magnetic field component. A commonly used technique for this measurement senses the change in intensity of a laser beam after passing through a linear polarizer. Two methods often employed to facilitate detection are 1) to mix the transmitted beam with a frequency-offset reference beam to allow heterodyne detection and 2) to oscillate the polarization direction of the laser beam. In addition to being sensitive to spurious amplitude variations, such amplitude measurements are sensitive to small polarization ellipticities introduced by optical components as well as by transverse magnetic fields within the plasma. By the addition of a quarter wave plate, the Faraday rotation can alternatively be sensed as a phase shift of the heterodyne beat of two frequency-offset input beams relative to the case of no plasma. This scheme has the advantage of phase modulation over amplitude modulation, i.e., independence of absolute amplitude and weak dependence on amplitude change. We demonstrate with Jones matrix algebra how the measured phase shift depends only weakly on imperfections and angular alignments of the optical components. Moreover, the phase shifts can be increased more than an order of magnitude by deliberate modifications in the basic optical configuration at a sacrifice of comparable amounts of the amplitude modulation of the carrier from which the phase shift is determined.     

Multiple scattering approach to Co K-edge XMCD and XANES spectra in Gd–Co alloys

We have measured and analyzed Co K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) near edge spectra in crystalline and amorphous GdCo₂ alloys. We have used a semi-relativistic full multiple scattering approach to the analyses of the XMCD spectra. A general formula is obtained which is applicable to randomly oriented systems in space. Useful information is obtained on both the electronic and geometric structure around a Co atom. The difference in XANES and XMCD spectra between crystalline and amorphous GdCo₂ is well explained by models referring to the anomalous X-ray scattering result, where three Gd atoms in the second shell are removed away. The calculated XANES are not so sensitive to the electronic structure, whereas the calculated XMCD spectra are rather sensitive to the spin polarization on Co atoms. The result shows that the spin polarization on Co atoms in GdCo₂ alloys is smaller than that in Co metals.     

Yb3+离子掺杂钨酸钾钆晶体的光谱参数

从Yb³⁺:KGd(WO₄)₂(KGW)的吸收谱和荧光谱出发,利用倒易理论计算其各个光谱参量,如吸收截面,受激发射截面,辐射寿命等.由于Yb³⁺:KGW晶体较适合用作二极管泵浦的激光器的材料,而激光二极管所发出的光是偏振光,晶体又是双折射晶体,因此研究了泵浦光的不同通光方向和偏振方向对Yb³⁺:KGW晶体荧光光谱的影响.实验表明在不同情况下其对晶体荧光强度影响较大,因此在设计用激光二极管泵浦的激光器时,应考虑合适的泵浦光偏振方向和入射在晶体上的轴向,其中泵浦光的通光方向比泵浦光偏振方向对晶体的荧光强度的影响更大.对按晶轴切割的这两种晶体,相同实验条件下,荧光强度I_c>I_b>I_a.对于按折射率主轴切割的来说,荧光强度I_Np>I_Ng>I_Nm.在通光方向为c轴,偏振方向平行b轴时得到了最大的荧光强度.     

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter with asymmetrical cross resonator

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter is proposed and investigated in this paper. The filter is based on the sandwich absorption structure which consists of three layers. The top layer is an array of asymmetrical cross resonator.The middle and bottom layers are dielectric spacer and metal film respectively. By absorbing specific wavelength of the incident light perfectly, the reflection spectrum of the structure shows filter performance. The calculated results show that the absorption wavelength is strongly dependent on the length of branch of the asymmetrical cross resonator which is parallel to the light polarization and independent of the length of the vertical one. Therefore, the asymmetrical cross resonator filter structure opens the way for freely tuning the filtering wavelength for a different light polarization. We can fix a resonant wavelength(absorption wavelength) corresponding to one polarization and change the resonant wavelength for the other polarization by adjusting the corresponding branch length of the asymmetrical cross resonator, or change the two resonant wavelengths of both two polarizations at the same time.