Simulation of transport and relaxation of hot electrons in the near-surface layers of nanostructured and crystalline silicon dioxides

Computer simulation has been performed to investigate the transport and energy relaxation of photoelectrons in the near-surface layers of nanostructured and crystalline silicon dioxides in the presence and absence of an electric field. Calculations have shown that nanostructured samples have a shorter hot-electron thermalization time and exhibit weaker influence of an electric field on the electron energy relaxation process than the bulk crystal. The size effect calculated in terms of electron thermalization time is most pronounced at particle sizes less than 5 nm.     

Thermalization,Expansion and Radial Flow in HIC

The thermalization,expansion and radial flow are discussed in the processes of intermediate energy heavy ion collisions via BUU model.Our results show that at lower energies,the thermalization is reached for the collision system,but at higher energies the global thermalization is violated and only local equilibrium exists.The expansion process in the heavy ion collision at medium energies is also discussed.     

Analysis of charged hadron multiplicity distributions at RHIC

It is demonstrated that with Heinz's collective flow model charged particle distributions at AGS and lower SPS energies (less than 20 GeV/n) ,can successfully be analyzed,but that the model fails for the RHIC data.Heinz's model calculation underestimates the tails of the charged particle distributions from RHIC,the discrepancy becoming bigger as the energy increases.To study the multiplicity distributions at RHIC we develop the so-cailed"Thermalization Component Model",which is based on Heinz's collective flow model.It is realized that the limitation of phase space of collective flow can be reflected in that of the thermalization region.By comparing the contributions of particle production from the thermalization regions at different energies and different centralities,we can deepen our understanding of the features of collective motion at RHIC.     

Multiplicity distributions of charged hadrons at AGS, SPS and RHIC

It is found that Collective Flow Model (CFM) which can successfully analyze charged particle distributions at AGS and lower SPS (less than 20 GeV/n), fails to analyze that of RHIC. The tail of distribution of charged particle at RHIC has a jump away from the collective model calculation as the energy increase. Thermalization Component Model (TCM) is presented basing on collective flow to study the multiplicity distributions at RHIC in this paper. It is realized that the limitation of phase space of collective flow can denote that of thermalization region. By comparing the contributions of particle productions from thermalization region at different energies and different centrality, we can deep our study on the feature of collective movement at RHIC.     

Evaporative Cooling and Self‐Thermalization in an Open System of Interacting Fermions

Depletion dynamics of an open system of weakly interacting fermions with two‐body random interactions is studied. In this model, fermions are escaping from the high‐energy one‐particle orbitals, that mimics the evaporation process used in laboratory experiments with neutral atoms to cool them to ultra‐low temperatures. It is shown that due to self‐thermalization the system instantaneously adjusts to the new temperature which decreases with the course of time.     

Duality for Stochastic Models of Transport

We study three classes of continuous time Markov processes (inclusion process, exclusion process, independent walkers) and a family of interacting diffusions (Brownian energy process). For each model we define a boundary driven process which is obtained by placing the system in contact with proper reservoirs, working at different particle densities or different temperatures. We show that all the models are exactly solvable by duality, using a dual process with absorbing boundaries. The solution does also apply to the so-called thermalization limit in which particles or energy is instantaneously redistributed among sites. The results shows that duality is a versatile tool for analyzing stochastic models of transport, while the analysis in the literature has been so far limited to particular instances. Long-range correlations naturally emerge as a result of the interaction of dual particles at the microscopic level and the explicit computations of covariances match, in the scaling limit, the predictions of the macroscopic fluctuation theory.     

Preheating a bouncing universe

Preheating describes the stage of rapidly depositing the energy of cosmological scalar field into excitations of other light fields. This stage is characterized by exponential particle production due to the parametric resonance. We study this process in the frame of matter bounce cosmology. Our results show that the preheating process in bouncing cosmology is even more efficient than that in inflationary cosmology. In the limit of weak coupling, the period of preheating is doubled. For the case of normal coupling, the back-reaction of light fields can lead to thermalization before the bouncing point. The scenario of matter bounce curvaton could be tightly constrained due to a large coupling coefficient if the curvaton field is expected to preheat the universe directly. However, this concern can be greatly relaxed through the process of geometric preheating.     

Tunneling and transport problems for a quantum mechanical Brownian particle

The Kanai model of a quantum mechanical Brownian particle is used to examine the effect of interactions between particles and their environment. Random forces cause the thermalization of the particle. Reflection of a particle from a step barrier is analyzed. The problem of tunneling of the Brownian particle through a rectangular barrier is solved. Finally, a solution for a Brownian particle in a box is presented.     

Modeling the effects of cohesive energy for single particle on the material removal in chemical mechanical polishing at atomic scale

This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) based on interface solid physical and chemical theory in addition to energy equilibrium knowledge. And the effects of oxidation concentration and particle size on the material removal in CMP are investigated. It is shown that the mechanical energy and removal cohesive energy couple with the particle size, and being a cause of the non-linear size-removal rate relation. Furthermore, it also shows a nonlinear dependence of removal rate on removal cohesive energy. The model predictions are in good qualitative agreement with the published experimental data. The current study provides an important starting point for delineating the micro-removal mechanism in the CMP process at atomic scale.     

Melting of Al by ultrafast laser pulses: dynamics at the melting threshold

Using molecular-dynamics simulation, we investigate the melting of a thin Al slab by ultrafast laser irradiation. We employ a laser energy, which is just around the melting threshold. While the equilibrium electron–phonon coupling is well understood, we investigate the influence of the early (i.e., prior to electron thermalization) electron-lattice energy transfer. To this end, as a model study, we vary the fraction of the laser energy, which is directly given to lattice atoms vs. that given to the electronic system. We find that the melting process depends sensitively on the early electron-lattice heating rate. The pressure build-up within the still solid parts of the slab is identified as the main agent which delays the melting transition. The changes in the simulated structure factor data suggest that X-ray measurements of thin films performed just around the melting transition—even if performed long after electron thermalization—may provide information on the early electron-lattice energy coupling process.     

Effect of Phantom Dark Energy on Holographic Thermalization

Holographic thermalization for a black hole surrounded by phantom dark energy is probed. The result shows that the smaller the phantom dark energy parameter is, the easier the is plasma to thermalize as the chemical potential is fixed, the larger the chemical potential is, and the harder the plasma is to thermalize as the dark energy parameter is fixed. The thermalization velocity and thermalization acceleration are presented by fitting the thermalization curves.     

Thermalization in multiphoton excitation of molecules

The thermalization of coherent multiphoton excitation of molecules is examined. An inspection of the level distribution of a driven anharmonic oscillator, which is subject to energy and phase dissipation to a bath, reveals that phase relaxation (dephasing) due to the bath perturbation plays a major role in the thermalization process.     

The damping of the giant resonances in heavy and medium-heavy nuclei

The damping of the giant resonances in heavy and medium-heavy nuclei can be described by thermalization and cooling-off processes. The direct emission of particles, which is strongly inhibited by Coulomb and centrifugal barriers is neglected here. In the damping process, which begins with the thermalization, the 1p-1h giant resonance states induced by the incoming electromagnetic field are scattered inelastically due to the presence of two-body residual forces into other 1p-1h and 2p-2h states. In heavy nuclei there exist, at the energy of the giant resonance, several hundreds of such 2p-2h states. The 1p-1h dipole and quadrupole basis states for the diagonalization of the Hamiltonian are obtained from a spherical Nilsson potential. The density of the 2p-2h states obtained from the same potential are then used to determine the energy dependence of the widths of the giant resonances.     

MD simulation study of the sputtering process by high-energy gas cluster impact

We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the characteristic sputtering process with large cluster ion impact. The statistical properties of incident Ar and sputtered Si atoms were examined using 100 different MD simulations with Ar₁₀₀₀ cluster impacting on a Si(0 0 1) target at a total acceleration energy of 50 keV. The results show that the kinetic energy distribution of Ar atoms after impact obeys the high-temperature Boltzmann distribution due to thermalization through high-density multiple collisions on the target. On the other hand, the kinetic energy distribution of sputtered target atoms demonstrates a hybrid model of thermalization and collision-cascade desorption processes.     

Position passage through an electron gas

The analysis of the passage of a charged particle through an electron gas is given in this paper. The electron gas is considered as a plasma which oscillates with the Debye frequency. At the same time the electron gas polarization by the electric field of a passing positron is taken into account. The positron energy loss per unit time is calculated. The thermalization time of high velocity positrons is obtained. This time depends on the density of a metal, namely on the electron gas density according to the experimental data.     

库仑对数的量子修正

对D-He^3聚变产生的高能带电粒子，它们在本底等离子体中热化初始阶段的能量损失速率或慢化时间的计算准确性直接影响到能量平衡和快离子压强的计算结果。研究表明，在描述聚变产生的高能尾部粒子初始热化阶段。最好使用较精确的库仑对数lnAi，它们的二体库仑碰撞坦子力学效应不能忽视。     

Penetration depth anisotropy in d-density wave scenario

We discuss thermalization of a test particle schematized as a harmonic oscillator and coupled to a Boltzmann heat bath of finite size and with a finite bandwidth for the frequencies of its particles. We find that complete thermalization only occurs when the test particle frequency is within a certain range of the bath particle frequencies, and for a certain range of mass ratios between the test particle and the bath particles. These results have implications for the study of classical and quantum behaviour of high-frequency nanomechanical resonators.     

Most probable and average energy losses of the beam of monoenergetic charge particles with average and low energies at multiple scattering

The results of statistical modeling of the discrete process of multiple inelastic scattering are presented. This process is modeled to find the most probable and average energy losses of a beam of charged particles (electrons and protons) passing through a material layer with a given thickness. The proposed approach is based on determining the most probable energy loss at single small-angle scattering, on including the effect of the statistical probability on this quantity at multiple scattering, and on determining the average number of inelastic interactions for particles in a film with a known thickness. The dependence of the particle energy lost during interaction with atomic electrons on their relative motion is taken into account for low-energy particles. A new interpretation is offered for the parameter J in the logarithmic term in the formulas for the average and most probable energy losses of charged particles. A computational scheme for this parameter as an average potential energy of atomic electrons is given.     

Self-diffusion in fluids with weak long-range forces

Diffusion of a test particle in a homogeneous classical fluid with weak long-range forces is studied. The dominant mean-field effect (Vlasov's theory) vanishes for symmetry reasons. Dynamical phenomena follow then from fluctuations of the effective potential energy felt by the propagating particle. The kinetic equation corresponding to this mechanism is derived with the use of the multiple-time-scale method. Its structure resembles very much that of the (linearized) Balescu-Lenard equation of hot plasma theory. It is shown that the kinetic equation holds only if no phase transition occurs in the system. The thermalization of the diffusing particle and the high-temperature and Lorentz gas limits are discussed.