~(183)W5.2秒同质异能态的一条新跃迁分支

在用14.8MeV中子轰击天然钨样品时,观察到了一条γ射线,其能量为291.7keV,以5.17±0.03秒的半衰期衰变。根据实验事实,我们假设~(183)W的5.2秒同质异能态衰变中除了已知的两条跃迁分支外,还存在11/2~ 11/2[615]→5/2~-3/2[512]态的另一条同质异能(E3)跃迁。计算了这条新跃迁分支的受阻因子,它与K~-禁戒同质异能跃迁的一般经验规则很好相符。     

奇—奇核~（114）Pm高自旋同质异能态及其衰变纲图的研究

用高自旋同质异能态次级束流线实验装置，对１４４Ｐｍ的高自旋同质异能态进行了快速分离，并做了γ射线的符合测量．结合γ射线激发函数和各向异性的测量结果，首次建立了奇—奇核１４４Ｐｍ的高自旋同质异能态的衰变纲图，其中１９条高自旋能级和２９条γ射线是由本工作指定的．离子γ射线关联测量确定了１４４Ｐｍ的高自旋同质异能态的半衰期大于２μｓ．通过系统性比较以及变形的独立粒子模型理论计算，指定了高自旋同质异能态的粒子组态可能为，自旋宇称为，并具有形变参数为β＝－０．１８的扁椭球形状．     

裂变产物衰变链设计

根据核科学参考文献库,对半衰期、缓发中子发射几率等进行了更新评价,采用系统学研究和理论研究相结合的评价方法对裂变产物中不确定的基态进行了自旋指定,对部分存在问题的数据进行了必要修正;对衰变子核存在同质异能态的放射性核素,根据衰变纲图和内转换系数重新计算得到退激至子核同质异能态和基态的分支比数据。在此基础上,结合现有核结构和衰变数据库,研制了裂变产物衰变链设计专用衰变数据库,按照衰变规律,建立了裂变产物衰变路径和衰变信息的完整衰变链,本工作为裂变产物分析和裂变产额研究提供了一个便利参考。     

同核异能素百年回顾

同核异能素指原子核的长寿命激发态,通常发生γ跃迁、β衰变、裂变、α衰变、质子发射等衰变.原子核激发态的半衰期常不到1 ps.寿命多长才能被称为同核异能素并无统一界定.一般认为,为了能够计数,同核异能素的半衰期应该长于1 ns.同核异能素通常可以通过重核裂变、重离子反应、超强激光等方法产生.自同核异能素被发现以来的一个世...     

183W5.2秒同质异能态的一条新跃迁分支

在用14.8MeV中子轰击天然钨样品时, 观察到了一条γ射线, 其能量为291.7keV, 以5.17±0.03秒的半衰期衰变. 根据实验事实, 我们假设183W的5.2秒同质异能态衰变中除了已知的两条跃迁分支外, 还存在11/2⁺11/2[615]→5/2^－3/2[512]态的另一条同质异能(E3)跃起迁. 计算了这条新跃迁分支的爱阻因子, 它与K^－禁戒同质异能跃迁的一般经验规则很好相符.     

高电荷态同质异能态的寿命

分析了带电原子由于缺少内转换(同质异能态)或电子俘获跃迁(β衰变)引起的核寿命的变化.理论预言了随着电荷态的增加,内壳的电子在核表面的电子密度降低,内壳电子能级也降低,不稳定原子核的寿命由于前一原因而缓慢增加,但当内壳电子能级降到特殊能量时产生剧烈增加.比较了由于不同的跃迁能量和跃迁类型对内转换过程的半衰期的影响,并将计算的理论值与一些实验测量值进行了比对.并开发了进行这类计算的公共计算程序.     

扰动角关联在化学中的应用(续)

扰动角关联技术应用于化学扰动角关联在化学中的应用主要可分为固体化学、溶液化学、热原子化学及辐射损伤。除了同质异能跃迁以外,核探针与其衰变母体的化学性质不同。放射性衰变导致了子体的电子核心变化。衰变后效应包括Z 的变化,随着β-衰变产生的电离作用、运动反冲、抖脱激发和次级电离过程,其中同质异能跃迁和β衰变只产生温和的后效应,而电子俘获的Auger 过程则会产生分子和原子的强烈扰动。     

奇—奇核114Pm高自旋同质异能态及其衰变纲图的研究

用高自旋同质异能态次级束流线实验装置,对¹⁴⁴Pm的高自旋同质异能态进行了快速分离,并做了γ射线的符合测量.结合γ射线激发函数和各向异性的测量结果,首次建立了奇—奇核¹⁴⁴Pm的高自旋同质异能态的衰变纲图,其中19条高自旋能级和29条γ射线是由本工作指定的.离子γ射线关联测量确定了¹⁴⁴Pm的高自旋同质异能态的半衰期大于2μs.通过系统性比较以及变形的独立粒子模型理论计算,指定了高自旋同质异能态的粒子组态可能为π(1h²_11/2d_5/2)v(1i_13/21h_9/22f_7/2),自旋宇称为J^π=27⁺,并具有形变参数为β=－0.18的扁椭球形状.     

缺中子核197Bi的能级结构研究

用100MeV¹⁶O束流轰击厚的天然Re靶和¹⁸⁷Re同位素靶,布居了¹⁹⁷Bi的高自旋激发态.用y-y-t符合测量,发现并修正了已有的¹⁹⁷Bi能级纲图中的错误,确定了¹⁹⁷Bi的三个新的高自旋同质异能态,识别出了11条新γ跃迁.并从奇A Bi核能级结构的系统性,对本工作确定的半寿命t_1/2=19.3±4.9ns的同质异能态的组态和衰变性质进行了探讨.本工作还测量了γ跃迁的角分布,建议了¹⁹⁷Bi的新的能级纲图.     

原子核与激光的相互作用(一)——激光引起的同质异能态衰变和γ Laser

用参量化的方法推导了激光引起的原子核同质异能态共振跃迁的几率,并考虑了激光频率宽度的效应.进而研究了基于以下概念发展γ激光器的可能性:即用强的可见光激光将长寿命的同质异能素转换到能量上近似兼并的短寿命同质异能素,并使后者达到粒子数反转.在分析了同质异能态的粒子占有数随时间变化的基础上,数值计算了这一途径所需要的激光强度.     

Role of 208Pb daughter nucleus and nuclear shell effects in trans‐lead cluster radioactivity by emission of neon clusters from 218–236U isotopes

In the present work, the cluster radioactivity of even A uranium isotopes (^218–236U) with the emission of both alpha‐like and non‐alpha‐like neon clusters (^{20,22,24,26,28}Ne) was studied. The decimal logarithm of half‐lives (expressed in seconds) were calculated by three different approaches based on (i) the single line of Universal curve (UNIV) for alpha and cluster radioactive decay, (ii) the Universal Decay law (UDL) and (iii) by considering a fission‐like model in which the interacting nuclear potential barrier was taken to be the sum of Coulomb and proximity potentials (CPPM) respectively. Based on the half‐lives calculated by using the three different approaches mentioned above, significance of the role of ²⁰⁸Pb nucleus (doubly magic nucleus) and nuclear shell effects in trans‐lead cluster radioactivity were investigated. The calculated half‐lives have also been compared with available experimental results. It was observed that cluster decay modes leading to the formation of ²⁰⁸Pb daughter nucleus have the lowest half‐lives. This implies that there is a shell closure at proton number (Z) = 82 and neutron number (N) = 126. Hence, it confirms the existence of nuclear shell effect and stresses the significance of role of ²⁰⁸Pb daughter nucleus in the trans‐lead cluster radioactivity. It can be noticed that the calculated half‐lives for several cluster decay modes are well within the present experimental upper limit for measurements (T_1/2 < 10³⁰S). These results may be useful for future experiments.     

超重核α衰变寿命的理论研究

建立了计算球形核α衰变寿命的新模型——密度依赖的结团模型(DDCM)。在此基础上,通过引入子核的形变自由度,发展了形变的密度依赖的结团模型, 编写了形变的DDCM程序。并系统计算了Z=106—110的超重核α衰变寿命。通过与已有的实验数据的对比分析, 发现理论结果和实验数据符合得很好,验证了DDCM在超重核区域的适用性。We proposed a deformed version of density dependent cluster model (DDCM) by including nuclear deformation of the daughter nucleus. A systematic calculation of α decay half lives of superheavy nuclei (Z=106—110) is carried out by the deformed DDCM. The good agreement between theory and data is obtained. It is shown that the deformed DDCM works well in the superheavy mass region.     

超重核294118和291116及其α衰变链上各核素半衰期的研究

运用推广的液滴模型（GLDM）确定了超重核294118和291116及其α衰变链上各核素的衰变势垒, 采用量子力学中的WKB方法计算α衰变中的势垒穿透几率, 对该链上各原子核的α衰变半衰期进行了研究。 此外, 还利用Royer公式对该链上各原子核的α衰变半衰期进行了计算。 结果表明, GLDM 考虑亲和能与Royer公式给出的α衰变半衰期与超重核区的实验值符合很好, 验证了GLDM和Royer公式在超重核区的适用性,可以用来预测超重核的半衰期。 最后, 预言了Z=118 和116 同位素链上各核素的半衰期, 结果表明, 在Z=118和116中存在α衰变长寿命同位素, 这需要实验上的检验。The α decay potential barrier of the newly synthesized superheavy nuclei starting from 294118 and 291116 have been determined and their half lives have been studied with the Generalized Liquid Drop Model(GLDM) connected with WKB approximation and Royer’s formulae．The α decay half lives of the nuclei belonging to the superheavy nuclei starting from 294118 and 291116 have been calculated．The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data, which show that the α decay half lives of superheavy nuclei with the GLDM and Royer’s formulae can be applied in the studying on superheavy nuclei successfully．Finally, the half lives of Z=118 and 116 isotopes have been predicted, and the results suggest there may be some long lived superheavy nuclei for α decay in those isotopes.     

A setup for the search for E0 decay of superdeformed 236U

Transitions between nuclear states with a large deformation difference may have large transition probabilities for E0 decay. Such an E0 decay has been found in the decay of the superdeformed ²³⁸U fission isomer back into the normal-deformed states [1]. However, a search for the E0 back-decay in ²³⁶U showed no result [2]. A setup has been developed to search for conversion electrons in this decay.     

Decay of high-spin isomers in Os nuclei by barrier penetration

A decay scheme for the 130±20 ns high-spin isomer in ¹⁸²Os has been established. The excitation energy of the isomer is 7049±1 keV and it has I^π = 25⁽⁺⁾. A 2.4% decay directly to the yrast 24⁺ level at 5988 keV is observed. In ¹⁸⁴Os a 20±5 ns isomer is observed at 2366±1 keV excitation energy with I^π = 10⁺. Again, direct transitions into the yrast 8⁺ and 10⁺ levels are observed. Contrary to previous speculations, there is no compelling evidence for stable triaxial shapes in the structure of the levels through which the isomers decay. The abnormally short half-lives observed, as well as the unusual decay patterns, are best understood in terms of a γ-soft nuclear potential. Motion in the γ-direction allows the isomer to decay via barrier penetration from an axially symmetric prolate shape with the angular momentum along the nuclear symmetry axis (deformation aligned state) via oblate shapes to another prolate shape with the angular momentum perpendicular to the nuclear symmetry axis (rotation-aligned state).     

Half lives of heaviest nuclei with Woods-Saxon potential

Adapting the realistic single-particle Woods-Saxon potential the half-lives of elements withZ≧104 are estimated. Spontaneous fission, alpha decay and electron capture processes are treated. Alleven-even, odd-even andodd-odd nuclei are considered. In calculations of spontaneous fission half lives phenomenological mass parameters are applied. The results allow to estimate hindrance factors for odd systems. As compared to calculations with Nilsson model and microscopic mass parameters, present results for spontaneous fission half lives are 3–5 orders of magnitude higher in the case of heaviest nuclei (Z≧107).     

Systematic Study on Alpha Decay Half-Lives of Superheavy Nuclei

The α-decay half-lives of a set of superheavy nuclear isotope chain from Z = 105 to 120 have been analyzed systematically within the WKB method, and some nuclear structure features are found. The decay barriers have been determined in the quasi-molecular shape path within the Generalized Liquid Drop Model （GLDM） including the proximity effects between nucleons in a neck and the mass and charge asymmetry. The results are in reasonable agreement with the published experimental data for the alpha decay half-llves of isotopes of charge 112, 114, and 116, of the element 294118 and of some decay products. A comparison of present calculations with the results by the DDM3Y effective interaction and by the Viola-Seaborg-Sobiczewski （VSS） formulae is also made. The experimental a decay half lives all stand in between the GLDM calculations and VSS formula results. This demonstrates the possibility of these models to provide reasonable estimates for the half-lives of nuclear decays by a emissions for the domain of SHN. The half-lives of these new nuclei are thus well tested from the reasonable consistence of the macroscopic, the microscopic, the empirical formulae and the experimental data. This also shows that the present data of SHN themselves are consistent. It could suggest that the present experimental claims on the existence of new elements Z =110 - 118 are reliable. It is expected that greater deviations of a few SHN between the data and the model may be eliminated by further improvements on the precision of the measurements.     

Triggering of nuclear isomers via decay of autoionization states in electron shells (NEET)

Nuclear excitation by an electron transition (NEET) may be used for triggering the decay of nuclear isomers only when there are compensations between energies (ΔE) and multipolarities (ΔL) of the nuclear transition and the transition in an electron shell. It is shown that using the autoionization states (AS) allows one to compensate for the ΔE and ΔL differences. Laser radiation may be used for the excitation of AS with energies up to 10–15 eV and ^229m Th (3.5 eV) nuclear isomer excitation by NEET via AS decay. Ion beams, electron beams, and X rays may be used for the excitation of the trigger nuclear levels with energies up to 150 keV by NEET via AS and for the triggering of the nuclear isomer decay. For excitation of AS with the energies up to 150 keV, two or more hole states in deep inner electron shells must be excited. The cross section for such two-hole state excitation in electron shells by ion beams may be sufficiently high. The possibilities of NEET via AS for the triggering of nuclear isomer decay are discussed.     

Exotic Isomers in Deformed Atomic Nuclei

Excited states of atomic nuclei can have long half lives, due to the angular-momentum couplings of unpaired nucleons. Such isomeric states provide opportunities for exploring novel nuclear physics, astrophysics and physics at the atomic/nuclear interface. This review focuses on the properties of isomers in deformed nuclei, and emphasises the importance of axial symmetry in preserving the integrity of the K quantum number. A region of neutron-rich nuclei around ¹⁸⁸Hf (Z=72, N=116) is predicted to have exceptional isomer properties, and experimental advances are now opening up this region to detailed investigation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

超重核的生成和衰变

简单介绍了近年来在超重核研究方面所取得的成就和理论方面所面临的挑战.着重介绍推广的液滴模型和准分子形状机制,它们的优点是考虑了精确的核半经、质量和电荷的不对称性、形变、亲和力和温度等.推广的液滴模型和准分子形状机制能很好地描述重核和超重核的裂变、衰变及完全熔合反应.The progress and challenge on studies of superheavy elements both experiments and theories has been briefly introduced. It is emphasis to introduce a generalized liquid drop model, including the proximity effects, the asymmetry, an accurate nuclear radius, and quasi molecular shapes. The α decay half lives of 373 nuclei and superheavy elements have been calculated in the generalized liquid drop model and compared with the available experimental data. The deformed energies have also been obtained ...