Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Triterpenoids from Chaga Sterile Conk of Inonotus obliquus

Triterpenoids are among the bioactive components of Chaga, the sterile conk of the medicinal fungus Inonotus obliquus. Supercritical fluid extraction of Chaga triterpenoids was carried out with supercritical CO₂, while a modified Folch method was used as a comparison. Three temperature-pressure combinations were tested varying between 314–324 K (40–50 °C) and 281–350 bars, using time- and volume-limited extractions. Six triterpenoids were identified with GC-MS and quantified with GC-FID: ergosterol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmastanol, betulin, and inotodiol. The Folch extraction resulted in recovery of trametenolic acid, which was not extracted by supercritical CO₂. Inotodiol was the major triterpenoid of all the extracts, with a yield of 87–101 mg/100 g and 139 mg/100 g, for SFEs and the Folch method, respectively. The contents of other major triterpenoids, lanosterol and ergosterol, varied in the ranges 59–63 mg/100 g and 17–18 mg/100 g by SFE, respectively. With the Folch method, the yields were 81 mg/100 g and 40 mg/100 g, respectively. The highest recovery of triterpenoids with SFE in relation to Folch was 56% and it was obtained at 324 K (50 °C) and 350 bar, regardless of extraction time or volume of CO₂. The recoveries of lanosterol and stigmastanol were unaffected by SFE conditions. Despite the lower yield, SFE showed several advantages including shorter extraction time and less impact on the environment. This work could be a starting point for further studies on green extraction methods of bioactive triterpenoids from Chaga.     

Pilot-Scale Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Dry Paprika Capsicum annuum: Influence of Operational Conditions and Storage on Extract Composition

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used to extract carotenoids from dry paprika Capsicum annuum. Studies regarding the effect of process parameters, including pressure (25–45 MPa), temperature (40–60 °C), and time (10–110 min), were carried out using response surface methodology. It was found that under optimal conditions (pressure of 45 MPa, temperature of 50 °C, and time of 74 min), the extract yield was 10.05%, and the total content of carotenoids in the extract was 4.21%, in good agreement with the predicted values (10.24% and 4.24%, respectively). Composition analysis showed that paprika extract mainly consisted of linoleic acid. There was no significant difference between the fatty acid content of the extracts obtained by SC-CO₂ extraction and n-hexane Soxhlet extraction. For functional purposes, the effect of storage conditions and time on the quality of paprika extract was also specified.     

超临界CO2中以活性碳为模板由TEOS制备多孔SiO2

在超临界CO2中以活性碳为模板由正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)前体涂层焙烧法制备多孔SiO2材料。结构分析表明,超临界涂层法制备的多孔SiO2材料的比表面积、比孔容和平均孔径分别达到1147m2/g、1.4cm3/g和2.20nm,优于常规液相浸渍涂层法。并研究了活性碳含水量、超临界涂层的温度和压力等因素对涂层效果的影响,确定了较好的涂层条件。     

超临界CO2对尼龙66膜的改性

对于大多数聚合物而言,超临界CO2(SC CO2)是不良溶剂,但是它可以溶解许多小分子,对聚合物有很强的溶胀性。此外,在临界点附近,压力的微小改变能导致超临界流体的密度和溶剂化能力的巨大改变,因此,可以很方便地控制其对聚合物的溶胀度;其次在降压过程中无气．液共存,避免了毛细管力对基质的破坏,并且溶剂很容易与基质分离。     

New CO2-philic Compounds： Design, Synthesis and Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) have attracted much attention as “green” replacement for organic solvents, offering economical and environmental benefits due to its favorable physical and chemical properties, such as recyclability, ease …     

超临界二氧化碳萃取甘草黄酮的工艺

中药甘草为豆科植物甘草 (GlycyrrhizauralensisFisch .)的根及根状茎。对其药理性能以往均以甘草酸为研究重点[1 ] ,近年来陆续发现甘草黄酮类成分的重要药理作用[2 ] 。傅乃武等[3] 证实甘草中的黄酮类成分有明显的抗氧化作用 ;王根生等[4] 报道甘草根中富黄酮组分 (GF)对CCl4或乙醇所致的小鼠肝损伤有保护作用。Hatano等[5] 证明甘草根茎中的某些黄酮类化合物对Molt4细胞所诱导的Plant细胞对HIV有较强的抑制作用。甘草黄酮类天然药物已成为国内外新药研究和开发的热点。超临界二氧化碳萃取法 (SFE CO2 )具有提取温度低、提取率高…     

超临界co2中模板法制备氧化铝多孔材料

超临界co2;活性炭;模板;氧化铝;多孔     

Supercritical CO2 Assisted Impregnation of Ibuprofen on Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA)

In this work, we propose the utilization of scCO₂ to impregnate ibuprofen into the mcl-PHA matrix produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis subs. aurantiaca (DSM 19603). The biopolymer has adhesive properties, is biocompatible and has a melting temperature of 45 °C. Several conditions, namely, pressure (15 and 20 MPa) and impregnation time (30 min, 1 h and 3 h) were tested. The highest ibuprofen content (90.8 ± 6.5 mg of ibuprofen/g_PHA) was obtained at 20 MPa and 40 °C, for 1 h, with an impregnation rate of 89 mg/(g·h). The processed mcl-PHA samples suffered a plasticization, as shown by the decrease of 6.5 °C in the T_g, at 20 MPa. The polymer’s crystallinity was also affected concomitantly with the matrices’ ibuprofen content. For all the impregnation conditions tested the release of ibuprofen from the biopolymer followed a type II release profile. This study has demonstrated that the mcl-PHA produced by P. chlororaphis has a great potential for the development of novel topical drug delivery systems.     

Oxidation of Styrene with Molecular Oxygen in Supercritical CO2

The oxidation of styrene with molecular oxygen catalyzed by PdCl2 CuCl2 has been investigated in supercritical CO2 with a batch reactor. The oxidative system of styrene contains four components at the beginning and seven components during the reaction. The critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical density at different conversions are determined by using a high-pressure view cell. The effect of phase behavior on the conversion and selectivity were studied. Experimental results showed that the critical parameters of the reaction mixture at fixed initial molar ratio changed with the conversion of reactant. The conversion of styrene reached maximum near the critical density of the reaction mixture. Product selectivity also varied with density of reaction mixture and could be tuned to some degree.     

POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES FROM SUPERCRITICAL CO2 MICROEMULSION POLYMERIZATION

Herein, we reported the microemulsion polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide. With the aid of an anionic phosphate fluorosurfactant （bis-[2-（F-hexyl）ethyl]phosphate sodium）, water-soluble/CO2-insoluble acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride monomer and N,N＇-methylene-bisacrylamide cross-linker were solubilized into CO2 continuous phase via the formation of water-in-CO2 （w/c） microemulsion water pools. Initiated by a CO2-soluble initiator, 2,2＇-azo-bisisobutyronitrile （AIBN）, cross-linked poly（acryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride） particles were produced and stabilized in these w/c internal water pools. Nano-sized particles with sizes less than 20 nm in diameter and narrow particle size distributions were obtained.     

Optical Diagnostics of Supercritical CO2 and CO2-Ethanol Mixture in the Widom Delta

The supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) is widely used as solvent and transport media in different technologies. The technological aspects of scCO₂ fluid applications strongly depend on spatial–temporal fluctuations of its thermodynamic parameters. The region of these parameters’ maximal fluctuations on the p-T (pressure-temperature) diagram is called Widom delta. It has significant practical and fundamental interest. We offer an approach that combines optical measurements and molecular dynamics simulation in a wide range of pressures and temperatures. We studied the microstructure of supercritical CO₂ fluid and its binary mixture with ethanol in a wide range of temperatures and pressures using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. MD is used to retrieve a set of optical characteristics such as Raman spectra, refractive indexes and molecular refraction and was verified by appropriate experimental measurements. We demonstrated that in the Widom delta the monotonic dependence of the optical properties on the CO₂ density is violated. It is caused by the rapid increase of density fluctuations and medium-sized (20–30 molecules) cluster formation. We identified the correlation between cluster parameters and optical properties of the media; in particular, it is established that the clusters in the Widom delta acts as a seed for clustering in molecular jets. MD demonstrates that the cluster formation is stronger in the supercritical CO₂-ethanol mixture, where the extended binary clusters are formed; that is, the nonlinear refractive index significantly increased. The influence of the supercritical state in the cell on the formation of supersonic cluster jets is studied using the Mie scattering technique.     

超临界CO2萃取异甘草素的提取工艺

采用正交试验与单因素试验相结合方法对异甘草素的超临界CO2提取工艺进行了研究,并与常规索氏提取法的实验结果进行了对比。得到的最佳工艺参数为:萃取压力30 MPa、萃取温度45℃、夹带剂85％乙醇、液固比为5:1、CO2流量10 kg／h、分离压力5．5 MPa、分离温度35℃。实验结果表明,在优化的条件下,超临界CO2萃取异甘草素的提取率为0．035％,异甘草素在提取物中的质量分数为0．84％,分别是索氏提取法提取率的3．5倍,质量分数的3．0倍。超临界CO2萃取异甘草素所用时间短、溶剂用量少、提取效率高、环境友好,是一种高效、快速提取异甘草素的方法。     

亲二氧化碳碳氢聚合物及其应用*

超临界二氧化碳（scCO₂）作为一种新型“绿色溶剂”,具有无毒、不可燃、易于分离以及来源丰富等特点,有望替代传统的挥发性有机溶剂。但scCO₂是很弱的溶剂,大部分极性分子和高分子量聚合物在其中的溶解度都很低,限制了其工业应用。目前,应用scCO₂遇到的一个挑战就是寻找有效的适用于scCO₂的表面活性剂、配合物、相转移剂等。本文综述了亲二氧化碳聚合物的研究进展,从链段柔顺性和自由体积、溶质/溶质相互作用、溶质/CO₂相互作用三个方面介绍了亲二氧化碳碳氢化合物的设计原则,并介绍了亲二氧化碳聚合物在制备表面活性剂、增溶染料和催化剂等方面的相关应用。     

Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Patchouli Extracted via Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) Extraction

Patchouli extracts and oils extracted from Pogostemon cablin are essential raw material for the perfume and cosmetics industries, in addition to being used as a natural additive for food flavoring. Steam distillation is a standard method used for plant extraction. However, this method causes thermal degradation of some essential components of the oil. In this study, patchouli was extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) under different conditions of pressure (10–30 MPa) and temperature (40–80 °C). The chemical components of the crude extracted oil and the functional group were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was shown to provide a higher yield (12.41%) at a pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 80 °C. Patchouli alcohol, Azulene, δ-Guaiene, and Seychellene are the main bioactive compounds that GC-MS results have identified. FTIR spectra showed alcohol, aldehyde, and aromatic ring bond stretching peaks. Extraction of patchouli with supercritical carbon dioxide provided a higher yield and a better quality of the crude patchouli oil.     

超临界萃取装置的研制及其应用

超临界流体萃取是近的上来兴起的一种新的分离技术，报道了将超临界萃取原理与回流技术相结合研制的二氧化碳回流中低压超临界流体萃取设备，解决了关键实验手段，通过应用证明设备可靠，费用低廉，有实用价值。     

聚吡咯薄膜在超临界CO_2与离子液体两相体系中的电化学合成

首次在超临界CO2与离子液体两相体系中实现了聚吡咯（PPyr）薄膜的电化学合成.与纯离子液体相比,该体系中合成的PPyr膜具有均匀平滑的表面.随着CO2压力的增加,膜的生长速度减慢,膜的表面变得更加均匀平滑.     

人参中稀有皂苷临界二氧化碳超提取

针对人参稀有皂苷极性较小的特点,选择超临界二氧化碳流体(SFE-CO2)技术进行提取,最佳提取实验条件为:压力35 MPa,温度50 ℃,夹带剂为70%乙醇,夹带剂用量为1.7 mL/g。 利用高效液相色谱 电喷雾质谱联用分析方法分析其萃取产物,证明该提取方法的提取效率与超声提取接近,且该方法具有环境友好的特点。     

Superior Nanoporous Polyimides via Supercritical CO2 Drying of Jungle‐Gym‐Type Polyimide Gels

We report novel nanoporous polyimides formed from jungle‐gym‐type rigid polyimide gels by supercritical CO₂ drying. By virtue of supercritical CO₂ drying to avoid the collapse of nanostructure, porosity above 90 vol.‐% was achieved. We found a rich variety of nanoporous structures in the range of 50–800 nm such as crisp fragments, minute network, and highly‐connected beads. These characteristic structures were formed by the competitive progress of liquid‐liquid phase separation and crystallization induced due to the two chemical reactions of end‐crosslinking and thermal imidization during gelation.