藉时间分辨荧光技术研究氢苊、荧蒽与环糊精的络合过程

用时间分辨荧光技术研究二氢苊、荧蒽与β-环糊精的络合过程以及乙醇分子对络合过程的影响, 观察到它们在环糊精水溶液中有长寿命组份存在. 证明这些分子与环糊精分子发生了络合作用, 并根据荧光衰减曲线的指前因子计算出了它们的络合平衡常数.     

具有电化学敏感性的超分子交联点及其水凝胶研究

本文通过主体分子环糊精（CD）和客体分子二茂铁（Fc）之间的包结络合作用,在CD稳定的CdS量子点（CD@QD）表面成功地引入了可聚合双键.所得超分子结构能够作为交联点与N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺（DMA）单体共聚制备杂化超分子水凝胶（Fc-Gel）,称为超分子交联点（Fc-SCL）.Fc还赋予了该结构良好的电化学敏感性.随着Fc-SCL含量的增加,Fc-Gel的力学性能有所增强.此外,该凝胶还具有良好的荧光性质.实验表明,在凝胶形成过程中,CD和Fc之间的包结络合起了关键的交联作用,因此这种凝胶是一种由超分子作用诱导的有机-无机杂化水凝胶.     

两性高分子与小分子及大分子的相互作用（上）

两性高分子是分子链上同时含有正负电荷基团的一类高聚物,具有独特的性质.本文就合成两性高分子与小分子物质(金属离子、表面活性剂、染料、有机探针等)及大分子化合物(聚电解质、蛋白质)的络合过程及影响络合的因素进行了综述.     

铜(Ⅱ)与明胶络合反应的酸效应研究

本文利用分光光度法,测定了pH值为80～130时,Cu²⁺与明胶的络合比.结果发现,随溶液pH值的增大,其络合比增加.这是因为在该pH值范围内,明胶发生去质子化作用而带负电,提供了更多的NH₂—和COO^-.通过络合物的荧光光谱表明,由于Cu²⁺与明胶分子的强烈络合作用,使得Cu²⁺成为明胶有效的荧光猝灭剂.     

β-环糊精与有机胺之间包合作用的理论与实验研究

通过实验和理论计算方法研究了β-环糊精(CD)与乙二胺1及它的三个类似物: 二乙烯三胺2、三乙胺3和乙二胺四乙酸4之间的包合作用. 利用旋光法确定了β-CD与客体分子形成1:1型主–客体包合物, 在298.2 K下测定了包合物在水中的稳定常数(K). 采用半经验PM3方法考察了β-CD与短链脂肪胺1~7、环状脂肪胺8~11以及芳香胺12~13的分子间结合能力, 报道了β-CD与这些客体分子间的包合络合过程并讨论了这些包合体系之间的包合差异性. 变形能和水合能对包合体系的相互作用能的贡献均相当小. β-CD包合物的稳定性取决于主、客体分子之间的尺寸匹配. 对于β-CD与客体1~4形成的包合物而言, 旋光法测定的包合物的K值的顺序与PM3计算得到的包合物络合能绝对值的排序有很好的一致性.     

二甲氨基查耳酮修饰的β-环糊精在不同溶剂中的光物理行为

研究了不同过渡金属离子对以二甲氨基查尔酮修饰的β-环糊精在不同溶剂中的荧光猝灭问题.发现经过修饰的查尔酮在水溶液中对Cu2＋具有特征的识别功能.其猝灭速率常数比其他研究的金属离子大一个数量级以上.然而当该修饰环糊精处于非水溶剂如DMF中时Cu2＋离子特征识别功能不再存在, 而具有平面四方电子构型的Ni2＋则表现出最强的络合功能,这可能与化合物联结链中存在四个用亚乙基相联的络合位点易于生成平面四方结构有关.表明主/客体化合物在结构空间上的互补性,在它们的络合过程中具有重要意义.     

二甲氨基查耳酮修饰的β环糊精在不同溶剂中的光物理行为

研究了不同过渡金属离子对以二甲氨基查尔酮修饰的β环糊精在不同溶剂中的荧光猝灭问题.发现经过修饰的查尔酮在水溶液中对Cu2+具有特征的识别功能.其猝灭速率常数比其他研究的金属离子大一个数量级以上.然而当该修饰环糊精处于非水溶剂如DMF中时Cu2+离子特征识别功能不再存在,而具有平面四方电子构型的Ni2+则表现出最强的络合功能,这可能与化合物联结链中存在四个用亚乙基相联的络合位点易于生成平面四方结构有关.表明主/客体化合物在结构空间上的互补性,在它们的络合过程中具有重要意义.     

基于环糊精的荧光传感器*

基于环糊精的荧光传感器研究倍受人们关注,近年来得到了迅速发展。本文阐述了环糊精络合物的形成以及它们的分子识别机理,在此基础上详细综述了丹酰、芘、萘等荧光基团修饰的环糊精单体及含多个主体的荧光传感器的制备及应用研究现状。此外,对基于环糊精超分子络合物的荧光传感器2003年以后的发展也进行了介绍,同时展望了该领域的发展趋势。     

曙红酯与紫精的分子内及分子间的电子转移

合成了以—(CH_2)_1O.—相连的曙红和丁基紫精的二元化合物,运用吸收光谱,荧光光谱及荧光寿命,研究了分子间及分子内的光致电子转移过程,及加入β-环糊精或糖淀粉对二元化合物体系的影响.结果表明:分子内比分子间的作用显著增强,加入环糊精或糖淀粉后,其与二元化合物形成包结络合物,使电子转移的过程得到改变.     

甲磺酸培氟沙星荧光猝灭法测定微量铁

铁是自然界中最常见的基本元素之一,对它的分析一直受到人们的高度重视。喹诺酮类药物是一类重要的化学合成抗菌素,在临床上有重要用途。由于此类药物分子结构的特殊性,它们可与许多金属离子发生络合反应,根据其分子吸收或荧光光谱的变化可对药物或金属含量进行测定。     

Encapsulation of ciprofloxacin,sparfloxacin, and ofloxacin drugs with α- and β-cyclodextrins: spectral and molecular modelling studies

Inclusion complexation of ciprofloxacin (CIP), sparfloxacin (SPA), and ofloxacin (OFL) drugs with α-CD and β-CD was studied by UV-visible, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and molecular modelling techniques. Changes in the absorbance and fluorescence intensities and fluorescence lifetime of the drugs in the cyclodextrin (CD) solutions suggest the formation of inclusion complexes. Carbonyl stretching frequency moved to higher wave numbers and broadening of the N–H stretching band indicated the formation of inclusion complex. Cyclohexane ring protons of the drugs show remarkable upfield or downfield shift in the ¹HNMR spectrum, indicating that the cyclohexane part of the guest molecule is entrapped inside CD cavities. SEM images of CIP/CD, SPA/CD, and OFL/CD complexes have a crystal structure with different morphology from the isolated CIP, SPA, OFL, and CDs. Investigations of the energetic, thermodynamic, and electronic properties of parametric model number 3 computational calculations confirmed the stability of the inclusion complex.     

Cavity size effect on ICT-dual emission of p-(N,N-dimethylamino)-2-styrylquinoline: complexation with cyclodextrin derivatives

The effect of cyclodextrin inclusion complex formation on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of the included 4-N,N-dimethylamino-2-strylquinoline (2-StQ-NMe₂) has been studied in detail. 2-StQ-NMe₂ in presence of α-, β-, γ- and HP-α- and Hp-β-CDs predominantly exhibits ICT fluorescence predominantly than the emission from locally excited state, whereas in presence of HP-γ-CD the later is observed. In presence of α-CD, 2:1 complexation of the 2-StQ-NMe₂ is observed in addition to 1:1 complexation. The observed results are explained by the CD cavity size and an active role for the secondary hydroxyl groups present in the wider rim of the CD cavity and also which finds support from absorption, emission, lifetime and molecular modeling studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Inclusion complexes of phosphorylated daidzein derivatives with β-cyclodextrin: Preparation and inclusion behavior study

In the present work the feasibility of β-cyclodextrin in complexation was explored, as a tool for improving the solubility and biological ability of daidzein derivatives. A series of phosphorylated daidzein derivatives featuring different chain lengths were synthesized through a modified Atherton-Todd reaction and their inclusion complexes with βCD were prepared by coprecipitation method. The inclusion complexation behavior was studied by fluorescence, UV, FT-IR, MS and (1)H NMR. The results showed that only phosphorylated daidzein derivative carrying small substituent group ((C(2)H(5)O)(2)PO) entered the cavity of βCD and formed 1:1 inclusion complex. The formation constant was 175(mol/L)(-1).     

Fluorescence and Molecular Mechanics of 1-Methyl Naphthalenecarboxylate/Cyclodextrin Complexes in Aqueous Medium

Steady-state, time-resolved fluorescence and Molecular Mechanics techniques have been used to study the complexation of 1-methyl naphthalenecarboxylate with three naturally occurring cyclodextrins (CDs). Emission spectra of 1MN show two overlapping electronic bands. The stoichiometry, the formation constants of the complexes and the thermodynamics parameters upon inclusion were obtained from the change of intensity ratios R of the maxima of both bands and 〈τ〉 with [CD] and temperature. As with the 2-methyl naphthalenecarboxylate (2MN) guest, 1:1 stoichiometries were obtained for all complexes. The formation constants, however, were relatively low compared to those obtained for 2MN. Geometry of the complexes from Molecular Mechanics in the presence of water agrees with the experimental stoichiometry of the complexes and the signs of enthalpy and entropy changes. Quenching, R at [CD]→∞ and fluorescence depolarization measurements also support the proposed structures. As with 2MN the inclusion is mostly dominated by van der Waals interactions.     

Inclusion complexation and photoprototropic behaviour of 3-amino-5-nitrobenzisothiazole with beta-cyclodextrin

The inclusion complexation and photoprototropic behaviour of 3-amino-5-nitrobenzisothiazole (ANBT) in aqueous beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CDx) solution have been investigated. Absorption and fluorescence intensities of the neutral form of ANBT are enhanced due to the formation of 1:1 complex with beta-CDx. The complex formation has been confirmed by IR spectral and SEM studies. In the presence of beta-CDx, no change was observed in the ground and excited state acidity constant values when compared with aqueous medium. Based on its inclusion complexation and photoprototropic characteristics of ANBT in beta-CDx, the structure of the 1:1 complex is proposed.     

Contrasting effect of gold nanoparticles and nanorods with different surface modifications on the structure and activity of bovine serum albumin

Nanoparticles exposed to biofluids become coated with proteins, thus making protein-nanoparticle interactions of particular interest. The consequence on protein conformation and activity depends upon the extent of protein adsorption on the nanoparticle surface. We report the interaction of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with gold nanostructures, particularly gold nanoparticles (GNP) and gold nanorods (GNR). The difference in the geometry and surface properties of nanoparticles is manifested during complexation in terms of different binding modes, structural changes, thermodynamic parameters, and the activity of proteins. BSA is found to retain native-like structure and properties upon enthalpy-driven BSA-GNP complexation. On the contrary, the entropically favored BSA-GNR complexation leads to substantial loss in protein secondary and tertiary structures with the release of a large amount of bound water, as indicated by isothermal calorimetry (ITC), circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence spectroscopies. The esterase activity assay demonstrated a greater loss in BSA activity after complexation with GNR, whereas the original activity is retained in the presence of GNP. The formation of large assemblies (aggregates) and reduced average lifetime, as evidenced from dynamic light scattering and fluorescence decay measurements, respectively, suggest that GNR induces protein unfolding at its surface. The effect of temperature on the CD spectra of BSA-GNP was found to be similar to that of pristine BSA, whereas BSA-GNR shows distortion in CD spectra at lower wavelengths, strengthening the perception of protein unfolding. High binding constant and entropy change for BSA-GNR complexation determined by ITC are consistent with large surfacial interaction that may lead to protein unfolding. The present work highlights the differential response of a protein depending on the nature of the nanostructure and its surface chemistry, which need to be modulated for controlling the biological responses of nanostructures for their potential biomedical applications.     

Effect of cyclodextrin nanocavity confinement on the photophysics of a beta-carboline analogue: a spectroscopic study

Interaction of a beta-carboline based biologically active molecule, 3-acetyl-4-oxo-6,7-dihydro-12H indolo-[2,3-a] quinolizine (AODIQ), with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins (CDs) in aqueous solution has been studied using steady state and time-resolved fluorescence and steady-state fluorescence anisotropy techniques. Polarity dependent intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process is responsible for the remarkable sensitivity of this biological fluorophore to the CD environments. Upon encapsulation, the CT fluorescence exhibits hypsochromic shift along with enhancements in the fluorescence yield, fluorescence anisotropy (r), and fluorescence lifetime. The reduction in the nonradiative deactivation rate of the fluorophore within the CD nanocavities leads to an increase in both fluorescence yield and lifetime. Among the three CDs, gamma-CD shows the most spectacular confinement effect. The results establish the formation of 1:1 AODIQ:CD inclusion complexes in alpha- and beta-CDs. In aqueous gamma-CD solutions, however, depending on the concentration of the gamma-CD, formation of both 1:1 and 1:2 complexes have been revealed. Hydrodynamic radii of the 1:1 and 1:2 probe-gamma-CD supramolecular complexes have also been determined.     

Effects of water and alcohol on the formation of inclusion complexes of d-limonene and cyclodextrins

Abstract

Systematic studies have been carried out on the role of water and alcohol in the formation of inclusion complexes between d-limonene and α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin (CD) by a micro-aqueous method. The inclusion complex was barely formed at zero water content for all CDs. Above the specific water content for each CD, formation of the inclusion complex correlated well with an equation which was derived on the autocatalytic assumption for the inclusion phenomenon. The inclusion complex correlated well with an equation which was derived on the autocatalytic assumption for the inclusion phrnomenon. The minimum water content, which was defined as 1% of the maximum concentration of the inclusion complex formed, coincided with the number of water molecules inside the cavity of the CD. In the presence of ethanol, a significant amount of the inclusion complex was formed for β- and γ-CD/limonene systems, particularly at lower moisture content. However, for α-CD the inclusion fraction decreased significantly in the presence of ethanol. This means that ethanol inhibits the formation of the inclusion complex between x-CD and d-limonene. For other linear alcohols, the formation of the inclusion complex between d-limonene and β-CD increased with decreasing alkyl chain length. This suggests that the more hydrophilic and the smaller (in molecular size) the alcohol is, the more enhanced is the inclusion of d-limonene to β-CD.     

Complexation of cyclodextrins with flavines in aqueous solutions

Data on the binding mode and thermodynamics of complex formation for various cyclodextrins (CDs) with flavines are summarized. It is shown that the governing factors of complexation are the size, degree of hydration, and hydrophobicity of the guest molecule. It is found that the presence of small hydrophobic substituents in a flavine’s structure increases their affinity toward cyclodextrin cavities, raising the stability of a complex. In contrast, the presence of bulky and polar side groups in a flavine’s structure prevents its inclusion in a macrocyclic cavity and weakens complexation. The size of a CD cavity plays a minor role in the interaction between CDs and flavines, since the inclusion of a guest molecule is only partial.     

Excimer emission of caffeine with α- and β-cyclodextrins: spectral and molecular modelling studies

Excimer emission of caffeine with α-CD and β-CD were studied by UV-visible, fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, FTIR, ¹H NMR and molecular modelling techniques. Changes in the absorbance and fluorescence and lifetime of the caffeine with cyclodextrin (CD) solutions indicate (i) caffeine shows dual emission in the CD solutions, (ii) normal emission originates from a monomer and the longer wavelength emission is due to excimer and (iii) in both CDs caffeine forms 1:2 inclusion complex. Carbonyl stretching frequency moved to higher wave numbers and broadening of the N–H stretching band indicated the formation of inclusion complex. The resonance of the methyl protons of caffeine show remarkable upfield or downfield shift in the ¹H NMR, which indicates imidazole ring of the caffeine entrapped in the CD cavities. Investigations of energetic, thermodynamic and electronic properties of PM3 computational calculations confirmed the stability of the inclusion complex.