萃取过程的量热研究 II: 微乳状液形成的滴水量热曲线

采用滴定量热法研究P204钠(钾、铵)-仲辛醇-煤油等体系在滴加水过程中的热量变化, 得到两种不同类型的量热曲线, 在此基础上解释了微乳状液的形成过程和水以两种状态─缔合水和自由水存在, 还以简化的模型定性地讨论了滴水过程中微乳状液颗粒大小的变化。     

滴定量热法研究连串一级反应热动力学

本文用滴定量热法分别建立了滴定期和停滴反应期1-1级连串反应热动力学的数学模型。根据这两种模型,由非线性最小二乘法原理直接拟合单次实验结果可同时求得1-1级连串反应的速率常数（ k ₁和 k ₂）和摩尔反应焓。并用滴定量热法研究了丁二酸二乙酯皂化反应的热动力学,实验结果验证了两种数学模型的正确性。     

热动力学的滴定量热发研究 I.一级反应的热动力学

用滴定量热法分别建立了滴定期和滴反应期一级反应热动力学的数学模型，根据这两种模型，均可由一次实验的滴定量热曲线同时解析出一级反应的速率常数和摩尔反应焓。用滴定量热法研究了去离子水溶剂中乙酸乙酯皂化反应的热动力学，实验结果验证了本文用滴定量热法研究一级反应热动力学的适用性。     

热动力学的滴定量热法研究2: 单底物酶促反应的热动力学

用滴定量热法分别建立了滴定期和停滴反应期单底物酶促反应热动力学的数学模型。根据这两种模型,可由一次实验的滴定量热曲线同时解析出单底物酶促反应的热力学参数(Δ~rH~m)和动力学参数(K~m和k~2)。用滴定量热法研究了一个经典的单底物酶促反应---过氧化氢酶催化分解过氧化氢反应的热动力学,由滴定期和停滴反应期热动力学模型解析出在298.15K和pH=7.0时该反应的米氏常数K~m分别为(5.41±0.24)×10^-^3和(5.43±0.21)×10^-^3mol.L^-^1,酶转换数k~2分别为(3.58±0.33)×10^3和(3.60±0.41)×10^3s^-^1,摩尔反应焓为(-86.75±0.88)kJ.mol^-^1,实验结果验证了上述热动力学模型的正确性。     

热动力学的滴定量热法研究2: 单底物酶促反应的热动力学

用滴定量热法分别建立了滴定期和停滴反应期单底物酶促反应热动力学的数学模型。根据这两种模型,可由一次实验的滴定量热曲线同时解析出单底物酶促反应的热力学参数(Δ~rH~m)和动力学参数(K~m和k~2)。用滴定量热法研究了一个经典的单底物酶促反应---过氧化氢酶催化分解过氧化氢反应的热动力学,由滴定期和停滴反应期热动力学模型解析出在298.15K和pH=7.0时该反应的米氏常数K~m分别为(5.41±0.24)×10^-^3和(5.43±0.21)×10^-^3mol.L^-^1,酶转换数k~2分别为(3.58±0.33)×10^3和(3.60±0.41)×10^3s^-^1,摩尔反应焓为(-86.75±0.88)kJ.mol^-^1,实验结果验证了上述热动力学模型的正确性。     

热动力学的滴定量热法研究 Ⅰ.一级反应的热动力学

用滴定量热法分别建立了满定期和停满反应期一级反应热动力学的数学模型．根据这两种模型，均可由一次实验的滴定量热曲线同时解析出一级反应的速率常数（k1）和摩尔反应治（△rHm）．用液定量热法研究了去离子水溶剂中乙酸乙酯皂化反应的热动力学，实验结果验证了本文用滴定量热法研究一级反应热动力学的运用性．     

二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸萃取剂皂化过程中微乳状液的形成条件与相区变化

本文系统地研究用不同浓度的NaOH,KOH和NH₄OH对D₂EHPA(1M)-仲辛醇(15%)-煤油萃取体系进行皂化过程中微乳状液的生成和相区变化:1.测定了有机相中微乳状液生成的条件;2.测定了皂化过程中有机相的电导、粘度和含水量,发现在等当点时有机相都生成微乳状液,而且电导、粘度和含水量也有最大值;3.研究了长链醇的存在与含量对生成微乳状液的影响.通过这些研究,有助于选择和确定这一体系的皂化与萃取条件.     

微量量热法测定细菌生长的热谱

活体中细胞内的各种代谢过程都件随着一定的热效应,若使用具有足够灵敏的量热计对它进行探测,就提供了一种研究活细胞代谢过程及共有关特性的新方法。当用量热计连续跟踪监测细胞(如细菌)生长繁殖过程热效应的变化时,便获得该细胞生长的“热谱”。近期的研究实践证明,量热学方法用来进行细菌基本生长的研究是可行的。Boling等曾用Batch型量热计检测了某些细菌的生长热谱(见图1),但有些谱图不完整,因在它们的图     

超氧化物歧化酶热变性的量热法研究

用差示扫描量热计,在不同pH值的各种缓冲溶液内、在不同浓度的两种中性盐溶液内,研究了牛红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的热变性过程.实验表明PIPES是一个不与SOD结合的缓冲剂;阴离子的结合或多或少地影响热变性过程,且对该酶的氧化形式的影响更显著。实验发现在不同的缓冲溶液内,在高于等电点的合适的pH值处,或者在浓度较高的中性盐溶液内,SOD能形成一种热稳定性较低的新构象。它受热后不可逆地转变成常见的高热稳定性的构象。依据无盐蒸馏水中得到的热力学参数,运用Ooi模型和热力学分析揭示出高值的纯构象变性焓△H_d~c是SOD高热稳定性的热力学原因。     

差示扫描量热法和调制差示扫描量热法测定聚乳酸热学性质比较

<正>差示扫描量热法(DSC)是一种通过记录物理化学变化过程中待测物本身吸热放热的信息,分析得出材料热性能的重要方法~([1-4])。DSC具有样品易制备、分析快速、温度范围宽、定量能力强、适用于固体和液体等优点,广泛应用于高分子材料~([5-6])、石油化工~([7])、医药以及无机等领域~([8-9])。与传统DSC仅给出总热流信号不同,调制差示扫描量热法(MDSC)在传统的DSC升温程序上叠加正弦调温程序,在得     

Determination of the interaction enthalpy between microemulsion droplets by isothermal titration microcalorimetry

A new experimental design for the measurement of the real heat of dilution of the microemulsion droplets by isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) has been reported and used to study the interaction enthalpies of the droplets for the system of water/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate (AOT)/toluene. The results are in good agreement with those determined from light-scattering experiments.     

Determination of sulphuric acid in process effluent streams using sequential injection titration

Sulphuric acid in process effluent streams from an electrorefining copper plant was analysed with a sequential injection (SI) titration system using sodium hydroxide as titrant. In the proposed SI titration system a base titrant, acid analyte and base titrant zone were injected sequentially into a distilled water carrier stream in a holding coil and swept by flow reversal through a reaction coil to the detector. The base zones contained bromothymol blue as indicator and the endpoint was monitored spectrophotometrically at 620 nm. The influence of carrier stream flow rate, acid and base zone volumes and titrant concentration on the linear range of the method was studied to obtain an optimum. A linear relationship between peak width and logarithm of the acid concentration was obtained in the range 0.006-0.178 mol l(-1) of H(2)SO(4) for a NaOH concentration of 0.002 mol l(-1). The results obtained for the SI titration of process samples were in good agreement with a standard potentiometric method with an RSD<0.75% and a sample frequency of 23 samples h(-1).     

Decrease of droplet size of the reverse microemulsion 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/Triton X-100/cyclohexane by addition of water

In the present contribution, results concerning the role of small amounts of water in the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF4)-in-cyclohexane ionic liquid (IL) reverse microemulsions are reported. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that the size of microemulsion droplets decreased remarkably with increasing water content although water is often used as a polar component to swell reverse microemulsions. It was thus deduced that the number of microemulsion droplets was increased which was confirmed by conductivity measurements. The states of dissolved water were investigated by Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis showing that water molecules mainly act as bound water. 1H NMR along with two-dimensional rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) experiments (ROESY) further revealed that water molecules were mainly located in the periphery of the polar core of the microemulsion droplets and behave like a chock being inserted in the palisade layer of the droplet. This increased the curvature of the surfactant film at the IL/cyclohexane interface and thus led to the decrease of the microemulsion droplet size. The order of surfactant molecules arranged in the interface film was increased and thus induced a loss of entropy. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) indicated that an enthalpy increase compensates for the loss of entropy during the process of microstructural transition.     

Determination of glyphosate in water samples by alternating-current oscillopolarographic titration.

This paper describes a novel, simple and sensitive method for the determination of glyphosate in water samples by alternating-current oscillopolarographic titration. Under an acidic condition, glyphosate can be transferred into a nitrosocompound by reacting with NaNO2. The titration end-point was obtained by the formation of a sharp cut in the oscillopolarographic with infinitesimal NaNO2 on double platinum electrodes. The results showed that glyphosate had an excellent linear relationship over the range of 7.16 x 10(-6) - 4.14 x 10(-3) mol L(-1), the RSD of the proposed method was lower than 3%, and the spiked recoveries of three real water samples were in the range of 97.7 - 100.2%.     

Selective hydroxyl group determination by direct titration with lithium aluminum amide

The selective determination of hydroxyl groups in most complex alcohol systems by direct titration with standard lithium aluminum amide solution is described. The titration is carried out in ether solvent under nitrogen with N-phenyl-p-aminoazobenzene as reversible indicator. The accuracy is better than ± 1 % ; less than 6 min are required for a complete determination of alcohols up to triacontanol. Aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines and alkoxy groups do not interfere, but organic and inorganic acids, and water and molecular oxygen, interfere. Water and acid interferences can be corrected for after a Karl Fischer titration and neutralization reactions respectively.     

The titration error in potentiometric precipitation titration

The titration error can be calculated with the aid of the value of the buffer index determined at the inflection point of the titration curve when a precipitation titration is followed with an ion-selective electrode. When the precipitate is not formed ideally in the titration (i.e., is not formed under equilibrium conditions) the titration error cannot be predicted from the values of the solubility product, nor can the values of the solubility product be calculated from titration data at the inflection point.     

Analysis of the phase diagram and microstructural transitions in phospholipid microemulsion systems using high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy

In the present work, high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy was applied to analyze a pseudoternary phase diagram for mixtures consisting of water/isopropyl myristate/Epikuron 200 and a cosurfactant (n-propanol). Changes in the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in the megahertz frequency range were measured in the course of titration of the oil/surfactant/cosurfactant mixture with water at 25 degrees C. The ultrasonic titration profiles showed several phase transitions in the samples, which allowed the construction of an "ultrasonic" phase diagram. Quantitative analysis of the ultrasonic parameters enabled the characterization of various phases (swollen micelles, microemulsion, coarse emulsion, and pseudo-bicontinuous) as well as the evaluation of the state of the water and the particle size. The particle size obtained for the microemulsion region ranged from 5 to 14 nm over the measured concentrations of water/isopropyl myristate/Epikuron 200 and n-propanol, which agreed well with the previous literature data.     

Examples of the application of titration techniques in the process industry

Different titration techniques are used for analyses of the nitrating acids in three different industrial processes, namely in the production of glycerol trinitrate (nitrate ester,  C-ONO₂), trinitrotoluene (nitro group,  C-NO₂) and trimethylene trinitramine (nitramine, N-NO₂). The determination of the composition of the process acids, which consist mainly of water, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid and hexamethylenetetramine with minor amounts of nitrous acid and ammonium nitrate, are complicated by the ability of the process acids to dissolve the product to various extents. Acid-base titrations as well as oxidation-reduction titrations and voltammetry are used to provide a rapid system for analysing the process acids.     

Glass electrode behaviour during the titration of dehydrating agents with water

The potentiometric study of easily hydrolysable acid compounds shows the particular behaviour of a glass electrode at the equivalence point of the titration with water. A simple titration of either sulfuric oleum or HNO₃?SO₃ mixtures with water, and the determination of water in solvent are described.     

Determination of protonation constants by coulometric titration

Application of coulometric titration to the determination of the protonation constants of acids and bases offers several advantages because of its simplicity, precision and accuracy. This procedure is rapid and requires only one calibration solution of strong acid in the same solvent and at the same ionic strength as the solution of acid (or base) being investigated. The procedure seems to be especially advantageous in the case of non-aqueous or mixed solvents having amphiprotic character. The validity of the method has been checked with several substances in water, 95% ethanol and ethylene glycol.