A method of recognition of blurred-edge objects

The problem of recognition of blurred-edge objects is discussed. An optimal algorithm for the recognition of such objects is proposed. The holographic filter realizing this algorithm can be formed with a spatially modulated reference wave by using the non-linear regime of the filter recording. The choice of the optimal filter recording regime was made by computer simulation of the holographic process.     

Transmission type twisted nematic liquid crystal display for three gray-level phase-modulated holographic data storage systems

Gray-level data pages enhance the storage capacity of holographic data storage systems. A balanced three gray-scale data page in phase mode produces a homogenized Fourier spectrum which is regarded to be necessary for suitable exploitation of the holographic recording medium. A commercially available transmission type twisted nematic liquid crystal display has been characterized for use as a phase spatial light modulator with phase modulation in the range 0–3π/2 at 532 nm wavelength, such that it may be used for holographic data storage with binary as well as three gray-level phase-modulated data pages. Experimental results of the phase and amplitude modulation characteristics of the SLM, Fourier plane homogeneity, and recording of phase-modulated binary, three gray-level data pages and their reconstruction with a real-time holographic interferometric method are presented.     

The Current Status of the Development of Light-Sensitive Media for Holography (a Review)

The results of studies that have been performed over the last decade in the field of development of silver halide and nonsilver holographic recording media of organic and inorganic origin are analyzed. It is shown that previously developed materials mainly allow the development of holographic investigations. Among irreversible materials, considerable progress has been made in improving the characteristics of photopolymerizable recording media, which has allowed their use in color image holography and 3D optical archive-type memory, as well as for fabricating holographic optical elements. In the field of improving the properties of reversible holographic recording media, practically significant results have been obtained for the creation of photoanisotropic materials based on azo dyes experiencing cis–trans photoisomerization, which allow the recording of polarization holograms. The needs of dynamic holography have been satisfied by lightsensitive doped inorganic crystals and polymer layers that have been created with nonlinear optical properties.     

Digital particle holographic system for measurements of spray field characteristics

A digital particle holographic system for measurements of spray fields is presented. A double exposure hologram recording system with a synchronization system for time control is established, resulting in digital holograms that can be quickly recorded. To process recorded holograms, the correlation coefficient method is used for focal plane determination of particles. To remove noise and improve the quality of holograms and reconstructed images, a Wiener filter is adopted. The two-threshold and image segmentation methods are used for binary image transformation. For particle pairing, the match probability method is adopted. The proposed system is applied to a spray field, and three-dimensional velocities and sizes of spray droplets are measured. Measurement results from the digital holographic system are compared to those made by laser instruments, which prove the feasibility of the proposed in-line digital particle holographic system as a good measurement tool for spray droplets.     

Analysis of temperature change effects on hologram recordingand a compensation method

For commercialization of holographic storage drives, the effects of temperature changes on holographic medium is critical. There has been no systematic study on the effect of temperature change on hologram recording properties. We believe that the monomer-diffusion speed and polymerization rate changes are critical for hologram-recording properties and estimate those parameters on each temperature using the photopolymer medium process simulation we have developed. We describe how these parameters affect actual recording properties such as sensitivity, M=# and so on. Moreover, we propose a method for compensating temperature changes, and confirm the success of this.     

反射式窄带全息滤光片

根据耦合波理论,体积全息图有很好的滤光特性,可以作为一种窄带滤光片在实际中得到应用.本文针对峰值波长、带宽和衍射效率这三个主要参数讨论了全息滤光片的性质,提出了全息滤光片的设计步骤,并指出了全息滤光片的特点及应用前景.     

非水溶性红敏光致聚合物全息性能的改善及其应用研究

为使非水溶性红敏光致聚合物材料的全息性能得到改善,采用复合光敏增感、复合引发和复合单体的方法反复对比实验,改善后体系的灵敏度为0.02 cm2/mJ,衍射效率高达83%,计算得到材料的最大折射率调制度为4.1×10-3.实验结果和理论分析表明,利用该材料制作的新型全息光栅具有损耗低、通道宽度窄、衍射效率高等优点,适于制作光通信中的波分复用器及各种光学元件.     

Digital holography particle image velocimetry for the measurement of 3Dt-3c flows

In this paper a digital in-line holographic recording and reconstruction system was set up and used in the particle image velocimetry for the 3Dt-3c (the three-component (3c), velocity vector field measurements in a three-dimensional (3D), space field with time history (t)) flow measurements that made up of the new full-flow field experimental technique—digital holographic particle image velocimetry (DHPIV). The traditional holographic film was replaced by a CCD chip that records instantaneously the interference fringes directly without the darkroom processing, and the virtual image slices in different positions were reconstructed by computation using Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral method from the digital holographic image. Also a complex field signal filter (analyzing image calculated by its intensity and phase from real and image parts in fast fourier transform (FFT)) was applied in image reconstruction to achieve the thin focus depth of image field that has a strong effect with the vertical velocity component resolution. Using the frame-straddle CCD device techniques, the 3c velocity vector was computed by 3D cross-correlation through space interrogation block matching through the reconstructed image slices with the digital complex field signal filter. Then the 3D-3c-velocity field (about 20 000 vectors), 3D-streamline and 3D-vorticiry fields, and the time evolution movies (30 field/s) for the 3Dt-3c flows were displayed by the experimental measurement using this DHPIV method and techniques.     

Investigation of the dynamic recording process of thick refractive index gratings in photorefractive crystals by the microphotometric method

Diffraction-efficiency measurements are compared with the microphotometric determination of the intensity pattern at the exit face of a LiNbO₃-sample during the holographic recording process. The special advantage of the microphotometric method is the possibility to determine phase shifts of the refractive index grating and of the light intensity pattern simultaneously and independently. Both quantities are very important for an understanding of dynamical effects during the holographic writing process. Furthermore, direct experimental evidence for the change of the modulation degree, i.e. the change of the contrast of the light pattern writing the grating, has been found. This change is caused by a Moiré-like effect which is closely related to the energy transfer between writing beams.     

Signal quality improvement of holographic data storage using adaptive two-dimensional filter

Holographic data storage is being widely studied for the purpose of developing next-generation large optical memories. A prospective use of this type of memory is in building image archives in large-scale data centers. In particular, demand for energy conservation at data centers, and therefore for holographic data storage, is growing. In holographic data storage, interference between bits occurs owing to wave aberration in the optical system, shrinkage of the medium, and crosstalk noise from neighboring holograms during multiplex recording; as a result of the interference, the reproduced image deteriorates and the bit error rate (BER) increases. In this study, to reduce the BER in both off-axis-type recording and coaxial-type recording, a two-dimensional finite impulse response (FIR) filter is applied to a reproduced image that has been recorded by angle multiplex recording and shift multiplex recording. First, for the optimization of the FIR filter coefficients, the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) method is applied; this method optimizes the coefficients by reducing the BER. Furthermore, for evaluating the optimization performance of the LMMSE method, the optimization performance is compared with that of the real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), which has the capability to search a wide range of coefficients. The optimization by the LMMSE method has been found to be excellent for off-axis-type recording but not for coaxial-type recording. It is speculated that this is because of the brightness irregularity in the reproduced image, resulting from crosstalk. On the other hand, a marked reduction in the BER is observed using the RCGA, despite the brightness irregularity. In this study, the effectiveness of the LMMSE method for signals recorded by coaxial-type recording, in which large brightness irregularity is expected, is examined using automatic gain control (AGC). It is found that the application of AGC reduces the BER even in the case of coaxial-type recording.     

（Ce，Cu）：LiNbO3晶体非挥发全息记录理论研究与优化

根据双中心带输运模型，对（Ce，Cu）：LiNbO3晶体双中心非挥发全息记录进行了理论研究与优化。推导了（Ce，Cu）：LiNbO3晶体的微观参量，采用数值方法通过严格求解模拟双中心带输运方程来模拟全息记录过程。分析了记录过程中，记录与敏化光强、Ce和Cu掺杂浓度以及晶体微观参量对（Ce，Cu）：LiNbO3晶体双中心全息记录的影响。发现（Ce，Cu）：LiNbO3晶体非挥发全息记录中实现高衍射效率与固定效率的主导因素是深中心Cu，在记录过程中，深中心Cu建立起了很强的空间电荷场。数值模拟的结果经过实验验证，最高饱和与固定衍射效率别为60．5％和53．8％。     

Technique for characterization of dimensional changes in slanted holographic gratings by monitoring the angular selectivity profile

A method has been developed for retrieving the complete angular selectivity profile of transmission holographic gratings in one step. The method is applied to study in real time the shrinkage and changes in the effective optical thickness of a slanted holographic grating recorded in an acrylamide-based photopolymer. It can form the basis of a holographic sensor of analytes that cause a thickness change in the holographic medium. It can also be useful for the study and optimization of holographic recording materials and for quality control during production of holographic optical elements.     

Polarization wavefront conjugation by means of transient holograms in rigid dye solutions

Polarization wavefront conjugation by means of four-wave mixing in rigid solutions of azo-dyes is investigated. The polarization characteristics of the holographic recording are studied. It is shown that due to the photoinduced anisotropy storage an exact reconstruction of the signal wave polarization is achieved. For such holographic recording the reversed wave generated in the four-wave mixing is conjugated in phase as well as in polarization. The polarization holographic recording of a wave with polarization spatially modulated by an anisotropic distorter is demonstrated and compensation of the polarization inhomogeneities is achieved by passing the phase conjugated wave back through the scatterer.     

A review of aspects relating to the improvement of holographic memory technology

Results of studying a holographic memory to write/read digital data pages are presented. The research has been carried out in Novosibirsk, Russia. Great attention was paid to methods of improving recording density and the reliability of data reading, the development of ‘dry’ photopolymers that provide recording of superimposed three-dimensional phase holograms, and the designing of parallel optic input large-scale integration (LSI) for reading and logical processing of data arriving from the holographic memory.     

Holography and electronic speckle pattern interferometry in geophysics

Geophysical applications of holography and ESPI are reviewed. First, laboratory experiments of rock deformation and failure with holographic interferometry and holographic in situ stressmeters are briefly summarized. Then, holographic measurements of tunnel deformations made in Japan are described. The holographic recording system, consisting of an He---Ne gas laser and associated optical elements, was installed in a tunnel at the Amagase Crustal Movement Observatory, Japan in 1984. Tunnel deformations caused by tidal and tectonic forces have been precisely determined using the ‘real-time’ technique of holographic interferometry. Finally, some attempts to apply ESPI to geophysical measurements are introduced.     

使用辅助光栅的平面变间距全息光栅加工理论研究

变间距全息光栅具有自聚焦和消像差功能,是高分辨率光谱仪与同步辐射单色器中的重要元件。研究了使用平面等间距光栅产生非球面波,记录平面变间距全息光栅的方法。根据几何光学的光线追迹理论,推导了光栅参量的四阶解析表达式。并基于费马原理,提出了记录光路的光线追迹数值算法。应用所推导的光栅参量四阶表达式,仿真设计了变间距全息光栅。通过合理选择记录参量,可以避免光栅基底受到零级及高阶衍射光场的影响。设计结果表明,理论光栅线密度与要求值相当符合;经光线追迹数值算法验证,解析表达式的展开误差在整个记录区域内小于1.5线;考虑到实际加工工艺允许误差,使用辅助光栅的记录光路对记录参量的误差并不敏感;设计实例证明了解析表达式的有效性,以及使用辅助光栅的记录光路的优越性。     

Holographic grating recorded by He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm in polymer film containing push–pull azo dye

Holographic gratings were optically recorded by two beams from a He–Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film containing push–pull azo dye. The holographic characteristics of the recorded gratings were dependent on the polarization direction of the recording beams and the relationship between the diffractive signals and the power density of recording beams was investigated. The formation of holographic gratings accompanied by 532 nm (double-frequency of Nd:YAG laser) irradiation was studied in detail. It was found that the effect of 532 nm laser to the holographic grating lay in two aspects. The acceleration effect of 532 nm laser to the formation of holographic grating is predominant when the power density of 532 nm laser is low. While at relatively high power density of 532 nm laser, the erasure is the main factor to the holographic grating. Moreover, the holographic grating was probed by 532 nm laser at low power density and the dependence of the first order diffractive signal on the recording beam power density was also presented.     

利用小尺寸电荷耦合器件实现数字全息高分辨成像

为了在降低数字全息显微成像系统成本的同时实现高分辨成像,对像面数字全息显微术的记录与再现过程进行了理论分析,结合系统的点扩散函数,对该系统的横向分辨率进行了分析. 得到了如下结论：像面数字全息显微系统的横向分辨率对电荷耦合器件（CCD）光敏面尺寸变化不敏感;对于常见的CCD 器件,其像元尺寸的变化对该系统的横向分辨率影响甚微. 此外,对像面数字全息显微系统的成像特点进行了分析,结果表明：利用像面数字全息系统可以实现物体信息的完整记录与再现,其成像分辨率及像质优于预放大数字全息系统. 利用搭建的数字全息实验记录系统,从强度及位相两方面对理论分析结果进行了验证,实验结果表明了理论分析的正确性. 关键词： 像面数字全息术 横向分辨率 点扩散函数 小尺寸电荷耦合器件     

Linewidth and coherence properties of scattered light

The holographic recording of light scattered by brownian particles is discussed. It is shown that, due to the finite time of exposure, the record acts as a temporal filter of non-zero bandwidth. As a consequence the holographic recording can be obtained in spite of the frequency change of the scattered light. The experimental results show that, in fact, such a procedure can constitute an alternative way to measure the linewidth of the scattered light.