The anionic polymerization of styrene in hexamethylphosphortriamide (HMPA) with sodium as gegenion

The anionic polymerization of styrene with sodium as gegenion was investigated in hexamethylphosphortriamide by the flow technique. The polymerization process corresponds to that observed in other polar solvents with the difference that in this solvent polystyrylsodium prevailingly exists as solvent-separated ion pairs and its free ions. Therefore the rate constants of these species can be directly determined and are found to be practically identical to those found in other ethereal solvents. The dissociation constant of polystyrylsodium is approximately 10^?2 mole/l.     

The Velocity Constants of Free Ions and Ion Pairs. II

The distribution of the intercharge distance of ion pairs was derived from a solvated ion pair model. The calculation was applied to a fluorenylsodium-tetrahydrofuran system, and the equilibrium constants for the equilibria, contact ion pairs ? solvent separated ion pairs ? free ions, were calculated. Furthermore, the enthalpy and entropy changes for the equilibria were derived. Agreement with experimental data was satisfactory.     

Dynamic nature of the transition state for the SN1 reaction mechanism of diphenylmethyl acetates

Picosecond absorption spectroscopy is employed in the study of the reaction dynamics for the contact ion pairs produced upon the photolysis of a series of substituted diphenylmethyl acetates in the solvents acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. From the temperature dependence of the rate constants, the activation parameters associated with covalent bond formation and diffusional separation to the solvent-separated ion pair are obtained. The activation parameters for bond formation are examined within the context of the Hynes theory for solvent dynamical effects on the passage through the transition state; deviations from the transition-state theory are found to be large. Factors that control nucleophilicity are discussed. Finally the validity of applying the Marcus equation to the SN1 reaction mechanism is addressed.     

Stability constants of tervalent actinide and lanthanide sulfate complexes in aqueous solutions

The stability constants of 1: 1 sulfate complexes (ion pairs) at 298 K are approximately calculated for all tervalent actinides and lanthanides, scandium, yttrium, and for alkali, earth-alkali, and some bivalent transition metals in aqueous solutions. The method used consists in integrating the function of the ligand distribution density with respect to a cation and allows either only solvent-separated ion pairs or all types of ion pairs to be taken into account in the calculation of constants. The dominance of solvent-separated ion pairs in infinitely dilute solutions is shown for lanthanides, actinides, and for the majority of the considered metals by comparison with experimental data.     

Hydrogen bonding mediated ion pairs of some aprotic ionic liquids and their structural transition in aqueous solution

Ion pair speciation of ionic liquids(ILs) has an important effect on the physical and chemical properties of ILs and recognition of the structure of ion pairs in solution is essential. It has been reported that ion pairs of some ILs can be formed by hydrogen bonding interactions between cations and anions of them. Considering the fact that far-IR(FIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool in indicating the intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, in this work, this spectroscopic technique has been combined with molecular dynamic(MD) simulation and nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy(~1H NMR) to investigate ion pairs of aprotic ILs [Bmim][NO_3], [BuPy][NO_3], [Pyr_(14)][NO_3], [PP_(14)][NO_3] and [Bu-choline][NO_3] in aqueous IL mixtures. The FIR spectra have been assigned with the aid of density functional theory(DFT) calculations, and the results are used to understand the effect of cationic nature on the structure of ion pairs. It is found that contact ion pairs formed in the neat aprotic ILs by hydrogen bonding interactions between cation and anion, were still maintained in aqueous solutions up to high water mole fraction(say 0.80 for [BuPy][NO3]). When water content was increased to a critical mole fraction of water(say 0.83 for [BuPy][NO3]), the contact ion pairs could be transformed into solvent-separated ion pairs due to the formation of the hydrogen bonding between ions and water. With the further dilution of the aqueous ILs solution, the solvent-separated ion pairs was finally turned into free cations and free anions(fully hydrated cations or anions). The concentrations of the ILs at which the contact ion pairs were transformed into solvent-separated ion pairs and solvent-separated ion pairs were transformed into free ions(fully hydrated ion) were dependent on the cationic structures. These information provides direct spectral evidence for ion pair structures of the aprotic ILs in aqueous solution. MD simulation and ~1H NMR results support the conclusion drawn from FIR spectra investigations.     

Electronic Structure and Structure of Ion Pairs of Anionic σ Adducts of Polynitroarenes with Acetonate Ion

The anionic Yanovskii adducts of 1,3,5-trinitro- and 1,3-dinitrobenzenes, 1,3-dinitronaphthalene, and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid with sodium, potassium, and tetrabutylammonium acetonates in low-polarity solvents exist mostly as contact ion pairs, while in polar solvents, as solvent-separated ion pairs and free ions. Lowering the temperature increases the fraction of solvent-separated ion pairs in low-polarity solvents and of free ions in polar solvents, by shifting the equilibria to stronger solvated ionic species. By quantum-chemical calculations of the geometry and electronic structure of the anions and of the electronic absorption spectra of the free ions and ion pairs, as well as by a spectrophotometric study of adducts with solvents of various polarity it was established that the cation on ion-pair formation coordinates with the 4-nitro group with respect to the pyramidal node.     

Charge separation distance for flexible donor-bridge-acceptor systems after electron-transfer quenching

Photoinduced transient dipole experiments are used to measure the effective charge separation distance, which is equivalent to the photoinduced change in dipole moment divided by the electron charge of flexible electron-donor/acceptor systems, D-(CH2)n-A, where D is 4- N,N-dimethylaniline, A is 9-anthryl, and n = 3, 4. We find that the dipole moments increase strongly with solvent polarity. For the compound with n = 4 (DBA4), analysis of dipole signals indicates that the effective charge separation distances in toluene, 1,4-dioxane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 2-methylpentanone-3, 3-pentanone, and benzonitrile are 2.2, 2.5, 4.5, 4.7, 5.5, 5.5, 4.8, and 6.3 A, respectively. These values can be understood as the root-mean-square charge separation distance in the solutions of different solvents. We assume that the folded contact configuration has a separation distance of 3.5 A, the extended, solvent-separated configuration has a separation distance of 8.0 A, and that they are the only two stable species after electron-transfer quenching. The formation efficiencies of contact radical ion pairs (CRIPs) and solvent-separated radical ion pairs (SSRIPs) are estimated in different solvents. The results indicate that a significant fraction of the ion pairs exist as solvent-separated ion pairs when the dielectric constant of the solvent is larger than 10. These results indicate that electron-transfer quenching can indeed happen at large separations in polar solvents. They also reveal that there is a barrier for ion pairs formed at large separations, hindering collapse to a contact separation of around 3.5 A.     

Polymerization of butadiene by polybutadienyllithium in the presence of tetrahydrofuran

Polymerization of butadiene by polybutadienyllithium (PBLi) has been studied in THF for concentrations of PBLi between 10^?4 and 10^?2 mol/I in the range 20–70°, and also in a non-polar medium using THF as an added electron donor at various THF/PBLi ratios. The kinetic order with respect to PBLi in THF was 0.5 and the activation energies of the overall process and the propagation on free carbanions were 7.5 and 6.7 kcal/mol respectively. Rate constants for propagation on the free carbanions were calculated at three temperatures and rate constants for propagation on contact ion pairs were determined at two THF/PBLi ratios. Data on the kinetics of polymerization and the microstructure of the polymers suggest that contact ion pairs and free carbanions participate in propagation reactions.     

离子对内电子转移型染料阴离子-翁盐阳离子光敏体系中的溶剂效应和结构效应

本文研究了溶剂效应和结构效应对染料碘翁盐光物理, 光化学性质的影响。观察到在溶剂中离子对可以各种形式存在, 如紧密离子对、溶剂分隔离子对或溶剂化的自由离子, 溶剂的极性不仅影响各种存在形式的光谱性质, 而且影响它们之间的平衡关系, 进而影响离子对体系的物理化学性质。染料母核和碘翁阳离子的结构均对离子对体系的性质有影响。光诱导电子转移反应的热力学驱动力越大, 反应速度越快。用分子模拟技术(Molecular Modeling)对离子对体系的立体结构进行了研究, 为理解离子对体系的各种物理化学行为提供了重要的参考。     

Polymérisation anionique de l'isoprène: Nature de la paire d'ions et stéréospécificité. II. Influence de la nature du solvant

The present work reports some new results on the dependence between the stereospecificity of the anionic propagation of isoprene and the nature of the active centers. The stereospecificity of the propagation of macroheterobicylce separated ion pairs does not depend on the nature of the alkali counterions, and the microstructure of the polyisoprenes obtained does not differ from that of those produced by free ions. Variations in the microstructure were observed in the propagation of contact ion pairs, depending on the nature of the cation and the solvent used. These variations are likely to be related to the degree of intimacy of the contact ion pairs. There are two main factors which affect the stereospecificity of the propagations in different ways: the size of the cation and the donating power of the solvent. Finally, the external solvation of the propagation ions pairs was confirmed by the microstructure of polyisoprenes synthesized in mixed (inert + donor) solvents.     

Temperature dependence of ion association constants in nonaqueous solutions of metal perchlorates

The ion association constants in nonaqueous solutions of singly and doubly charged metal perchlorates in organic solvents in a wide range of temperatures have been calculated by integrating the ligand distribution density function. The standard Gibbs energies, entropies, and enthalpies of formation of ion pairs have been calculated. Comparison with experimental data have shown that diluted solutions of doubly charged metal perchlorates are dominated by solvent-separated ion pairs, whereas such pairs coexist with contact ion pairs in solutions of alkali metal perchlorates. It has been demonstrated that the dielectric continuum approximation satisfactorily predicts the temperature dependence of ion association constants.     

不同浓度下NaCl水溶液的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟的方法在298K时对1.33mol/L,2.71mol/L,4.14mol/L和5.12mol/L的NaCl水溶液的微观结构进行了研究。模拟发现浓度对离了近程水化结构的影响不大,浓溶液中Na^+,Cl^-之间有两种缔合方式,接触缔合离子对和溶剂分隔的缔合离子对。这表明在建立可适用于高浓度条件下的电解质溶液热力学模型时应考虑离子缔合的贡献。     

Investigation of geminate recombination of radical ion pairs generated by dissociation of exciplexes in moderately polar solvents using the photoconductivity technique

A new approach to determination of the recombination rate of radical ion pairs in moderately polar solvents is presented. It is based on an investigation of transient photocurrents caused by dissociation of exciplexes generated in photoinduced electron transfer reactions. It has been shown that the recombination rate of geminate ion pairs can be found from the photocurrent rise time. We have applied such an approach to transient photocurrents observed by Hirata et al. [Y. Hirata, Y. Kanda, N. Mataga, J. Phys. Chem. 87 (1983) 1659] for the pyrene/dicyanobenzene system in solvents of moderate polarity. The increase of the obtained recombination rate of photogenerated ions with increasing polarity of solvent testifies that ions recombine mainly by the backward electron transfer from the dicyanobenzene anions to solvent-separated cations of pyrene.     

Effect of nucleophilic solvent on the kinetic parameters of the reactions of unimolecular heterolysis. Mechanism of the covalent bond heterolysis

Reactions of unimolecular heterolysis occur through consecutive formation of four ion pairs: contact, spatially separated, separated by one solvent molecule, and solvent-separated. In the limiting stage, the contact ion pair interacts with the solvent cavity. Nucleophilic solvation hinders the separation of ions in the transition state. At the heterolysis of secondary substrates this is compensated by the nucleophilic solvation of the incipient carbocations from the rear and the reaction rate does not depend on the solvent nucleophilicity. In the case of heterolysis of tertiary substrates, only partial compensation occurs, and nucleophilic solvent reduces the reaction rate through reducing the activation entropy.     

Polymérisation anionique des diènes. III. Etude thermodynamique de la propagation du butadiène et de i'isoprène par les organo-alcalins

The present work is concerned with the influence of the polymerization temperature on the propagation mechanisms of polyisoprenyl- and polybutadienyl-alkali metals. The thermodynamic parameters of the contact ion pairs and free ions propagations have been calculated. With Li⁺ in dioxane solvent, the vinyl propagation is stereospecific (for isoprene, the propagation is mainly 4–3). In comparison with benzene, the vinyl propagation of the polydienyl-Li contact ions pairs should be due to complexation of Li⁺ by dioxane, an electron donor having a weak dielectric constant. In general, the stereospecificity of the propagation of contact ion pairs decreases with increasing counterion size; little difference has been observed with K⁺ and Cs⁺ ion pairs in dioxane and benzene media. For isoprene, the methyl substituant should have chiefly a steric effect in the propagation of free ions, whereas it should confer a polar character to the isoprene molecule in the presence of ions pairs.     

Eine semiempirische Gleichung zur Beschreibung des Lösungsmitteleinflusses auf Statik und Kinetik chemischer Reaktionen,Teil II: Praktische Anwendungen

Based on the model developed in Part I¹, equilibrium and rate data have been calculated for various chemical reactions in a variety of dipolar aprotic solvents of medium to high dielectric constants. Examples include solubility determinations, complex formation equilibria, ion pair equilibria and a nucleophilic substitution reaction with changes in the standard free energies of reaction or activation between about 3 and 8 kcal/mole. Experimental data were analyzed by the method of multiple linear regression. The physical meaning of the individual constants of the regression equations are discussed. Deviations observed between calculated and experimental free energies in structured solvents like water, methanol, formamide and N-methyl-formamide are indicative of changes in solvent structure associated with the solvation process and can be interpreted in terms of the structure making or breaking properties of the solutes.

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Teil I:U. Mayer, Mh. Chem.109, 421 (1978).     

Cationic Polymerization of Cyclic Sulfides

Abstract

The mechanism of the cationic polymerization of several thietanes and of propylene sulfide under the influence of triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate in methylene chloride is described. The thietane polymerizations stop at limited conversions because of a termination reaction occurring between the reactive chain ends (cyclic sulfonium salts) and the sulfur atoms of the polymer chain. The maximum conversions obtained under identical conditions differ markedly for the different monomers. Ratios of rate constants of propagation (k_p) to rate constants of termination (k_t) have been calculated. The differences in k _p/k_t. values for the different monomers are explained in terms of differences in basicity and differences in steric hindrance of the monomers compared to the corresponding polymers. In the case of propylene sulfide it is proposed that the main termination reaction is the formation of 12-membered ring sulfonium salts by an intramolecular reaction of the third sulfur of the growing polymer chain with the reactive chain end (three-membered ring sulfonium salt). This terminated polymer is able to reinitiate the polymerization, for example, by reaction of a monomer molecule at the exocyclic carbon atom of the sulfonium salt function. The cyclic tetramer of propylene sulfide is formed in this reaction. After complete polymerization, formation of cyclic tetramer continues, probably via a backbiting mechanism. In methylene chloride as solvent, the absolute value of the rate constant of propagation for 3,3-dimethylthietane changes with changing concentration of initiator and by adding different amounts of indifferent electrolyte to the reaction mixture. From these changes, and assuming that the value of the dissociation constant of the growing chain-ends is close to values of dissociation constants of low molecular weight sulfonium salts, separate rate constants for propagation via free ions and ion-pairs were calculated. The propagation constant of free ions is about 70 times higher than that of ion pairs in methylene chloride at 20°C. Free ions and ion pairs are nearly equally reactive in nitrobenzene.     

"Alkaline-earth metals in a box": structures of solvent-separated ion pairs

During our research on homoleptic organocalcium compounds, we found that fluorenylcalcium complexes show unusual solution behavior and precipitate from nonpolar solvents after addition of THF. Their solid-state structures reveal the unexpected rupture of both metal-carbanion bonds by the polar solvent THF. The crystal structures of five new Mg and Ca solvent-separated ion pairs are described. The compound [Ca(2+)(thf)(6)][Me(3)Si(fluorenyl(-))](2) is the first organometallic complex of a Group 2 element that crystallizes as a completely solvent-separated ion pair. The driving forces for its formation are: 1) the strong Ca-THF bond; 2) the stability of the free [Me(3)Si(fluorenyl)](-) ion; 3) encapsulation of [Ca(2+)(thf)(6)] in a "box", the walls of which consist of anionic fluorenyl ligands and benzene molecules; and 4) the presence of numerous (THF)C- H...pi interactions. The magnesium analogue [Mg(2+)(thf)(6)][Me(3)Si(fluorenyl(-))](2) is isostructural. Bis(7,9-diphenylcyclopenta[a]acenaphthadienyl)calcium also crystallizes as a completely solvent-separated ion pair and can likewise be described as a [Ca(2+)(thf)(6)] species in a box of delocalized anions and benzene molecules. In addition, the structures of two Ph(4)B(-) complexes of Mg and Ca are described. [Mg(2+)(thf)(6)][Ph(4)B(-)](2) crystallizes as a completely solvent-separated ion pair and also shows a solvated metal cation bonded via C-H.pi interactions in a cavity formed by Ph(4)B(-) ions. [(thf)(4)CaBr(+)][Ph(4)B(-)] has a structure in which one of the anionic ligands is still bonded to the Ca atom. Bridging bromide ligands result in the formation of the dimer [(thf)(4)CaBr(+)](2).     

Temperature dependence of complex formation constants in aqueous solutions of metal acetates

The equilibrium constants of formation of inner- and outer-sphere cation-anion complexes (ion pairs) in aqueous solutions of different metal acetates in a wide temperature range have been calculated by integrating the density function of distribution of ligands around the cation. The standard Gibbs energies, enthalpies, and entropies of formation of 1: 1 complexes have been calculated. It has been shown that, in all solutions under consideration, contact and solvent-separated ion pairs coexist. A conclusion has been drawn that the temperature dependence of ion association constants is mainly determined by the temperature dependence of the water dielectric constant.