Theoretical modeling of infrared spectra of benzoic acid and its deuterated derivative

Theoretical simulation of the ν_s stretching band is presented for benzoic acid and its OD derivative at 300 K. The simulation takes into account an adiabatic coupling between the high-frequency O–H(D) stretching and the low-frequency intermolecular OO stretching modes, linear and quadratic distortions of the potential energy for the low-frequency vibrations in the excited state of the O–H(D) stretching vibration, resonance interaction between the two hydrogen bonds in the dimer, and Fermi resonance between the fundamental ν OH(D) stretching and the overtone of the δ O–H(D) bending vibrations.

Infrared, far-infarared, Raman and low-frequency Raman spectra of the polycrystalline benzoic acid and its deuterated form have been measured. The geometry and experimental frequencies are compared with the results of our B3LYP/6-311++G** and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ calculations.     

胺丙畏同分异构体的红外光谱研究

采用密度泛函方法研究了胺丙畏两种同分异构体的稳定构型及其红外光谱,找到了根据红外光谱图在924与966 cm-1处吸收峰的相对强度和531 cm-1处有无吸收峰鉴别胺丙畏两种同分异构体的理论依据,得到E体比Z体更稳定的结论,并对E体胺丙畏的振转模式进行了详细分析.     

Structure of the complex of dimethylphenyl betaine with dichloroacetic acid studied by X-ray diffraction,DFT calculations,infrared and Raman spectra

The structure of the complex of dimethylphenyl betaine (DMPB) with dichloroacetic acid (DCA) (1) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, and B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) calculations. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P2₁. The acid is connected with betaine through the OH⋯O hydrogen bond of 2.480(2) Å. In the optimized structure the short, asymmetric O⋯O distance is 2.491 Å. FTIR spectrum shows a broad absorption in the 1500–400 cm⁻¹ region characteristic of very short OH⋯O hydrogen bond caused by Fermi resonance between νOH and overtones of δOH and γOH. In the Raman spectrum this broad absorption is not observed. The potential energy distributions (PED) were used for the assignments of IR and Raman frequencies in the experimental and calculated spectra. The FTIR and Raman spectra of the crystal complex are consistent with the X-ray results.     

Polarized infrared spectra of poled aromatic polyamide films

In connection with ferroelectric behavior of aromatic polyamides poled at a high electric field, polarized infrared spectra were studied in poled films of crystalline and amorphous aromatic polyamides consisting of ring systems to elucidate the relation between the orientation of polar groups and the ferroelectric polarization. The infrared spectra revealed that the CO and N H bonds oriented preferably along the poling direction in both crystalline and amorphous polyamides. The crystallinity of the crystalline polyamide increased with poling. In the amorphous polyamide, strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding is closely related to the retention of ferroelectric polarization in the frozen state of molecular motions below the glass transition temperature. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 531–538, 1999     

Molecular structure and vibrational raman and infrared spectra of bromochlorofluoromethane and its silicon and germanium analogs: quantum-mechanical DFT and MP2 calculations

DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 calculations with the 6-311G(2d, 2p)-type basis set have been carried out for the prediction of molecular parameters (bond distances, bond angles, rotational constants, and dipole moments) and vibrational Raman and infrared spectra (harmonic wavenumbers, absolute intensities, Raman scattering activities, and depolarization ratios) of bromochlorofluoromethane (HCBrCIF) and its silicon and germanium analogs (HSiBrClF and HGeBrCIF). The predicted geometry and vibrational Raman and infrared spectra of HCBrClF agree well with the available experimental data for this molecule and their deuterated derivatives. This agreement allows one to believe that the predicted molecular parameters and vibrational spectra of HSiBrClF, HGeBrClF, and their deuterated derivatives will guide their future experimental studies.     

Raman and photoacoustic infrared spectra of fluorene derivatives: Experiment and calculations

Raman and photoacoustic (PA) infrared spectra of fluorene and four derivatives (2,3-benzofluorene, 2-methylfluorene, 2-ethylfluorene and 1,8-dimethylfluorene) were recorded and analyzed in this investigation. Mid- and far-infrared PA spectra were examined from about 2000 to 100 cm⁻¹. The Raman spectra spanned the same wavenumber range. Observed bands in both PA and Raman spectra were compared with DFT (harmonic) and variational (anharmonic) calculations, and with published spectra. The DFT calculations provided single-molecule frequencies, whereas the variational method yielded results for both monomeric and dimeric species. Many previously unknown bands, including numerous features due to combination and overtone transitions, were identified and assigned in this work.     

Study of vibrational spectra of polyaniline doped with sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid

Vibrational spectra of insulator emeraldine base (EB) form of polyaniline and electrical conductive sulfuric acid-and phosphoric acid-doped emeraldine salts (ES) were studied in the region of 4000-400 cm⁻¹ at ambient temperature by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Infrared transmittance spectra of EB and ES were investigated to understand the bonding behavior of different organic and inorganic groups present in the polymeric chains and their structural variations on protonation by sulfate or phosphate ion inclusion in the polymer salt network. These studies revealed the para-coupling of deformed disubstituted benzenoid (B) and quinoid (Q) rings with ends capped predominantly by (B4Q1) units. The deformation of B and Q rings was confirmed by the appearance of many weak bands, very weak bands, and satellite structures in strong transmittance peaks of polymeric chain-constituting groups. Protonation takes place at the nitrogen sites of Q rings and forms semiquinone radical ions in ES. The vibrational bands pertaining to B rings, Q rings, B4Q1 units, semiquinone segment, sulfate ions, and phosphate ions were observed and assigned from these measurements. The shift in peak position of some bands with gain or loss in intensity and appearance of some new bands were observed in sulfuric acid-and phosphoric acid-doped ES spectra. These variations are attributed to the formation of new structural groups in ES on protonation and a change in crystalline field by sulfate and phosphate ion doping for crosslinking the polymeric chains.     

Fourier transform infrared spectra and micelle formation of sodiumn-alkanesulfonates in aqueous solution

The concentration dependences of the Fourier transform infrared spectra of aqueous solutions of sodiumn-pentanesulfonate,n-hexanesulfonate,n-heptanesulfonate, andn-octanesulfonate were studied in concentration ranges encompassing the critical micellization concentrations (c.m.c). Changes in wavenumber, bandwidth, and intensity of infrared absorption bands were used to monitor the changes in molecular association with concentration. The premicellar aggregation below the c.m.c. may accompany the association of the alkyl chain, but not the counter-ion binding with the SO ₃ ^– group. Above the c.m.c, the front location of the counter-ion against the SO ₃ ^– group at the micelle surface is demonstrated.     

Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Part I. Vibrational frequencies of the OH group in some picolinic acid N-oxides predicted from DFT calculated potentials and located in the infrared spectra

Hydrogen bonding in picolinic acid N-oxide (I), its 4-nitro (III), 4-methoxy (IV), 4-amino (V) derivatives and in quinaldic acid N-oxide (II) was characterized by calculations (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) of metric parameters, H-bond energies and one-dimensional proton potential functions with vibrational energy levels. Solvent effects were estimated by the SCRF PCM method of Tomasi and coworkers (J. Tomasi, M. Persico, Chem. Rev. 94 (1994) 2027). The potential functions are strongly asymmetric with the energy minimum placed near the carboxylic oxygen. The inflection near the NO oxygen develops into a second, shallower minimum under the SCRF.

Empirical assignments of the OH stretching and bending modes were made for (I)–(IV). The stretchings of (I, II) and (IV) in various solvents are observed in the region 1600–1300 cm⁻¹, but near 2600 cm⁻¹ for (III). The calculated and observed frequencies are in fairly good agreement with theoretical predictions reflecting the electronic effects of the substituents upon the H-bond strength. The observed trends in the solvent effects upon various parameters characterizing the H-bonding also correspond to predictions.     

Bis-aluminated triflic amide promoted Diels-Alder reactions of α,β-unsaturated lactones

The bis-aluminated triflic amides such as TfN[Al(Me)Cl]₂ and TfN[Al(iBu)₂]₂, which are derived from triflic amide (1 mol) and aluminum reagent (2 mol), can efficiently promote the Diels-Alder reaction of α,β-unsaturated lactone derivatives as dienophiles. Selection of the ligand on aluminum of these Lewis acids should be important depending on the combination of dienophile and 1,3-diene.     

Vibrational study of caffeic acid phenethyl ester,a potential anticancer agent,by infrared,Raman, and NMR spectroscopy

The structural and vibrational properties of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were studied using infrared and Raman spectroscopy in the solid phase and multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution. The theoretical structures of the compound and of its dimer in the gas phase and in DMSO solution by using density functional theory (DFT) were studied. The harmonic vibrational frequencies for the optimized geometry of CAPE and its dimeric species were calculated at the B3LYP level of theory using the 6–31G* basis set. These data allow a complete assignment of the vibration modes of the FTIR and Raman spectra in the solid state using the scaled quantum mechanical force field (SQMFF) methodology. The vibrational analysis for the dimer was performed taking into account the correlation diagram by means of the factor group analysis in accordance with the experimental structure determined by X-ray diffraction. The presence of the dimer of CAPE is supported by the IR bands at 1654, 1635, 1563, 1533, 1300, 1107, 1050, 738 cm⁻¹ and the Raman bands at 1684, 1681, 1634, 1112, 1050, 928, 873, 850, 740, 445, 371 and 141 cm⁻¹. The calculated ¹H and ¹³C chemicals shifts are consistent with the corresponding experimental NMR spectra of the compound in solution. In addition, a natural bond orbital (NBO) study revealed the characteristics of the electronic delocalization of the stable structure, while the corresponding topological properties of the electronic charge density were analyzed by employing Bader's atoms in the molecules theory (AIM).     

DFT, FT-Raman and FT-IR investigations of 5-methoxysalicylic acid

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 5-methoxysalicylic acid (5MeOSA) have been experimentally reported in the region of 4000–10 cm⁻¹ and 4000–50 cm⁻¹, respectively. The optimized geometric parameters, conformational equilibria, normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 5MeOSA (C₈H₈O₄) are theoretically examined by means of B3LYP hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method together with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, reliable vibrational assignments have made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) calculated and the thermodynamics functions, highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of 5MeOSA have been predicted. Calculations are employed for different conformations of 5MeOSA, both in gas phase and in solution. Solvent effects are investigated using chloroform and dimethylsulfoxide. All results indicate that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters, vibrational frequencies and assignments, IR and Raman intensities of 5MeOSA are solvent dependent.     

Far infrared spectra of solid molecular nitrogen

This paper reports the observation of the far infrared absorption spectrum of a single crystal of N₂, measured over absorption paths of 4 cm (lengthwise) and 2 cm (across the crystal). The crystal chamber, with quartz windows, was immersed in a flow of cold helium gas. The spectrum from 20 to 120 cm^–1 was recorded in the liquid phase, the-phase, and over the full temperature range of the-phase (35.6–2.0 K) with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The spectral resolution, which was not instrument-limited, and the large path allowed the observation of more detailed multiphonon-transition structure in the spectrum of the-phase than has previously been observed.     

Raman and infrared spectra,conformational stability,barriers to internal rotation,r 0 structural parameters,ab initio calculations,and vibrational assignment for vinyl chloroformate

The Raman (3200 to 10 cm^–1) and infrared (3500 to 50 cm^–1) spectra of vinyl chloroformate, H₂C=CHOC(O)Cl, have been recorded for both the gas and solid. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded, and depolarization ratios have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that the only stable conformation present at ambient temperature is thetrans-trans rotamer, where the firsttrans refers to the vinyl moiety relative to the O—CCl bond and the second to the C—Cl bond relative to the=C—O bond. Using harmonic rigid asymmetric top calculations, the infrared vapor phase contours for the C=O and the C=C stretch were predicted for thetrans-trans and for thecis-trans conformer, and were compared with experiment. For both fundamentals thetrans-trans hybrid reproduces the experimental contour, whereas thecis-trans contours fail to do so for both fundamentals. From far-infrared spectrum of the vapor obtained at 0.1 cm^–1 resolution, the C(O)Cl andO-vinyl torsional fundamentals have been observed at 132 and 61 cm^–1, respectively. Ther ₀ structural parameters have been obtained from a combination of ab initio calculated parameters with appropriate offset values and the fit of the microwave rotational constants for the two naturally occurring chlorine isotopes. The structure, barrier to internal rotation, and vibrational frequencies have been determined from ab initio Hartree-Fock gradient calculations, using the 3-21G^* and 6-31G^* basis sets. These results are compared to those obtained experimentally and to similar quantities for some related molecules.     

NMR spectra of salicylohydroxamic acid in DMSO-d6 solution: a DFT study

The ¹H, ¹³C and ¹H, ¹³C COSY NMR spectra of salicylohydroxamic acid (sha) were measured in DMSO-d₆ solution. The B3LYP GIAO method with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set was chosen to reproduce the experimental spectra. All possible zusammen and entgegen conformers of monomeric sha were computed. After geometry optimisation (B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) only nine independent models of the molecule were shown to be stable. Additionally, the NMR chemical shifts of the Onsager model of the most stable monomer were calculated. The computed chemical shifts for the labile protons for all aforementioned geometries meaningfully underestimated experimental results suggesting the existence of the H-bonded structure of sha in DMSO solution. The most probable two dimeric structures along with two solvent-bounded aggregates were subsequently calculated at the same level of theory. The best agreement was obtained for sha H-bonded with two DMSO molecules (confirmed by the absence of concentration effect). The relative error not exceeding 10 and 4% for chemical shifts in ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of sha–(DMSO)₂, respectively, showed that the applied method with the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis set was efficient to predict the NMR shifts of a compound with strong H-bonds. Thus, this allows to assign properly NMR resonances to specific structure formed in DMSO solution.     

Molecular and electronic structures, infrared spectra, and vibrational assignment for ap and sc conformers of hexafluoro-iso-propanol

Comprehensive studies of the molecular structures, vibrational frequencies and infrared intensities of the antiperiplanar (ap) and synclinal (sc) conformers of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) have been performed by the density functional (B3LYP) method using the extended 6-311++G(df,pd) basis set. The detailed natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis has revealed the nature of the hyperconjugative interactions, which stabilize each conformer, in the gas phase. The mid-infrared spectra of HFIP in carbon tetrachloride solution were measured, and the experimental intensities of each conformer were obtained by the curve–resolution procedure. The relative abundance of the two conformers, calculated from the relative intensities, shows nearly equimolar ratio (N_sc/N_ap ≈ 1), in this solution. The DFT-predicted frequencies show very good agreement with the experimental data. The clear-cut vibrational assignment for each conformer is reported on the basis of the calculated potential energy distributions. Several controversies in an earlier assignment of HFIP have been elucidated.     

FT-IR, NIR-FT-Raman and gas phase infrared spectra of 3-aminoacetophenone by density functional theory and ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations

The gas phase infrared spectrum of 3-aminoacetophenone (3AAP) was measured in the range 5000-500cm(-1) and with a resolution of 0.5cm(-1). The Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of 3AAP were recorded in the solid phase. Geometry optimizations were done without any constraint and several thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) levels invoking 6-311G(2df 2p) basis set and the results are compared with the experimental values. Harmonic-vibrational wavenumber was also calculated for the minimum energy conformer at ab initio and DFT levels using 6-31G(d,p) basis set and the results are compared with related molecules. With the help of specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers in gas phase, FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. Most of the modes have wavenumbers in the expected range, the error obtained was in general very low. The appropriate theoretical spectrogram for the FT-IR spectra of the title molecule is also constructed.     

Far infrared spectra of liquid and solid benzene

The far infrared spectra of liquid and solid benzene are compared. The benzene was maintained at a temperature of 330 K and the applied pressure varied to alter the state. Liquid benzene is observed to possess a structure resembling that of the solid, close to the melting point.     

氯化钙甲醇溶液中离子溶剂化作用的理论研究

利用红外光谱研究不同温度下CaCl2/甲醇溶液体系的溶剂化作用,结果表明在溶液中CaCl2以离子形式与甲醇发生溶剂化作用,且溶剂化数随温度升高而降低.通过密度泛函理论（DFT）在B3LYP/6-31G＊＊水平下对CaCl2/甲醇溶液中可能存在的配位构型进行结构优化及热力学性质的计算,说明了在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中各种配位构型存在的可能性,得出温度升高热力学数据的变化规律,解释了溶剂化数随温度升高而降低的趋势.进一步对各种可能配位构型的红外吸收频率进行计算并与实验结果进行比较,推断在CaCl2/甲醇溶液中主要存在的配位构型为[CaCl（CH3OH）n]＋和[Cl（CH3OH）n]-.     

Clathrate and inclusion compounds. Part 8 [1]. An investigation of the usefulness of the spectral substraction technique in analysing the infrared spectra of clathrates

An investigation has been carried out into the usefulness of the spectral subtraction technique in analyzing the infrared spectra of the clathrates of quinol and of Dianin's compound. Due to the flexibility of the quinol host lattice, it is not advisable to use guest-free -quinol as the reference if the host lattice in the clathrate is considerably distorted, as it is in the CH₃CN clathrate. In this case it is advisable to use another clathrate as the reference provided that the spectrum of the new reference does not contain guest bands in the region of interest. The Dianin's compound host lattice is less flexible than that of quinol, and guest-free Dianin's compound can be used as the reference irrespective of the size of the guest molecule. With both clathrates the spectral subtraction technique has revealed guest molecule bands which were previously obscured by host lattice bands.Dedicated to Professor H. M. Powell.