高g值加速度发生器中的波形整形技术

以Hopkinson压杆实验装置作为火工品抗过载实验中的高g值加速度发生器,通过数值模拟分析了子弹（形状）、波形整形器（材料、直径、厚度）对加载脉冲的影响规律,并获得了所需的加速度脉冲,实现了有效控制和改善火工品冲击实验中的加载环境。研究结果可为检验火工品在冲击环境下或经冲击后性能可靠度的实验设计、测试等提供依据。     

石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击实验的数值模拟

采用离散元方法模拟石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击问题,再现了其破坏过程:在撞击端,杆以压缩失效波的形式破坏;在自由端,出现了密集的拉伸层裂破坏. 分析表明:层裂是失效波阵面应力快速下降引起的追赶卸载波,与弹性压缩前驱波在自由端反射引起的迎面卸载波相互作用的结果;随着撞击速度的增大,撞击端失效波造成的压缩破坏区域损伤程度增大,反射端层裂破坏损伤区域减小. 进一步对失效波阵面的结构变化及其波速问题进行了研究,发现失效区域随着扩张变成一段裂纹逐渐由密到稀的区段,将此区段分为高损伤区和低损伤区,研究发现由稀疏微裂纹组成的低损伤区的前端面传播速度和弹性前驱波速基本相同,为固定值;而高损伤区前端面的裂纹密度随着传播距离的增加变稀,直至过渡为低损伤区,其传播具有显著的速度衰减、端面模糊直至停止的过程. 高损伤前端面的平均速度随着撞击速度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋近于弹性波速. 最后与已有实验做了对比,发现实验中高速摄影观察到的玻璃中"失效波"阵面实际上是高损伤前端面,而稀疏的低损伤微裂纹很难捕捉.      

飞机模型高速撞击钢筋混凝土载荷特性实验研究

为得到大型商用飞机撞击的冲击载荷特性及其计算方法,基于火箭橇加载试验平台,搭建了飞机模型撞击钢筋混凝土运动靶体测试系统,开展了两种不同尺寸飞机模型的撞击试验,利用高速摄影技术获得了飞机模型撞靶前的姿态、着速及飞机模型撞靶的破坏过程。采用加速度测试系统和激光干涉测速系统,分别得到撞击过程中运动靶体的加速度和速度历史,据此得到靶体受到的冲击载荷-时间曲线,二者吻合,验证了测试系统的可靠性。通过飞机模型上安装的机载存储过载测试系统,获得了撞击过程中飞机模型的负加速度-时间曲线,由此确定了修正的Riera理论模型中的静载荷项,并进一步计算得到靶体受到的冲击载荷-时间曲线,与通过测试靶体的加速度或速度得到的结果一致,验证了使用修正的Riera理论模型计算飞机模型冲击载荷的合理性及计算方法的正确性,同时确定了适合于本试验中飞机模型的修正系数α。     

几种典型起爆药的混凝土侵彻过载

为考核战斗部引信用火工品中起爆药的抗过载性能及适应性,通过火炮实弹射击的混凝土靶侵彻过载模拟实验,分析了典型起爆药在模拟弹中真实的力学环境、失效特性及承载能力。测试与计算结果表明:实验弹丸过载8.7×104g、脉宽持续时间约2 ms、最大速度708 m/s、侵彻深度0.57 m、起爆药惯性载荷最大瞬态作用力为85.34 N、冲量70.17 mN·s、最大瞬态作用能为0.466 8 J、总能量18.656 1 J。在此力学环境下,由于起爆药质量较小,实际承受加速度引起的作用力较小,与静态撞击感度测试作用势能数量级相当,起爆药在实验弹中未发现损伤。     

环形无源万向微机电惯性开关

针对传统惯性开关阈值散布大、万向性差等缺点,设计了一种环形无源万向微机电惯性开关.环形的可动质量框作为可动电极,由内部的四根折叠悬臂梁支撑,和外部的环状固定电极有一定间隙,构成 xy 平面内的万向开关.对设计开关进行有限元动态接触仿真,结果表明开关在1000 g 加速度作用下的响应时间和接触时间分别约为0.142 ms 和5ms,表现出较高的触发灵敏度和良好的接触效果.研究悬臂梁线宽与开关阈值加速度的关系,结果表示悬臂梁线宽的微小变化会引起阈值加速度的较大变化.利用冲击台试验对封装后的开关进行阈值试验,试验结果表明实际阈值分布在900 g ~1300 g 范围内,80%的开关阈值比设计值大.用微电镜对悬臂梁线宽进行静态测量,悬臂梁线宽加工误差大多分布于0~+2mm,加工误差直接导致开关的阈值加速度增加,设计阶段应充分考虑加工误差对阈值加速度的影响.     

闭孔泡沫铝低速冲击防护的临界条件与优化设计

建立了高孔隙率闭孔泡沫铝抗低速撞击的分析模型,通过落重冲击试验验证了模型预测的准确性;采用所建立的模型,计算了闭孔泡沫铝作为大质量结构抗低速冲击构件的临界冲击速度,研究了不同冲击条件下结构响应的最小加速度和临界加速度。结果表明,闭孔泡沫铝适合作为大质量结构的低速冲击防护材料：当撞击速度低于临界冲击速度时,泡沫铝的作用应力不会超过其平台压缩应力,具有高孔隙率的泡沫铝甚至可使冲击响应加速度大幅降低,具有优良的防护效果;当撞击速度超过相应条件下的临界速度时,由于泡沫铝压缩密实阶段的应力增强作用,不仅使其作用应力迅速增大（为平台应力的5～15倍）,而且使冲击响应加速度迅速增加甚至超过1000g,从而对结构的安全防护构成威胁。最后,讨论了冲击质量比、泡沫铝孔隙率、泡沫几何尺寸等冲击参数对临界冲击速度和冲击响应加速度的影响。     

破片撞击下YAG透明陶瓷复合靶的破坏特性

YAG透明陶瓷兼具有优秀的透光性能和抗冲击破坏性能,是武器装备透明部分的优秀防护材料,在军事装备、航天等国防领域具有良好的应用前景。冲击载荷下材料的加载响应特性对掌握材料破坏机制至关重要,能为透明复合靶设计提供依据。为获得YAG透明陶瓷多层复合靶的冲击破坏特性,利用内径9 mm的气体驱动发射平台进行了碳化钨球形破片在20～310 m/s速度下撞击YAG透明陶瓷复合靶的实验,通过高速摄影捕捉的陶瓷表面损伤演化过程,计算了典型径向、环向裂纹扩展速度。通过观测回收的靶体和YAG碎片的宏细观破坏特征,分析了撞击速度与靶体破坏特征之间的联系。结果表明,YAG陶瓷层径向裂纹和环向裂纹扩展速度均随着时间的延长线性降低,且裂纹扩展速度几乎不受撞击速度影响。陶瓷层中心粉碎区面积随撞击速度的提高而增大,且中间玻璃层破坏区域面积与陶瓷锥底面积相关联,陶瓷锥角与撞击速度关联性不强。同时,观察到陶瓷层在冲击破坏过程中出现了裂纹簇,获得了裂纹簇数量与破片撞击速度之间的关系,分析了裂纹簇的特征及其成因。裂纹变向、应力波作用会显著影响细观断面破坏特征。径向、环向和锥裂纹中沿晶断裂的比例均随着裂纹扩展距离的增大而增加,且穿晶比例随着撞击速度的提高而增加。     

力-热耦合作用下钛膜的破坏行为实验研究

金属薄膜/聚合物基底(尤其是温度敏感型的聚合物)结构在外力和加热影响下的力学性能变化直接影响到器件的功能和使用寿命。通过光学显微镜原位观察钛膜/有机玻璃基底结构在力-热(20~44℃)耦合作用下的薄膜表、界面响应。在外部轴向压力作用下,薄膜会发生垂直于加载方向的屈曲。保持试件的加载端边界位移不变,对其进行加热,薄膜会出现垂直于屈曲方向的横向裂纹。通过分析发现薄膜产生横向裂纹的原因为:力-热耦合作用促使聚合物基底在非加载端方向的拉应变增大。在不同长度的薄膜裂纹段上,较长裂纹段中心部位上受到基底传递的拉应力较大,产生再次断裂的可能性较高。     

含不同充填物预制裂隙对爆炸裂纹扩展的影响

为了研究充填裂隙岩石动态断裂时裂纹扩展规律,以空气、黏土和水作为有机玻璃的预制裂隙充填材料,在炮孔与预制裂隙的不同夹角、不同距离条件下,通过单发雷管加载,对3种不同裂隙充填物的有机玻璃模型进行了起爆实验。结果表明:爆炸裂纹几乎都不会越过预制裂隙;空气充填模型裂纹总数、左端翼裂纹几乎全部大于黏土和水充填模型;最长裂纹分布位置和长度与反射应力波传播方向和能量有关;空气充填模型右端翼裂纹多随角度增大而增长,黏土充填模型右端翼裂纹则表现为先增后减;爆炸裂纹扩展对充填物种类具有敏感性。     

具有内核伸出段的套管构件在线接触阶段的受力性能研究

针对具有内核伸出段的轴压套管构件,建立了线接触阶段的力学模型;利用小挠度理论推导出了内核和套筒的剪力、弯矩、挠度、分布接触力、集中接触力等物理量的计算公式。通过与无内核伸出段套管构件的对比算例验证了本文相关物理量推导的正确性,分析了内核与套管在不同刚度比下相关物理量的变化情况。结果表明:由于内核伸出段的影响,点接触会提前向线接触变化,使套管构件的轴向承载力显著下降,端部的接触反力及内核的剪力、弯矩有显著的增加。对具有内核伸出段的套管构件进行了力学性能分析,结果表明:内核与套筒的间隙对线接触长度没有影响,内核的弯矩、剪力随着间隙的增加而增大;随着内核伸出段长度的增加,线接触长度及内核的弯矩、剪力增大。     

A Note on a Walking Machine Model

The paper continues studies intended to find out whether it is possible to create a prototype walking machine with relatively simple components. In this connection, the control problem is solved for a two-dimensional model of biped machine. It has a torso and two telescopic legs. Each leg includes a ponderable section of constant length and an imponderable section of variable length. The machine, regarded as a system with variable constraints, implements a single-stance gait (one stance leg at a time) with a step of constant duration. The contact of the swing leg with the ground is analyzed within the framework of Carnot's theorem (perfectly inelastic impact). It is assumed that the force developed in the stance leg is due to the deformation of the leg's spring and that this deformation can be controlled. An algorithm is proposed to synthesize a control system that takes into account collisions occurring at reverse of the roles of the legs. This algorithm is based on methods of optimizing periodic systems. The algorithm is compared with approaches used by other authors     

不同固定方式下高压功率模块的抗冲击性能分析

为了提升高压功率模块在高速冲击环境中的结构可靠性,研究了高压功率模块采用不同固定方式的抗冲击特性。基于一维应力波条件,针对模块在自由式霍普金森杆系统中的运动响应以及能量转换形式进行理论分析,完成了模块的变形能与动能结果对比。采用有限元方法模拟了20 m/s冲击速度下模块的运动和变形过程,提取关键结构的应力分布、挠度、位移响应速度和加速度响应曲线,其中应力响应最高位置在陶瓷基板层,达到427 MPa,挠度响应最高位置在金属底板层,达到了773.8 μm,模块整体位移速度最高达到17.68 m/s,加速度最高达到51 110.7g。对比4种固定方式的冲击响应结果,模块冲击后底板变形量由小到大分别为面贴装固定、四角点固定、短边两点固定和长边两点固定,面贴装模块的位移动能和加速度峰值最大。结果表明采用面贴装固定的模块在冲击加速度载荷下发生变形失效的可能性最小,面贴装在四种固定方式中是可靠性最高的安装方式,之后的选择优先度分别是四角点固定、短边两点固定和长边两点固定。研究成果为半导体高压功率模块在实际应用中的安装固定方式选择提供了重要理论依据。     

值微冲击开关的研制

采用微机电系统（MEMS）技术设计制作了一种微冲击开关，其敏感元件由悬臂梁支撑的质量块和其下的微触点构成。在冲击加速度作用下，质量块与触点碰撞实现接通。开关芯片体积为5 mm5 mm0.5 mm，动作门限3 000g，响应时间84 s，能承受极端的高冲击而不破坏。     

Structural synthesis of fully-isotropic translational parallel robots via theory of linear transformations

The paper presents a new structural synthesis approach of fully-isotropic translational parallel robotic manipulators (TPMs) based on the theory of linear transformations. A TPM is a 3-DOF (degree of freedom) parallel mechanism whose output link, called platform, can achieve three independent orthogonal translational motions with respect to the fixed base. The manipulators presented in this paper have three legs connecting the moving platform and the base (fixed platform). Only one kinematic pair per leg is actuated by a linear motor situated on the fixed base. A one-to-one correspondence exists between the actuated joint space and the operational space of the moving platform. The Jacobian matrix of fully-isotropic TPMs presented in this paper is the identity 3×3 diagonal matrix throughout the entire workspace. The synthesis method proposed in this paper allows us to obtain all structural solutions of fully-isotropic TPMs in a systematic manner. Overconstrained/isostatic solutions with elementary/complex and identical/different legs are obtained. Fully-isotropic TPMs have the advantage of simple command and important energy-saving due to the fact that, for a unidirectional translation, only one motor works as in a serial translational manipulator.     

Experimental and numerical investigations into collapse behaviour of thin spherical shells under drop hammer impact

A study of the collapse behaviour of hemi spherical and shallow spherical shells and their modes of deformation under impact loading are presented in this paper. Aluminium spherical shells of various radii and thicknesses were made by spinning. These were subjected to impact loading under a drop hammer and the load histories were obtained in all the cases. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were carried out for all the tested specimen geometries using LS-DYNA^®. Material, geometric and contact nonlinearities were incorporated in the analysis. The uni-axial stress–strain curve for the material was obtained experimentally and was assumed to be piecewise linear in the plastic region. The results from impact experiments are used for the validation of the numerical simulations. Three distinct modes of deformation, namely local flattening, inward dimpling and formation of multiple numbers of lobes were analysed and influence of various parameters on these modes is discussed.     

刚塑性自由梁中部在横向冲击下的初始变形模式

研究了均匀矩形截面刚塑性自由梁中部在小尺寸、平头、圆柱形刚性弹体撞击下的三种变形模式,即梁的刚体平动、单铰变形模式和三铰变形模式。考虑了刚性子弹冲击后在梁上形成的剪切冲塞,分析了子弹通过冲塞作用在梁中部的剪切力可能引起的梁的弯曲变形,找出了梁的初始变形模式对子弹大小、梁的尺寸和材料性能的依赖关系。     

水下冲击波载荷作用下气背固支圆板动态毁伤实验

为了研究水下近爆载荷作用下舰艇水下结构的动态变形及失效毁伤模式,利用水下爆炸冲击波等效加载装置结合高速摄影技术,对两种厚度的气背固支5A06铝合金圆板进行了水下冲击波加载实验。得到了气背固支圆板塑性大变形、中心拉伸撕裂和边界剪切破坏3种典型失效模式的动态响应历程。比较分析了冲击波强度、冲击因子、损伤参数和响应参数4种毁伤判据对该类靶板毁伤模式的判别能力。实验结果表明:考虑了结构因素的损伤参数和响应参数能够更为全面的判别结构的失效毁伤情况。     

Dynamic model and performance analysis of landing buffer for bionic locust mechanism

The landing buffer is an important problem in the research on bionic locust jumping robots, and the differ-ent modes of landing and buffering can affect the dynamic performance of the buffering process significantly. Based on an experimental observation, the different modes of landing and buffering are determined, which include the different numbers of landing legs and different motion modes of legs in the buffering process. Then a bionic locust mechanism is established, and the springs are used to replace the leg muscles to achieve a buffering effect. To reveal the dynamic performance in the buffering process of the bionic locust mechanism, a dynamic model is established with different modes of landing and buffering. In particular, to analyze the buffering process conveniently, an equivalent vibration dynamic model of the bionic locust mechanism is proposed. Given the support forces of the ground to the leg links, which can be obtained from the dynamic model, the spring forces of the legs and the impact resistance of each leg are the important parameters affecting buffering performance, and evaluation principles for buffering performance are proposed according to the aforementioned parameters. Based on the dynamic model and these evaluation principles, the buffer-ing performances are analyzed and compared in different modes of landing and buffering on a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. The results show that the mechanism with the ends of the legs sliding can obtain a better dynamic per-formance. This study offers primary theories for buffering dynamics and an evaluation of landing buffer performance, and it establishes a theoretical basis for studies and engineer-ing applications.     

A combination optical method of lateral shearing interferometry and caustics

A novel experimental technique is presented that combines the optical method of caustics and the full-field lateral shearing interferometer of coherent gradient sensing (CGS) in one setup. Collimated light transmitted through a deformed specimen is separated into two legs. One is processed by the lateral shearing interferometer and is recombined with the other on a single image plane. By adjusting the optical path length of each leg, a combination lateral shearing interferogram/caustic image is generated. When this technique is applied to a fracture specimen, information about the stress intensity factor can be obtained from the caustic and the CGS interference fringes for exactly the same deformation field. This allows for a direct comparison between the two methods when investigating phenomena such asK-dominance, three-dimensional deformation and so on. In this paper, the technique is presented in detail, and its feasibility is tested by application to mode I and mixed-mode crack tip deformation fields.     

Structural Stability of Unsteadily Accelerated Liquid Pistons

The possibility of the fragmentation of a liquid piston moving with variable acceleration, due to air jets forming on its free surface and penetrating inward, is established experimentally. The liquid piston acceleration regimes in which air jets capable of penetrating into the liquid are formed from initial perturbations on its free surface are theoretically analyzed.