自相似多孔材料的力学性能与吸能特性

通过对自相似多孔材料的研究,给出了该结构的代表体积单元和相对密度。采用有限元方法对多孔材料面外的准静态压缩以及动态压缩进行数值模拟,分析了其变形模式,提取了应力-应变响应曲线,讨论了相对密度对多孔材料的弹性模量、平台应力、密实应变以及单位质量吸能的影响。研究发现:多孔材料在面外准静态压缩时,弹性模量、平台应力随相对密度的增大而增大,密实应变随相对密度的增大而减小;相对密度主要影响多孔材料的平台应力和弹性模量。多孔材料在面外动态压缩时,在相同的冲击速度下,多孔材料相对密度越大,其单位质量吸收的能量越多。     

多孔材料吸能行为对相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性

多孔材料是一种优异的吸能缓冲材料,但由于其变形模式的非单一性以及动态应力应变曲线的难获取性,其吸能行为对相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性关系还并不完全明朗。本文基于不需要提前作本构假定的波传播法,开展了多孔材料的吸能行为研究。采用多孔材料的细观有限元模型进行Taylor冲击虚拟实验,获取全场质点速度时程曲线,结合Lagrange分析法得到多孔材料的局部应力应变信息,进而探讨了动态吸能性能对材料相对密度和冲击速度的依赖性。研究结果表明多孔材料的吸能行为可依据变形模式分为三个阶段。在冲击模式下,多孔材料单位体积吸能与相对密度成线性增加关系,此时惯性起主导作用;在过渡模式下,惯性的主导作用减弱,单位体积吸能量的增加速率随相对密度的增加而减弱;在准静态模式下,多孔材料只能发生微小的变形,其吸能很少。本文进一步获得了区别于多孔材料准静态应力-应变曲线的动态应力-应变状态曲线,并考察了其与相对密度之间的关系。结果表明：随着相对密度的增加,多孔材料的动态压实应变将变小,而动态塑性平台应力将提高。     

闭孔泡沫铝低速冲击防护的临界条件与优化设计

建立了高孔隙率闭孔泡沫铝抗低速撞击的分析模型,通过落重冲击试验验证了模型预测的准确性;采用所建立的模型,计算了闭孔泡沫铝作为大质量结构抗低速冲击构件的临界冲击速度,研究了不同冲击条件下结构响应的最小加速度和临界加速度。结果表明,闭孔泡沫铝适合作为大质量结构的低速冲击防护材料：当撞击速度低于临界冲击速度时,泡沫铝的作用应力不会超过其平台压缩应力,具有高孔隙率的泡沫铝甚至可使冲击响应加速度大幅降低,具有优良的防护效果;当撞击速度超过相应条件下的临界速度时,由于泡沫铝压缩密实阶段的应力增强作用,不仅使其作用应力迅速增大（为平台应力的5～15倍）,而且使冲击响应加速度迅速增加甚至超过1000g,从而对结构的安全防护构成威胁。最后,讨论了冲击质量比、泡沫铝孔隙率、泡沫几何尺寸等冲击参数对临界冲击速度和冲击响应加速度的影响。     

多孔泡沫牺牲层的动态压溃及缓冲吸能机理研究

本文对强动载荷下多孔泡沫牺牲层的动态压溃行为及缓冲吸能机理进行了研究. 基于刚性-理想塑性-锁定(R-PP-L)及刚性-塑性硬化(R-PH)两类多孔泡沫材料本构, 建立了强动载荷下多孔泡沫牺牲层动态响应的理论分析模型, 分析了一维冲击波在多孔泡沫牺牲层中的传播规律; 利用Voronoi方法建立了多孔泡沫牺牲层的二维细观有限元模型, 获得了冲击载荷下多孔泡沫牺牲层的变形模式和动态响应曲线, 讨论了多孔泡沫材料的层间界面效应对多孔泡沫牺牲层缓冲吸能的影响. 研究结果表明, 考虑多孔泡沫材料塑性硬化影响的理论分析模型能够预测入射波在远端的反射及对多孔泡沫牺牲层的二次压缩过程和端部应力增强现象; 相比较存在界面的多孔泡沫牺牲层, 连续设计的多孔泡沫牺牲层可增强其缓冲吸能能力, 但在界面处增加设计刚性面板则能够降低界面胞元不完整对缓冲吸能的影响; 相同冲量载荷下, 端部应力峰值随冲击能量增大而增大, 而端部冲击波的反射可能是端部应力增强的主要诱因.      

晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响

采用不同热处理工艺制备了3种晶粒尺寸（60、100、500 μm）的高纯铝板材,利用平板撞击实验研究了其层裂行为。通过改变飞片击靶速度,在靶板中实现初始层裂状态和完全层裂状态。基于自由面速度时程曲线和微损伤演化及断口显微形貌分析,讨论了晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响规律。实验结果显示:（1）晶粒尺寸对高纯铝板材层裂特性的影响强烈依赖于冲击加载应力幅值,在低应力条件下,层裂强度与晶粒尺寸之间表现出反Hall-Petch关系,而在高应力条件下,晶粒尺寸对层裂强度几乎没有影响;（2）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,靶板损伤区微孔洞的尺寸和分布范围均增大,但数量显著减少,在微孔洞周围还发现比较严重的晶粒细化现象;（3）随着晶粒尺寸的增大,层裂微观机制从韧性沿晶断裂向准脆性沿晶断裂转变,且在断口上观察到少量随机分布的小圆球,归因于微孔洞长大和聚集过程中严重塑性变形引起的热效应。     

负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学响应及能量吸收特性

针对传统正方形蜂窝,通过用更小的双向内凹结构胞元替代原蜂窝材料的结构节点,得到了一种具有负泊松比特性的节点层级蜂窝材料模型。利用显式动力有限元方法,研究了冲击荷载作用下该负泊松比蜂窝结构的动力学响应及能量吸收特性。研究结果表明,除了冲击速度和相对密度,负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学性能亦取决于胞元微结构。与正方形蜂窝相比,该负泊松比层级蜂窝材料的动态承载能力和能量吸收能力明显增强。在中低速冲击下,试件表现为拉胀材料明显的"颈缩"现象,并展示出负泊松比材料独特的平台应力增强效应。基于能量吸收效率方法和一维冲击波理论,给出了负泊松比蜂窝材料的密实应变和动态平台应力的经验公式,以预测该蜂窝材料的动态承载能力。本文的研究将为负泊松比多胞材料冲击动力学性能的多目标优化设计提供新的设计思路。     

负梯度闭孔泡沫金属的力学性能分析

运用三维Voronoi技术生成闭孔梯度泡沫模型,结合有限元分析方法模拟负梯度闭孔泡沫金属在不同冲击速度下的力学行为。结果表明,随着冲击速度的提高,得到了与均匀泡沫一样的三种变形模式：准静态模式,过渡模式和冲击模式。通过对名义应力应变曲线和变形模式的研究,提出了一种新的定义局部密实化应变的方法,并研究了相对密度和密度梯度对它的影响。分别建立了相对密度和密度梯度与冲击速度的变形模式图。通过引入密实化因子,确定了三种变形模式对应的临界冲击速度。最后讨论了不同冲击速度下,密度梯度大小对泡沫材料能量吸收能力的影响。结果表明,在高速冲击的变形初期,密度梯度的绝对值越大,泡沫材料的能量吸收能力越强。     

应力释放率对超大断面小净距浅埋隧道的开挖影响研究

依托某高速公路隧道工程,基于空间反向荷载法和CRD施工工法,分析了不同应力释放率下浅埋隧道围岩变形及地表沉降规律。得出以下结论:(1)随着应力释放率的增大,浅埋隧道洞周竖向位移及地表沉降明显增大,围岩塑性区范围也明显增大;(2)在小净距浅埋隧道变形计算中,应力释放率越小,左、右幅隧道开挖引起地表相对干扰越大。当应力释放率取50%时,左洞隧道开挖引起的右洞地表隆起值大于其自身开挖引起的位移值,右洞上部地表隆起,最终导致隧道上方公路可能出现拉裂现象。     

冲击荷载作用下混凝土动态力学性能数值模拟研究

利用直锥变截面式Φ74 mm SHPB对混凝土和水泥砂浆材料进行了三种不同冲击速度下的动态力学性能实验,分析了其冲击速度对混凝土力学性能的影响规律。应用刚性板冲击加载的方式进行了混凝土动力响应的数值模拟研究,数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。数值模拟表明：混凝土的峰值应力随着冲击速度的增大而增大,混凝土是一种率敏感材料;随着粗骨料体积含量增大,冲击荷载作用下混凝土的峰值应力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,粗骨料体积含量为40%时混凝土峰值应力最大;保持粗骨料最大粒径不变,随着粗骨料最小粒径的增大,混凝土的峰值应力逐渐减小;保持粗骨料最小粒径不变,随着粗骨料最大粒径的增大,混凝土的峰值应力呈现先增大后减小的趋势,数值模拟结果为混凝土的工程应用提供了理论依据和技术支撑     

低应变率下硅铝质泡沫陶瓷复合材料的力学性能研究

以泡沫陶瓷复合材料在防护工程中的应用为背景,利用MTS(Material Test System,材料试验机)对该型材料进行了准静态压缩实验。得到了应变率在10-5~10-3s-1范围内的应力应变曲线,并对实验结果进行了理论分析和数值模拟。研究表明,泡沫陶瓷复合材料的力学性能在准静态一维应力压缩条件下显示出明显的应变率效应,同时其应力应变曲线可用一种经验的脆性材料本构模型进行较好地拟合。而在一维应变压缩条件下,材料的应力应变曲线则显示出明显的三段式特征:弹性段、平台段和密实段,同时材料的吸能幅值随着应变率的增大而增加。     

非常规态型近场动力学热黏塑性模型及其应用

在非常规态型近场动力学(non-ordinary state-based peridynamics, NOSB-PD) 理论框架下构建了考虑应变率效应、塑性硬化、热软化效应和材料断裂特征的非局部三维热黏塑性固体本构模型以及相应的非局部空间积分型数值算法, 并应用于金属类材料和构件在冲击载荷作用等工况下的高应变率热黏塑性变形与破坏分析. 通过对经典含初始裂纹Kalthoff-Winkler板冲击试验进行三维近场动力学模拟, 可得到裂纹的起裂角度、扩展路径、扩展速度以及裂纹扩展过程中靶板等效应力和温度分布, 所得结果与已有试验结果和其他数值方法结果吻合较好. 在此基础上, 应用该模型分析了不同冲击速度作用下金属靶板的变形与裂纹扩展过程, 结果表明: 该模型能较好地模拟不同冲击速度(应变率)情况下靶板的变形与破坏全过程. 随着冲击速度变化, 初始裂纹的起裂时间、扩展方向和扩展速度呈一定规律变化. 冲击速度越低, 起裂时间越晚(直至冲击速度低于某值时初始裂纹不扩展), 裂纹扩展速度峰值越低, 冲击过程中靶板温度峰值越低, 完全扩展所需时间越长.      

过载作用下聚乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

论文针对中密度聚乙烯材料(MDPE)，采用平板试样进行了I型疲劳裂纹扩展和单次过载下裂纹扩展试验．发现与金属材料类似，单次拉伸过载对聚乙烯(PE)的疲劳裂纹扩展有明显的迟滞作用，降低了裂纹扩展速率．试验还通过变载荷刻线法获取疲劳裂纹扩展前缘的实际形貌和变化规律，对常规变载荷刻线方法进行了调整和验证，其修正方法对高分子材料的疲劳裂纹扩展前缘刻线具有较好的效果．通过观察发现含楔形塑性区的裂尖钝化是裂纹迟滞的主要原因．过载引入的塑性区内残余应力对裂纹迟滞也起了重要作用．论文利用Dugdale模型计算了塑性区尺寸，使用基于残余应力的Wheeler模型对过载迟滞进行了很好的拟合．     

多胞材料的动态应力应变状态及其一致近似关系

多胞材料在高速冲击下呈现出逐层压溃的变形模式,塑性冲击波模型可以用来表征这种集中变形带的传播行为。本文中采用截面应力计算方法得到了随机蜂窝在恒速冲击下的一维应力分布,进而对冲击波的传播规律进行了分析。比较了高速冲击下由不同方法得到的冲击波速度与冲击速度的关系,结果表明R-PP-L（率无关,刚性-理想塑性-锁定）模型高估了冲击波速度,但R-PH（率无关,刚性-塑性硬化）模型以及一维冲击波理论得到的冲击波速度与有限元结果比较接近。冲击波速度与冲击速度在高速情形下趋于线性关系,但随着冲击速度的减小,冲击波速度不断减少并趋于常数。根据这一特征和塑性冲击波模型,发展了可以表征冲击波速度与冲击速度的关系、动态应力应变关系的一致近似模型。     

On the behaviour characterization of metallic cellular materials under impact loading

This paper reviews the common mechanical features of the metallic cellular material under impact loading as well as the characterization methods of such behaviours. The main focus is on the innovations of various testing methods at impact loading rates.Following aspects were discussed in details.（1） The use of soft nylon Hopkinson/Kolsky bar for an enhanced measuring accuracy in order to assess if there is a strength enhancement or not for this class of cellular materials under moderate impact loading;（2） The use of digital image correlations to determine the strain fields during the tests to confirm the existence of a pseudo-shock wave propagation inside the cellular material under high speed impact： （3） The use of new combined shear compression device to determine the loading envelop of cellular materials under impact multiaxial loadings.     

On the energy conservation and critical velocities for the propagation of a ＂steady-shock＂ wave in a bar made of cellular material

The propagation of shock waves in a cellular bar is systematically studied in the framework of continuum solids by adopting two idealized material models, viz. the dynamic rigid, perfectly plastic, locking （D-R-PP-L） model and the dynamic rigid, linear hardening plastic, locking （D-R-LHP-L） model, both considering the effects of strain-rate on the material properties. The shock wave speed relevant to these two models is derived. Consider the case of a bar made of one of such material with initial length L 0 and initial velocity v i impinging onto a rigid target. The variations of the stress, strain, particle velocity, specific internal energy across the shock wave and the cease distance of shock wave are all determined analytically. In particular the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the ＂kinematic existence condition＂ as proposed by Tan et al. （2005） is re-examined, showing that the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the consequent ＂critical velocity＂, i.e. the shock can only be generated and sustained in R-PP-L bars when the impact velocity is above this critical velocity, is incorrect. Instead, with elastic deformation, strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity of the cellular materials being considered, it is appropriate to redefine a first and a second critical impact velocity for the existence and propagation of shock waves in cellular solids. Starting from the basic relations for shock wave propagating in D-R-LHP-L cellular materials, a new method for inversely determining the dynamic stress-strain curve for cellular materials is proposed. By using e.g. a combination of Taylor bar and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experimental technique, the dynamic stress-strain curve of aluminum foam could bedetermined. Finally, it is demonstrated that this new formulation of shock theory in this one-dimensional stress state can be generalized to shocks in a one-dimensional strain state, i.e. for the case of plate impact on cellular materials, by simply making proper replacements of the elastic and plastic constants.     

An experimental study of inhomogeneous cyclic plastic deformation of 1045 steel under multiaxial cyclic loading

An experimental study was conducted on the inhomogeneous cyclic plastic deformation of 1045 steel under multiaxial cyclic loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens were used and small strain gages were bonded on the specimen surface to characterize the local deformation. The controlled loading paths included cyclic tension–compression, cyclic torsion, proportional axial-torsion, 90°-out-of-phase axial-torsion, and fully reversed torsion with a constant axial stress. The maximum stress in each experiment was lower than the lower yield stress of the material. It was found that the cyclic plastic deformation within the gage section of the specimen under multiaxial stress state followed the three-stage process that was observed from uniaxial loading, namely, incubation, propagation, and saturation. The plastic deformation was significantly inhomogeneous during the propagation stage, and the inhomogeneity continued through the saturation stage. The duration of each stage and the saturated strains were dependent on the cyclic stress amplitude and the loading path. Multiaxial stress state reduced the incubation stage. With identical equivalent stress magnitude, the nonproportional loading path resulted in the shortest incubation and propagation stages, and the saturated equivalent plastic strain magnitude was the smallest. Although the deformation over the gage section was inhomogeneous, the plastic deformation in a given local area was found to be practically isotropic.     

High strain-rate crack growth in rate-dependent plastic solids

At high crack velocities in metallic materials nearly all plastic strain accumulates at very high strain-rates, typically in the range 10³ s^?1 to 10⁵ s^?1. At these rates, dislocation motion is limited by dynamic lattice effects and the plastic strain-rate increases approximately linearly with stress. The problem for a crack growing at high velocity is posed for steady-state, small scale yielding in elastic/rate-dependent plastic solids. A general expression is derived for the near-tip stress intensity factor in terms of the remote intensity factor, or equivalently for the near-tip energy release-rate in terms of the overall release-rate. An approximate calculation of the plastic strain-rates provides this relation in analytical form. Imposition of the condition that the near-tip energy release-rate be maintained at a critical value provides a propagation equation for the growing crack. A single, nondimensional combination of material constants emerges as the controlling parameter. Implications for dynamic crack propagation are discussed.     

Shock enhancement of cellular structures under impact loading: Part I Experiments

This paper aims at showing experimental proof of the existence of a shock front in cellular structures under impact loading, especially at low critical impact velocities around 50 m/s. First, an original testing procedure using a large diameter Nylon Hopkinson bar is introduced. With this large diameter soft Hopkinson bar, tests under two different configurations (pressure bar behind/ahead of the supposed shock front) at the same impact speed are used to obtain the force/time histories behind and ahead of the assumed shock front within the cellular material specimen.Stress jumps (up to 60% of initial stress level) as well as shock front speed are measured for tests at 55 m/s on Alporas foams and nickel hollow sphere agglomerates, whereas no significant shock enhancement is observed for Cymat foams and 5056 aluminium honeycombs. The corresponding rate sensitivity of the studied cellular structures is also measured and it is proven that it is not responsible for the sharp strength enhancement.A photomechanical measurement of the shock front speed is also proposed to obtain a direct experimental proof. The displacement and strain fields during the test are obtained by correlating images shot with a high speed camera. The strain field measurements at different times show that the shock front discontinuity propagates and allows for the measurement of the propagation velocity.All the experimental evidences enable us to confirm the existence of a shock front enhancement even at quite low impact velocities for a number of studied materials.     

梯度多胞牺牲层的抗爆炸分析

运用一维非线性塑性冲击波模型和细观有限元模型对密度梯度多胞牺牲层的抗爆炸性能进行了分析。基于率无关的刚性-塑性硬化模型,建立了描述冲击波在多胞牺牲层中传播的控制方程,分别给出了正、负密度梯度多胞材料在指数型爆炸载荷作用下的响应特性。研究了可正好吸收爆炸能量的梯度多胞牺牲层的临界厚度与载荷强度、覆盖层质量、多胞材料的密度梯度等参数之间的关系,给出了以临界厚度和支撑端应力峰值为指标的密度梯度设计图。运用二维细观有限元模型验证了基于非线性塑性冲击波模型的抗爆炸分析的有效性。