Infrared radiation thermometer using a silver halide optical fiber for thermal ablation

In this study, we have fabricated non-contact temperature sensor using an infrared optical fiber for measuring temperature distributions during radiofrequency ablation. We have measured an infrared radiation, which is transferred by a silver halide optical fiber from the multi-points on the water around inserted electrode, using a thermopile sensor and the output voltages of a thermopile sensor are compared with those of the thermocouple recorder. Also, the relationship between the temperatures and the output voltages of a thermopile sensor at the measuring points is determined to obtain the temperature distribution. The measurable temperature range of a fiber-optic non-contact temperature sensor is from 37 to 80 °C.     

Infrared Optical Fiber Sensors

Notably improved performance as well as extended application areas is expected in the technology of optical fiber sensors using infrared fibers that transmit radiation in a wavelength range beyond 2 μm. Measurement of infrared radiation is particularly important in thermometry and spectrometry. In these areas, the use of infrared fibers has been studied extensively not only as a transmission waveguide but also as a sensor chip. Of various infrared fibers, fluoride glass fibers exhibit the lowest transmission loss and hence are useful for remote sensing that requires light transmission over a long distance. The wide transmission range of chalcogenide glass fibers and halide crystalline fibers is valuable for thermometry in a low temperature range and for spectrometry of various molecules. Hollow waveguides are useful as a capillary flow cell that realizes fast-response spectrometry. The advantages and disadvantages of infrared fibers must be considered carefully in the development of fiber sensors. In this paper, the progress of infrared optical fiber sensors is reviewed with particular interest in thermometry and spectroscopy.     

光纤瞬态高温传感器及动态测试系统

为了解决特殊环境下的瞬态高温测量, 设计了一种基于黑体辐射的光纤高温传感器及动态测试系统。根据辐射测温的基本原理, 结合光纤传感技术, 采用了“接触-非接触”测量方法和光纤光栅窄带滤波技术, 提高了测量精度, 减小了背景光的影响。由于瞬态温度随时间变化快, 动态误差大, 探索了一种利用大功率高频CO2激光器作为激励源, 用激光脉冲加热被校传感器。用测得的温度信号对被校传感器进行可溯源高温动态校准的新方案。实验结果表明, 系统测温范围为800～2000 ℃, 并具有精度高, 响应快, 抗电磁干扰, 性能稳定的特点, 解决了热电偶响应速度慢, 寿命短的缺陷, 为冶金、石油、化工、武器研制等领域的瞬态高温测量提供了一种新的测试手段。     

基于纳米覆膜光纤F-P传感器的折射率光谱特性

采用层层组装和化学共价交联的方法对光纤Fabry-Perot (F-P)干涉传感器的端面进行了纳米聚电介质覆膜修饰,并实验研究了覆膜后传感器的折射率响应光谱特性。选择聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDDA)和聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)为纳米覆膜材料,随着覆膜层数的增加,光纤F-P传感器的反射谱对比度呈现由高到低,再到高的规律,且反射谱对比度具有良好的温度稳定性。选取覆膜层数为20双层的光纤F-P传感器对一系列浓度的蔗糖和无机溶液进行了折射率光谱响应测试,实验测得折射率检测拐点由1.457延伸至1.4623,对低折射率物质的折射率灵敏度为24.53 dB·RI-1,对高折射率物质的折射率灵敏度为3.60 dB·RI-1,且均具有良好的线性。研究结果为光纤F-P传感器对低折射率物质的功能化检测提供了新方法。     

天然气水合物相变测试用光纤传感器

介绍了一种用于海洋天然气水合物状态变化模拟实验中天然气水合物相变测试的光透射比光纤传感器.利用该传感器探测水合物状态变化过程中光透射比的变化，来测定水合物的相态变化.为了提高光纤传感器的测量准确度减小测量误差，在所研制的光纤传感器中采用了双光路结构，在测量透射光强的同时，测量参考光强以补偿光源光强的波动.另外，在光电转换电路中采用双探测器结构来消除光电探测器暗电流的影响.     

基于单片机的光纤半导体温度传感器的研究

提出了一种基于单片机技术的光纤半导体温度传感器.利用GaAs晶体对光的吸收率与温度所存在的确定关系进行测温,并采用单片机进行信号检测与信号处理.实验表明,所研制的传感器具有较高精度,精度为0.2℃(-50～150℃).现场试用情况表明,此光纤半导体温度传感器具有较高时间稳定性、高重复性、高可靠性、高性价比等特点,是一种应用前景广阔的传感器.     

Luminescence-Based Optical Fiber Chemical Sensors

A scheme for the simultaneous determination of temperature and analyte concentration for application in luminescence-based chemical sensors is proposed. This scheme is applied to an optical oxygen sensor, which is based on the quenching of the fluorescence of a ruthenium complex. Temperature measurement is performed using the excitation radiation and an absorption long-pass filter. Preliminary results are presented that show the viability of an oxygen measurement that is independent of temperature and optical power level. The possibility of self-referenced temperature measurements with semiconductor nanoparticles is also investigated. In order to optimize the sensor design, several different optical fiber probe geometries for oxygen sensing are tested and compared, including different methods of coupling radiation into the optical fiber system. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide membranes are tested as supports for sensor immobilization in fiber-optical pH sensing devices in aqueous solution. Some results are presented that show the feasibility of using fiber-optical pH indicators for remote monitoring.     

Luminescence-Based Optical Fiber Chemical Sensors

Abstract

A scheme for the simultaneous determination of temperature and analyte concentration for application in luminescence-based chemical sensors is proposed. This scheme is applied to an optical oxygen sensor, which is based on the quenching of the fluorescence of a ruthenium complex. Temperature measurement is performed using the excitation radiation and an absorption long-pass filter. Preliminary results are presented that show the viability of an oxygen measurement that is independent of temperature and optical power level. The possibility of self-referenced temperature measurements with semiconductor nanoparticles is also investigated. In order to optimize the sensor design, several different optical fiber probe geometries for oxygen sensing are tested and compared, including different methods of coupling radiation into the optical fiber system. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide membranes are tested as supports for sensor immobilization in fiber-optical pH sensing devices in aqueous solution. Some results are presented that show the feasibility of using fiber-optical pH indicators for remote monitoring.     

具有温度自校准功能的光纤折射率传感器

提出一种具有温度自校准功能的光纤折射率（RI）传感器,传感头结构由2段很短的多模光纤（MMF）之间夹熔一段对折射率不敏感的光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）构成,传感头总长度为14 mm,FBG可以为折射率测量提供良好的温度校准功能。实验结果证明,该传感器的折射率灵敏度为126 nm。其干涉光谱共振波长的温度灵敏度为35.09 pm/℃,用于温度校准的FBG的温度灵敏度为11.14 pm/℃。相比于普通的折射率传感器,这种具有温度自校准功能的折射率传感器具有良好的实用前景。     

Development of One-dimensional Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor for Measuring Dose Distributions of High Energy Photon Beams

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for measuring the one-dimensional dose distribution of a high-energy photon beam using a miniaturized high-resolution fiber-optic radiation sensor array. The measurements were made by thin plastic optical fibers with organic scintillating fiber sensor probes that emit the visible wavelength of light. The scintillating light is guided to a silicon photodiode array by plastic optical fibers in order to convert light output to an electrical signal. The one-dimensional spatial dependence of photon beam is measured by a one-dimensional fiberoptic sensor array in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) phantom. It is shown that this fiber-optic radiation sensor has better spatial resolution than a conventional ionization chamber and much less time is required to measure one-dimensional dose distribution in the high radiation fields. The real-time and the high spatial resolution measurements due to the small detector volume make this system suitable for dosimetry in radiation therapy.     

光纤激光功率溯源至低温辐射计方法

介绍了1.3 μm/1.5 μm光纤激光功率溯源至低温辐射计的测量方法,与传统溯源至绝对辐射计的方法相比较,最终利用低温辐射计法通过633 nm波长稳定光源标定陷阱式探测器,然后用陷阱式探测器将量值传递到陷阱式量传探测器,最后通过1310 nm/1550 nm通信用光功率稳定光源通过热释电光功率计标定InGaAs光电探测器并用于测量光纤功率。实验结果表明,溯源至低温辐射计的光纤功率测量方法在1310 nm及1550 nm波长点处对一标准光功率计修正系数测量的相对标准差分别为0.0011及0.0007,其测量不确定度可优于0.6％(k=2),在保证量值一致性的同时有效降低了测量不确定度,提高量值传递精度。     

Temperature Characteristics of Vibrating Type Sensor Using Micromachined Optical Fiber-Tip

An optical sensor using a quartz core microcantilever was fabricated by etching clad layer from optical fiber. The temperature dependence of the resonance frequency of this sensor was measured in atmosphere and water. The temperature coefficient of the resonance frequency in water was 1.3×10⁻³/°C, which was about one order larger than that (2.3×10⁻⁴/°C) in atmosphere. This was caused by increase of additional mass due to temperature dependence of the viscosity of water, while, the increase of the resonance frequency in atmosphere was caused by temperature dependence of Young’s modulus of the quartz core. These results were evaluated theoretically using a “string-of-beads” model.     

基于无芯光纤强度调制型液位传感器的设计与性能

利用强度调制型光纤传感器容易解调的优势,提出了一种强度调制型光纤液位传感器.传感器由三根无芯光纤组成,其中,无芯光纤1与无芯光纤2串联构成测量臂,无芯光纤3构成参考臂.仿真分析得出,无芯光纤长度每缩短1mm,透射峰波长增加25.46nm.在0~50mm小液位范围内,实验测得传感器在水、5%NaCl、10%NaCl和15%NaCl水溶液四种液体环境中的液位灵敏度分别为0.069 5dB/mm、0.074 73dB/mm、0.077 49dB/mm及0.082 71dB/mm,线性度分别为0.998 25、0.998 49、0.988 11及0.995 13,线性度较高.该传感器可较好地消除光源光功率波动与环境温度变化带来的影响,重复性较好,在石油化工领域有一定的应用潜力.     

海水盐度和温度实时检测的新型光纤传感器研究

提出了一种新颖的用于海水温度和盐度同时实时探测的光纤传感器系统。分别利用半导体材料吸收光谱的临界极限值随温度变化发生移动而导致出射光强改变的特性和待测液体盐度变化引起传输光折射角改变导致接收端光线偏移的性质，通过反射式的结构设计和线阵排列的接收光纤信号传输至海面以上，并由CCD实现对光强峰值信号及其偏移量的采集。传感器由一直角棱镜、本征GaAs单晶体薄片、装有参考液和待测液的水槽、接收光纤阵列等部分组成。理论分析和仿真结果验证了传感器设计的可行性。     

Calibration of mid-infrared transmission measurements for hydrocarbon detection and propane concentration measurements in harsh environments by using a fiber optical sensor

The local fuel concentration at the ignition position is a crucial parameter, especially for spark ignited engines. Hydrocarbon concentration can be determined by infrared transmission measurements because of the attenuation of infrared radiation in the 2940 cm⁻¹ frequency range due to the excitation of fundamental CH-stretch vibrations of the molecules. In-cylinder measurements can be done by modified spark plugs with integrated absorption paths. A tungsten halide lamp was used in the experiments as an infrared light source. There is a non-linear relation between measured transmissions and hydrocarbon densities. So far, infrared transmission measurements have to be calibrated on absolute density values by using various hydrocarbon test gases with different concentrations. Furthermore in-cylinder transmission measurements can be calibrated at homogeneous engine operation conditions. In this case, a well mixed air/fuel composition is expected at the end of the compression stroke. Both time-consuming calibration processes lead to a new calibration procedure for band integrated transmission measurements which is presented in this study. The non-linear correlations between band integrated transmissions and absorber densities were calculated by using the absorption cross section as a spectral characteristic of absorbing molecules and the filter transmission as the spectral influence of the experimental setup. The differences between measurement and calculation can be corrected by a single measurement using a test gas with known hydrocarbon concentration. The calibration procedure was verified on temperature and pressure influences by measurements using a heatable optical cell at pressures up to 1800 kPa and within a temperature range from 298 to 473 K. Finally, the calibration procedure was adapted from cell measurements to an infrared fiber optical sensor which was used for in-cylinder measurements. An adapter for the spark plug bore enables a parallel use of a flame-ionization-detector and the optical sensor. Simultaneous propane concentration measurements were made in a motored engine with both measurement systems.     

Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)-Fiber Ring Laser for Sensor Application

A bi-directional fiber ring laser with a semiconductor optical amplifier has been developed in which a frequency difference between the counter-propagating oscillations is controlled by an introduced birefringent medium. With the material which causes the retardation change by a physical phenomenon to be measured, the laser in this study is applicable to a novel fiber sensor of which the sensing signal is obtained in a frequency domain.     

弯曲增敏型光纤曲率传感器机理的研究

近年国外出现一种直接检测弯曲的低成本光纤曲率传感器,采用弯曲增敏技术提高光纤对弯曲的灵敏度。这种传感器的线性范围宽,能区分正向弯曲和负向弯曲,在测量较大弯曲变形的场合更具优势;并且适合埋入结构内部检测,通过转换还可测量轴向应变。然而其传感机理方面的研究仍处于探索阶段。通过分析光辐射度余弦定律理论、回音壁光线理论、沟槽角度理论等国内外对该传感器机理的研究成果,并基于平面波导的光散射损耗理论,提出了光纤曲率传感器的机理。指出弯曲引起光纤敏感区表面散射损耗的改变是导致光传输损耗改变的原因;推导出损耗与光纤弯曲半径、表面特性、光纤结构参量关系的数学模型,并通过实验验证了模型的有效性。     

基于157 nm激光制作的微光纤F-P折射率传感器

分析了157 nm激光制作的光纤法珀折射率传感器的传感特性.采用干涉条纹计数的方法对法珀腔的反射光谱进行解调,避免了光强波动的影响,同时具有较宽的折射率(RI)范围.在0~70℃范围内25 μm的法珀腔腔长变化量为6.25 nm,等效折射率变化为~2.46×10－4.常温下对折射率范围为1.33~1.427的甘油（丙三醇）溶液进行了测量,实验结果曲线的相关系数为0.9951,测量准确度为~3.70×10－4.     

光纤传感器位移和转速测量研究

介绍光纤传感器的测量原理,并对位移和转速测量进行研究,利用matlab软件对位移测量结果进行曲线拟合,且将光纤传感器和电涡流传感器的转速测量结果进行比较,最后得出利用光纤传感器进行测量具有电路结构简单、精度高、光路弯曲等优点。     

长周期光纤光栅强度型温度传感研究

对长周期光纤光栅(LPG)的温度特性进行了实验研究,测得的温度灵敏系数为0.086nm/℃,为光纤布喇格光栅(FBG)典型温度灵敏系数的8.2倍。以LPG作为传感元件,以可调谐掺铒光纤环形腔激光器作为光源,研究了LPG的强度型温度传感特性,在74℃的温度变化范围内,激光透射光强的对数与待测温度的关系具有良好的线性和重复性,温度测量的分辨率可达0.1℃。