ICP-AES测定粉末冶金材料中钨、钼等八种元素

用硝酸、高氯酸和氢氟酸溶解样品,在0.025 mol·L-1 EDTA介质中,采用一种标准溶液,用ICP-AES光谱法测定样品溶液中Ni,Cu,V,Mn,W,Mo,Co,Cr的含量。研究了基体和共存元素对分析元素光谱的影响,选择合适的波长,测定了分析结果的精密度,方法的检出限和回收率,结果表明,分析方法有很低的检出限,样品分析结果的相对标准偏差小于1%,加入回收率在98.2%～101.6%,方法准确、可靠、简便、快速,满足生产要求。     

科学思想的火花照亮人类智慧的星空

 当暴风雨即将来临的时候,满天阴霾,空气沉闷,正所谓"山雨欲来风满楼,黑云压城城欲摧"。突然,一声霹雳,一道强光划破长空,照得天空和大地无比灿烂。天上的云层,地上的山水,像水洗过一样,尽收眼底。这就是闪电,是云层与云层之间,云层与大地之间由火花放电产生的巨大的电火花。     

不可思议的脉冲星

在浩瀚的宇宙中,存在着许许多多的不同种类的星体,在这些星体中,有我们熟悉的绿色家园行星——地球,能量之母的恒星——太阳,以及拖着长长尾巴的彗星等等。但是在众多的星体中,有些星体并不为人们所熟悉,这里就有诸如白矮星、红巨星、超新星、脉冲星和黑洞等等,这些不为人熟悉的星体中,它们都有着与平常星体许多不同寻常的地方,有些方面是我们常人无法想象的,在这众多的不同寻常的星体中,有一种星体它不仅在宇宙学的发展中具有划时代的意义,     

多重表征——建构主义物理教学的新思路

编者按:本文引用了心理学界长期使用的"结构良好领域的知识和结构不良领域的知识"的知识分类观点,实际上就科学知识而言,心理学的那种分类和解释并不很恰当,可以"通过复制与同化而获取"的知识,不能说是结构良好的,只能说是简单的确定的,"概念比较复杂,理解一个概念要涉及灵活性和变化性"的知识是多元的,开放的知识,不应该冠以"不良结构"的帽子,这一点也许正是心理学与自然科学,中、西方文化存在的差异的反映;但是我们认为对上述概念作科学的理解后,本文关于物理教学所讨论的问题仍然是有价值的.     

能量教学中值得注意的两个问题

能量是物理学中一个重要而且抽象的概念,如果在教学中教师表述不准确,学生就容易混淆不清,感到迷惑不解.因此,教师能否用准确的语言,严谨的思维,合理的模型给学生呈现能量概念,就显得尤为重要.应高度重视语言的准确,重视从能量是系统共同具有的角度,能量守恒的角度来进行教学.     

物理学咬文嚼字之十心有千千结,都付画图中

图像可以帮助表述难以言传之意,所以它一直是物理学以及其他众多学科之重要表现工具.英文物理学文献中常遇到的与图像有关的词汇包括chart,map(mapping),histogram,scratch, sketch,image,plot,inset, painting,drawing,illustration,depict, delineation,profile,graphics,figure, picture,diagram(schematic diagram), graph, photograph, micrograph, cartoon,portrait,以及最近也可以作为稿件部分的film,flash,video,等等.研究者要善于选择最有效的图形表现工具,并要明了这些不同方式间的细微差别.然而,对物理学渐进境界之理解却又要求研究者心中不能着相.此中微义,愿读者诸公参详.     

浅谈物理课堂教学的结尾设计

课堂教学是实施素质教育的主阵地,其重要地位不言而喻,课堂教学又是一个有机的整体,课堂引入、新课教学、课堂结尾等各个环节不容忽视,课堂教学设计是教学过程的重要环节,设计是否恰当、合理,直接影响着教学任务的完成,是评价课堂教学成败的标准．古人云：“凡事预则立,不预则废”．课堂结尾是课堂教学的重要组成部分,怎样恰当、合理设计课堂教学结尾,直接影响着教学过程的顺利进行和教学目标的实现．因此,课堂教学的结尾设计对于搞好课堂教学、提高教学质量具有重要的作用．笔者根据自己多年的教学实践,对物理课堂教学的结尾设计进行探讨．     

求异思维与创新能力培养

 求异思维也称发散思维,它表现在思维过程中的特点是：不循常规,不蹈旧矩,不依样画瓢,不盲从轻信,不囿于己有结论、方法和途径,不限于众所周知的框架、范畴和界限,而是想别人所未想,思他人所不思,走前人未走过的路,用常人没用过的方法,……因此,其思维的指向是多角度的、辐射式的,思路十分广阔,视野极其开放,在思考问题时勇于怀疑,善于分析,敢于标新立异,巧于另辟奚径,凡事都喜欢问一个为什么,解决问题决不一步一趋地重复以往的经验。这样思考的结果就能突破思维定势,产生新的思想,新的观念,探索新的途径,新的方法,形成新的方案,新的结论。     

物理学咬文嚼字之四十五 此同时非彼同时

At the same time,meantime（meanwhile）,coeval,contemporaneous,contemporary,isochronal,synchronic,synchronous,synchronistic,simultaneous等等都有同时（刻、段、代）的意思,但此同时非彼同时,不可以总按照中文的同时来理解.同时性简直是物理学最深刻的概念--放弃simultaneity的绝对性是狭义相对论的关键,量子力学在随意地谈论同时测量的问题,而统计物理中的系综（ensemble）概念也和simultaneity有关.这些词之间的差别是微妙的,容不得任何含糊.     

将成功教育融入高职物理教学

近几年,随着高等学校的扩招,职业教育面临着前所未有的压力,生源的质量不能保证,学生的基础越来越差,职业教育从十几年前的精英教育变成了大众教育的排头兵.     

Transmission and absorption based photoacoustic methods of determination of the optical absorption spectra of Si samples — Comparison

This paper is a comparison of two photoacoustic methods of determination of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of semiconductors illustrated with results obtained from Si samples. It presents experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra of Si samples as also the appropriate models leading to the determination of optical absorption coefficient spectra. The idea and the experimental set-up of the analyzed methods are presented in the paper too. From the fitting procedure of theoretical characteristics to experimental transmission and absorption photoacoustic spectra and after computations of the optical absorption coefficient spectra three components of the optical absorption coefficient spectra of Si samples were identified i.e. band to band transitions, Urbach tail and free carrier absorption. Their parameters are given and discussed in the paper. At the end the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, no such proof of the correctness of the PA method of determination of optical absorption spectra has been done.     

激光大气等离子体光谱特性实验研究

报道了对波长为1．06μm的脉冲激光在气体样品中产生的等离子体进行光谱研究的结果。气体样品为一个标准大气压的纯氮、纯氧和空气,光谱探测范围为300～900nm。结果表明,各种气体样品的激光等离子体光谱均表现为连续谱和线状谱的叠加,文中分别给出了连续谱和线状谱的基本特征,讨论了这些特征与等离子体物理特性的关系,并分析了纯氮、纯氧与空气激光等离子体光谱之间的异同。给出了激光等离子体光谱的时间演化和空间分布的基本特征,并初步讨论了与这些特征相关的等离子体物理特性。这些结果有助于加深对激光等离子体特性和机理,特别是对等离子体产生后的弛豫过程和复合机制的了解。     

Digital spectral analysis of the noise from short duration impulsively started jets

Techniques in which a shock tube is used to produce short duration jets are discussed briefly. The method adopted involves using the shock tube as a static reservoir with the jet exhausting through a nozzle originally closed by a diaphragm. Short duration noise samples of a Mach 0·9 air jet are recorded digitally and narrow band and one-third octave spectra are evaluated. Average spectra from a number of samples are presented. Comparison with both digital and analogue spectra from the equivalent continuous jet demonstrates that it is possible to obtain meaningful spectra by averaging short duration samples of impulsively started jets. The technique is therefore suitable for the relatively cheap exploration of the noise field of jets of a wide variety of gases.     

The photoacoustic spectroscopic investigations of the surface preparation of ZnSe crystals

This paper presents results of the photoacoustic (PA) spectral studies of a series of ZnSe crystals with differently prepared surfaces. All samples exhibited the surface absorption connected with defects states located on their surfaces. The quality of the surface preparation is expressed by the surface absorption coefficient spectra of the samples times the thickness of a damaged layer. In this paper both theoretical and experimental photoacoustic amplitude and phase spectra as also the corresponding computed surface and volume optical absorption coefficient spectra of the samples with differently prepared surfaces are presented and discussed. This is the first attempt of the quantitative evaluation of the surface quality of the samples from the photoacoustic experimental spectra.     

Total electron yield mode for XANES measurements in the energy region of 2.1-6.0 keV

The total electron yield (TEY)mode has been developed successfully for XANES measurements at Beamline 4B7A of BSRF (Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility).Its performance was studied by measuring sulphur K-edge XANES of three CdS samples (mixed with graphite powder as an electric conductor)with different concentration:75%,50% and 25%.The data are collected in TEY mode and fluorescence yield (FY)mode respectively for comparison.The results demonstrate that the TEY spectra of three samples agree well with each other after the background is subtracted and normalized.The measured XANES spectra by TEY mode without bias and with 100V bias are almost identical to one another,but the signal-to-noise ratio of spectra measured without bias is better than that with 100V bias.The consistency of the self-absorption corrected FY spectra and TEY spectra are within 10% for the three samples.     

EPR of Mn2+ and Eu2+ ions in the bulk and on the surface of AIBVII type single- and microcrystals

A new dimensional effect is investigated. It consists in a change of the microstructure of bulk impurity defects after a decrease in the crystal size. The results of studying the changes in the defect structure in (NaCl, KCl, LiF):Mn²⁺ and (NaCl, KCl, KBr):Eu²⁺ by electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) are presented. Samples of different sizes and nature are investigated: bulk-doped single crystals of large sizes; bulk-doped crystals of small sizes; powder samples of various degree of dispersity, which are obtained by crushing the samples of large sizes; and samples with direct doping of the surface. The spectra of three types are measured: the spectra of single crystals; the spectra of the powders with the sizes of the particlesd ≥ 1 mm; the spectra of the powders withd ≤ 3 μn (analogous spectra have the surface-doped samples). Considerable change in the EPR spectra as the samples are continuously crushed is due to the change of the paramagnetic center (PC) structure. In the case of bulk-doped single crystals the paramagnetic ion compensator is in the nearest cation coordination sphere. When the deformation caused by the surface region becomes large enough in the vicinity of PC, detachment and removal of the compensator from the impurity ion take place. As a result, the local symmetry of the PC is changed and is revealed in the EPR spectra.     

一种简便的近红外光谱标准化方法

针对目前近红外光谱分析中模型传递现有方法的局限性,文章介绍了一种简便的近红外光谱标准化方法,并构造了一种新的光谱标准化误差指标(spectra standard error,SSE)作为评价传递结果的指标。SSE为J₂和J₁的比值,这里,J₂表示同一样本在不同仪器上测得的谱线的距离,J₁表示目标机的不同样本相对中心谱线的平均距离。文章首先对不同光谱仪所测得的吸光度谱图进行多项式卷积平滑处理以去除基线,接着采用标准归一法以实现谱图的标准化,并采用多项式卷积滤波以去除噪声。为使SSE达到最小,在处理过程中可进行波长范围和卷积窗口宽度的优化。经过上述处理后的标准化谱图可用于光谱建模分析。该方法不需要预先获得大量样本,也不需要将同一样本在不同光谱仪上测得的谱图进行比较。针对一批汽油样本的试验结果表明,借助于此方法可使SSE从1.418下降至0.167,谱图标准化效果令人满意。     

Remarks to the origin of surface luminescence centra on AgCl in different atmospheres

Present article is devoted to the pursuit of excitation spectra and of thermal dependencies of emission spectra of photoluminescence of pure samples of AgCl during the preparation and/or annealing in argon, air, oxygen or HG1. Differences of luminescence properties of different samples are explained by the existence of different surface luminescence centres created during the preparation of samples.     

The photoacoustic spectroscopic investigations of the surface preparation of ZnSe crystals with the use of the optimization methods

This paper shows results of the photoacoustic (PA) spectral studies, with the microphone detection, of a series of ZnSe crystals with differently prepared surfaces. All samples exhibited the surface absorption connected with defects states located on their surfaces. The quality of the surface preparation is expressed by the surface absorption coefficient spectra of the samples times the thickness of a damaged layer. In this paper both theoretical and experimental photoacoustic amplitude and phase spectra as also the corresponding computed surface and volume optical absorption coefficient spectra of the samples with differently prepared surfaces are presented and discussed. The procedure of computations of the volume and surface absorption spectra with the use of the optimization method is presented in the paper too.     

矿物药蒙脱石散EDS指纹图谱双指标等级序列个性化模式识别分析及快速质量评价

矿物药中的多种金属和非金属元素及其含量决定了其功效。目前亟待建立普遍适用的、非化学分析的、以元素种类及其含量信息为基础的多种矿物药快速鉴别及定量质量评价方法。EDS元素指纹图谱可以快速测定各类矿物药的元素种类及含量。双指标等级序列个性化模式识别法则通过比较计算任意两个样品的共有(量)指标率及变异(量)指标率,建立以各个样品为参考的个性化双指标序列,然后再计算每个序列中所有样品的平均共有指标率及其标准偏差S,构造相似尺度函数P≥+xS。确定适合于所有样品最优分类的x和每个样品的个性化的显著相似样品特征序列,将其作为分类标准实现最佳分类。该法不仅适用于仅有共有峰,同时也适用于既存共有峰又有变异峰的指纹图谱的量化分析。测定了七种不同公司生产的蒙脱石散的EDS指纹图谱,计算了不同样品指纹图谱之间峰面积(或主要活性元素Fe,Al,Ca,Mg,Si的含量)的双指标率,当相似尺度x=0.5,可对七种蒙脱石散产品进行高分辨鉴别及准确质量评价。该法为矿物药的快速高分辨鉴别及定量质量评价提供了一种新途径。