The effect of mechanical activation on the thermal decomposition of chalcopyrite

Experimental results on the influence of preliminary mechanical activation on the thermal decomposition of chalcopyrite are presented and discussed. The following experimental facts were found:

Influence of atmosphere kind on temperature programmed decomposition of noble metal chlorides

The hydrated chlorides of noble metals located in the 8-10 groups of Periodic System were used in this work: Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt. The common mechanism of chloride compounds decomposition in oxidative, inert and reductive atmospheres was postulated and mutual similarities and differences were discussed. These compounds play a significant role in heterogeneous catalysis, as starting materials for metal/oxide catalysts, and also in analytical chemistry and industry.     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of pyrite in an inert atmosphere

The thermal decomposition of pyrite in an inert atmosphere was studied in order to obtain a detailed knowledge of the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction 2 FeS₂=2FeS+S₂, which is one of the methods of producing elementary sulphur. The process was studied under isothermal conditions at temperatures of 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 and 850 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere, by means of a thermobalance. The rate-controlling processes were determined and their kinetic parameters were calculated. The optimum temperature for the process was found to be 800 °C.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die thermische Zersetzung von Pyrit in inerter Atmosphäre bestimmt, um detaillierte Informationen über Kinetik und Mechanismus der Reaktion 2 FeS₂=2FeS+S₂, einer der Darstellungsreaktionen von elementarem Schwefel zu erlangen. Der Vorgang wurde mittels einer Thermowaage unter isothermen Bedingungen bei Temperaturen von 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 und 850 °C untersucht. Es wurden die geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritte bestimmt und deren kinetische Parameter errechnet. Als Optimumtemperatur für diesen Prozeß erwies sich 800 °C.

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- 2FeS₂=2FeS + S₂, . 600, 660, 700, 750, 800 850 ° . , 800°.

     

Nucleophilic oxidizing systems based on hydrogen peroxide for decomposition of ecotoxicants

The kinetics of oxidation of methylsulfanylbenzene and nucleophilic decomposition of diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ammonium hydrogen carbonate or boric acid in aqueous, aqueous-alcoholic, micellar, and microemulsion media were studied. Quantitative parameters of the examined processes were determined, and the possibility of using hydrogen peroxide for the design of oxidative nucleophilic decontaminating systems was demonstrated.     

Influence of troilite on the decomposition of ammonium jarosite and estimated activation energy

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Jarosite method is most widely employed to remove iron through the zinc hydrometallurgical process, and ammonium jarosite sediment is produced. The...     

Thermal decomposition of rare earthp-aminosalicylates in air atmosphere

The conditions of thermal decomposition of thep-aminosalicylates of Y, La and the lanthanides from Ce(III) to Lu have been studied. On heating, the hydrated complexes of La and the light lanthanides decompose to the oxides with the intermediate formation of Ln₂[H₂N·C₆H₃(O)COO]₃. Only the complex of La decomposes to La₂O₃ through La₂[H₂N·C₆H₃(O)COO]₃ and La₂O₂CO₃. The anhydrous complexes of the heavy lanthanides decompose directly to the oxides, whereas the anhydrous complex of Y decomposes to Y₂O₃ via Y₂[H₂N·C₆H₃(O)COO]₃ formation. During heating, the hydrated complexes lose crystallization water and decompose simultaneously, and the endothermic effect of dehydration is masked by the strong exothermic effect of burning of the organic ligand.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Bedingungen für die thermische Zersetzung derp-Aminosalicylate von Y, La und der Lanthanoide von Ce(III) bis Lu untersucht. Beim Erhitzen zersetzen sich die hydratierten Komplexe von La und der leichteren Lanthanoide unter Bildung des Zwischenproduktes Ln₂[H₂NC₆H₃(O)COO]₃ in ihre Oxide. Nur der Komplex mit La zersetzt sich zu La₂O₃ über die Zwischenstufen La₂[H₂NC₆H₃(O)COO]₃ und La₂O₂CO₃. Die wasserfreien Komplexe der schweren Lanthanoide zersetzen sich direkt in die Oxide, wÄhrend sich der wasserfreie Komplex von Y über die Bildung von y₂[H₂NC₆H₃(O)COO]₃ in y₂O₃ zersetzt. Beim Erhitzen verlieren die hydratierten Komplexe ihr Kristallwasser und zersetzen sich gleichzeitig, der endotherme Effekt der Dehydratation wird durch den starken exothermen Effekt der Verbrennung der organischen Liganden überdeckt.

     

三价钴催化下N-S键辅助的非氧化条件下经碳氢活化合成异喹啉

异喹啉是非常重要的杂环化合物,广泛应用于有机合成中,也是构成药物和材料分子的核心骨架。很多异喹啉类的生物碱都由异喹啉基本骨架构成,它们都有一定药理活性和生物活性,包括抗真菌、抗癌、抗心律失常、阵痛麻醉和降血压等功效。迄今已知的含异喹啉骨架的生物碱超过1000种,是生物碱中最多的一类。传统的合成异喹啉的方法需要官能化的原料和强酸,反应条件比较苛刻,合成步骤繁琐。例如Larock课题组利用钯催化将邻溴官能化的亚胺与炔烃环化偶联,合成了一系列异喹啉化合物。而过渡金属催化合成异喹啉是一种能够有效合成多种取代基异喹啉的方法。在过去的几十年中,通过碳氢活化策略合成杂环化合物的方法得到迅猛发展,从而使得大量的芳基化合物都能作为反应的起始原料。尤其是铑、铱、钯、钌等过渡金属都能催化芳烃的碳氢活化,从而合成异喹啉化合物。 Fagnou课题组最早报道了氧化条件下利用三价铑催化剂经碳氢键活化与炔烃偶联合成异喹啉的方法。随后,众多研究组利用氧化型导向基策略在无外加氧化剂条件下高效、高选择性地合成了异喹啉。除了利用三价铑催化剂之外,利用二价钌催化剂通过碳氢活化策略也能实现类似反应。但是,这些反应体系都必须使用铑和钌等贵金属催化剂,极大地限制了该合成异喹啉方法的应用前景。近年来,数个研究组将地球上储量丰富、便宜有效的钴络合物作为催化剂应用到芳烃的碳氢键活化反应中,在简单的反应条件下合成了各种杂环化合物。对于一些反应,三价钴催化与三价铑催化能形成互补。最近, Kanai, Ackermann和Sundararaju几乎同时报道了三价钴催化肟谜的碳氢键活化,并在无外加氧化剂条件下实现了其与炔烃的偶联反应,高效地合成了异喹啉,在该类反应中以氮–氧键断裂作为内部氧化剂。但是在钴催化条件下氧化性的氮–硫键作为内部氧化剂辅助碳氢键活化的反应尚无报道。本课题组最近报道了芳基酮的N-亚磺酰亚胺与烯烃和胺化试剂的偶联反应,经N–S键断裂,高效合成了喹唑啉。本文利用三价钴催化剂在无外加氧化剂条件下实现了芳基酮N-亚磺酰亚胺与炔烃的偶联,反应经历了碳氢键活化和氮硫键断裂得到异喹啉。此反应对端炔和内炔底物均适用。为了初步了解反应机理,我们利用分子内竞争的方法进行了动力学同位素效应测定,结果表明碳氢键断裂过程可能是反应的决速步骤。结合文献结果,提出了可能的反应机理。     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of dimethyldioxirane in oxygen atmosphere

Dimethyldioxirane decomposition in oxygen atmosphere follows a first-order kinetic law. Decomposition rate constant (k, s⁻¹) in acetone in the temperature range from 30 to 50°C has been determined as lgk=(7.1±0.9)−(16.0±1.4)/θ, θ=2.303RT kcal/mol.     

Thermal decomposition of Y,La and lanthanide benzene-1,2-dioxyacetates in an air atmosphere

The thermal decompositions of Y, La and lanthanide (from Ce(III) to Lu(III) benzene-1,2-dioxyacetates with general formula Ln₂(C₁₀H₈O₆)₃·nH₂O were studied. The hydrated complexes first lose water of crystallization in one or two steps to yield anhydrous compounds or hydrates containing coordination water molecules, and then decompose to the oxides Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ and Tb₄O₇ with formation of intermediates, carbonates and oxycarbonates (La, Pr-Eu), oxycarbonates (Y, Tb-Lu) or carbonate (Gd) only. Anhydrous cerium(III) benzene-1,2-dioxyacetate decomposes on heating directly to CeO₂.     

Thermal decomposition of basic zinc carbonate in nitrogen atmosphere

Dynamic kinetic analyses were performed on basic zinc carbonate using TG and DTA measurements in N₂. The thermal behavior and the kinetics of decomposition were studied. The effect of procedural variables on the kinetics was investigated. In this work, the procedural variables included heating rate and sample size. To estimate the activation energy of decomposition, the Friedman isoconversional method was applied. The activation energy (E_a) was calculated as a function of conversion (a).     

Thermal decomposition of rare earth salicylates in air atmosphere

The conditions of decomposition of Y, La and lanthanide (from Ce(III) to Lu) salicylates have been studied. On heating, the hydrated salicylates of Y and lanthanides from Nd to Lu lose crystallization water in one step to yield the anhydrous salts. The anhydrous complexes of Y, La, Ce(III), Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu(III), Gd and Tb subsequently decompose in several steps to the oxides Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ and Tb₄O₇. The anhydrous complexes of the remaining lanthanides decompose directly to the oxides Ln₂O₃.

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Zusammenfassung Die Zersetzungsreaktionsbedingungen von Y-, La- und Lanthanid-(Ce(III) bis Lu) salizylaten wurden untersucht. Beim Erhitzen geben hydrierte Salizylate von Y und der Lanthanide Nd bis Lu Kristallwasser in einem Schritt ab und bilden wasserfreie Salze. Die wasserfreien Komplexe von Y, La, Ce(III), Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu(III), Gd und Tb zersetzen sich in mehreren Schritten und bilden die Oxide Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ und Tb₄O₇. Die wasserfreien Komplexe der übrigen Lanthaniden zerfallen direkt in Ln₂O₃ Oxide.

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, . , . , , , , , , , , Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O_{11 47}. Ln₂O₃.

     

Thermal decomposition of rare earth pyromucates in air atmosphere

The conditions of thermal decomposition of Y, La and lanthanide (from Ce(III) to Lu) pyromucates have been studied. On heating, these complexes decompose in various ways: La, Pr, Nd and Sm pyromucates in four stages, Ce, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho and Er pyromucates in three stages, and Tm, Yb, Lu and Y pyromucates in two stages, the oxides finally being formed. The hydrated complexes (from La to Er) lose crystallization water to form anhydrous salts. The anhydrous complexes of La, Pr, Nd and Sm decompose to oxides through the intermediate formation of unstable oxypyromucates and Ln₂O₂CO₃, whereas the anhydrous complexes of Ce(III), Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu decompose to the oxides through the intermediate formation of oxypyromucates. The temperatures of dehydration and oxide formation change periodically with increasing atomic number in the lanthanide series.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bedingungen der thermischen Zersetzung der Pyromucate von Y, La und den Lanthaniden (Ce(III) bis Lu) wurden untersucht. Beim Erhitzen zersetzen sich die Komplexe auf verschiedene Weise: die Pyromucate von La, Pr, Nd und Sm in 4 Schritten, die von Ce, Eu, Gd, Dy, Hod Er in 3 Schritten und die von Tm, Yb, Lu und Y in nur 2 Schritten. Endprodukte der Zersetzung sind die Oxide, Die hydratisierten Komplexe von La bis Er verlieren Kristallwasser unter Bildung der wasserfreien Salze. Die wasserfreien Komplexe von La, Pr, Nd und Sm zersetzen sich zu Oxiden über instabile Oxypyromucate und Ln₂O₂CO₃ als Zwischenprodukte, bei der Zersetzung der wasserfreien Komplexe von Ce(III), Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb und Lu werden Oxypyromucate als Zwischenprodukte gebildet. Die Temperaturen der Dehydratisierung und Oxidbildung schwanken periodisch mit ansteigender Atomzahl in der Lanthanidenreihe.

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, ( ) . : , , , , , , , — , , , — . , . , , Ln₂O₂CO₃. . .

     

Oxygen activation on metallic centers and oxidizing abilities of such oxygen

It was shown that metallcontaining peroxides such as XOOOBu-t [X = (t-BuO)₂Al, (t-BuO)₃Ti] generate molecular oxygen in the electron-excited singlet state (¹O₂). These ozonides and η²-peroxocomplex Ph₃Bi(η²O₂) demonstrate high oxidative activity towards some classes of organic substances under mild conditions (20 °C).     

On the kinetics of catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by alkenes in oxidizing atmosphere

A kinetic model is presented which considers the catalytic reduction of NO to N₂ by hydrocarbons in oxidizing atmosphere (NO−HC−O₂) as the sum of two simultaneous competitive reactions: the red-ox reaction between NO and hydrocarbon (NO−HC) and the hydrocarbon oxidation (O₂−HC). The model is developed for alkenes employed as reductants and noble metal catalysts. The ratio of the kinetic constants of the two reactions can be considered as a selectivity index in evaluating the ability of a catalyst to favor the desired NO reduction with respect to the undesired O₂−HC oxidation.     

Influence of mixture design on multivariate prediction of PAHs in mixture spectra

This work describes a simulation study aimed at establishing the impact of mixture design on the prediction ability of PLS regression models. Data sets are formed by multiplying UV absorbance spectra of 12 PAHs by their concentration profiles. In these case studies, either all possible mixtures of 1-12 components are used or randomly chosen selections of the mixtures. The effects of the number of samples and the number of concentration levels in the mixture designs on the results of the calibration are assessed. Comparisons are made between models formed using orthogonal fractional factorial mixture designs and those based on random designs. The applicability limits of the orthogonal designs are analysed in terms of actual concentration ranges of individual components in the mixtures.     

Thermal decomposition of Prussian blue under inert atmosphere

The thermal decomposition of Prussian blue (iron(III) hexacyanoferrate) under inert atmosphere of argon was monitored by thermal analysis from room temperature up to 1000?°C. X-ray powder diffraction and ⁵⁷Fe M?ssbauer spectroscopy were the techniques used for phase identification before and after sample heating. The decomposition reaction is based on a successive release of cyanide groups from the Prussian blue structure. Three principal stages were observed including dehydration, change of crystal structure of Prussian blue, and its decomposition. At 400?°C, a monoclinic Prussian blue analogue was identified, while at higher temperatures the formation of various polymorphs of iron carbides was observed, including an orthorhombic Fe₂C. Increase in the temperature above 700?°C induced decomposition of primarily formed Fe₇C₃ and Fe₂C iron carbides into cementite, metallic iron, and graphite. The overall decomposition reaction can be expressed as follows: Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃·4H₂O????4Fe?+?Fe₃C?+?7C?+?5(CN)₂?+?4N₂?+?4H₂O.     

Effect of diluent and atmosphere on DTA peaks of decomposition reactions

A study has been carried out of the influence of sample dilution, the nature of the gas atmosphere, and the static or flowing conditions of this, on the DTA curves resulting from the thermal decomposition of solids. The results obtained seem to indicate that only the reversible reactions of solid thermal decomposition are seriously affected by such factors.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der Verdünnung der Probe, der Beschaffenheit der Gasatmosphäre und seiner statischen oder Strömungsbedingungen auf die DTA-Kurven der thermischen Zersetzung von Festkörpern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß nur die reversiblen Reaktionen der thermischen Zersetzung von Festkörpern durch solche Faktoren stärker beeinflußt werden.

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Résumé On a étudié l'influence de la dilution de l'échantillon, de la nature de l'atmosphère ainsi que le fait que celle-ci soit statique ou dynamique, sur les courbes ATD résultant de la décomposition thermique des corps solides. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que de tels facteurs n'influencent de façon sérieuse que les réactions réversibles de décomposition.

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