缠结高分子液体在管中挤出胀大动力学理论：一组新的增长和最终挤出胀大比方程

基于O-W-F本构方程和自由回复机制，从Poioeuille流出发建立了一种新的缠结高分子液体挤出胀大动力学理论，该理论能有效地预测高分子流体的动静态挤出胀大行为同高分子粘弹性参数和成型条件间的相关性. 基于稳态剪切量可分解为自由“回复线团”和“不可回复热耗”两部分事实，定义了一个稳态剪切下自由“回复线团”和“不可回复热耗”的配分函数和它们两者间分配指数上可回复和不可回复构象分数，从而在理论上得到了瞬时、推迟和最终三者可回复形变量和可回复线团量同配分函数、分配指数上可回复构象分数、分子粘弹性参数和成型条件     

Numerical Simulation of the Melt Spinning Process of Noncircular Fibers Incorporating Surface Tension

Incorporating surface tension, a mathematical modeling system was established to simulate the melt spinning process of a noncircular fiber. A Newtonian fluid was assumed and an isothermal spinning process was considered. Finite element method was adopted to solve the system. The predicted shape of as‐spun fiber was compared with experiments. It was found that surface tension was a key factor in the spinning process of noncircular fibers, which would greatly change the fiber cross‐sectional shape. Simulation would fail to predict the noncircular fiber shape accurately if surface tension was ignored. The fiber shape change caused by the velocity rearrangement only occurs near the spinneret, but surface tension would keep changing the curvature of the fiber surface along the spinline. Die swell of fiber extrudate during the spinning process was also investigated and it was found that die swelling of fiber extrudate near the spinneret was greatly suppressed by the stretch imposed by a take‐up device, when compared with the free extrusion process.     

Studies on Rheological Behavior and Structure Development of High‐Density Polyethylene in the Presence of Ultrasonic Oscillations During Extrusion

The effects of ultrasonic oscillations on properties and structure of extruded high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were studied. The experimental results show that ultrasonic oscillations can improve the surface appearance of the HDPE extrudates; increase the productivity of the HDPE extrudates; and decrease the die pressure, melt viscosity, and flow activation energy of the HDPE. The processing properties of the HDPE improve greatly in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations. Linear viscoelastic properties tests show that dynamic shear viscosity and zero shear viscosity decrease in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations. Ultrasonic oscillations can improve crystal perfection and thermal stability of HDPE. At appropriate ultrasound intensity, ultrasonic oscillations could also increase the mechanical strength of extruded HDPE. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results show that at high ultrasound intensity and low rotation speed of extrusion, ultrasonic oscillations causes chain scission of HDPE, which result in a decrease of molecular weight and an increase of melt flow index.     

Instantaneous Formulation for Transitions Between Two Instantaneous Bound States and Its Gauge Invariance

We have precisely derived a ＂rigorous instantaneous formulation＂ for transitions between two bound states when the bound states are well-described by instantaneous Bethe-Salpeter （BS） equation （i.e. the kernel of the equation is instantaneous ＂occasionally＂）. The obtained rigorous instantaneous formulation, in fact, is expressed as an operator sandwiched by two ＂reduced BS wave functions＂ properly, while the reduced BS wave functions appearing in the formulation are the rigorous solutions of the instantaneous BS equation, and they may relate to Schroedinger wave functions straightforwardly. We also show that the rigorous instantaneous formulation is gauge-invariant with respect to the Uem（1） transformation precisely, if the concerned transitions are radiative. Some applications of the formulation are outlined.     

A comparison of the dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of linear low- and high-density polyethylenes

The mechanical relaxation behaviors of oriented samples of a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were studied using tensile dynamic mechanical measurements. The anisotropy and activation energies of the relaxations were determined for several different samples to investigate why the α-relaxation in HDPE has characteristics similar in some respects to both the α- and β-relaxations in LLDPE. It is concluded that the anisotropy of the α-relaxation in LLDPE is determined by c-shear, whereas in HDPE it relates to interlamellar shear. The activation energy measurements, however, show that the thermally activated process for the α-relaxation in both the LLDPE and HDPE is c-shear. It is proposed that, in HDPE, c-shear has to occur before there is enough mobility at the fold surface for interlamellar shear. It is concluded that the β-relaxation is not observed in HDPE because the interlamellar regions are too constrained to allow interlamellar shear without c-shear.     

跨膜浓度梯度对渗透压囊泡循环活性的调控

本文通过分析囊泡在膨胀状态与孔隙状态的动力学行为,揭示调控膨胀拉伸能与孔隙势能的内在物理参量.建立递推微分方程的分析模型,该模型提供了膨胀-破裂循环特征量膨胀系数在各个循环中初始跨膜浓度梯度依赖性的定量信息.研究得出,通过增加初始跨膜浓度梯度,可加快膨胀系数增长速率(循环数为1时,初始跨膜浓度梯度增加3倍,膨胀系数增长速率增加2.65倍);随着循环数的增多,膨胀系数的增长由线性转变为非线性.此外,初始跨膜浓度梯度与循环次数密切相关,我们的模型计算预测增加初始跨膜浓度梯度可实现循环次数的增多.研究结果为靶组织以可编程方式释放活性生物治疗剂的发展提供了具有实际意义的理论依据.     

Drying of heterogels swollen in organic vapor

Fast transient fluorescence technique (FTRF), which uses a Strobe Master System (SMS), is used to study swelling and drying of disc shape heterogels. Disc shape heterogels are prepared by free radical copolymerization (FCC) of methyl (methacrylate) (MMA) and styrene (S) with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). Pyrene (P_y) is introduced as a fluorescence probe during polymerization and lifetimes, τ, of P_y are measured during the in-situ swelling process. Chloroform was used as an organic vapor agent to induce gel swelling. It is observed that τ values decrease as swelling proceeds. The Li-Tanaka equation is used to determine the time constant, τ_c, and cooperative diffusion coefficients, D _c, for the swelling processes. Lifetimes of pyrene increase during drying. An empirical equation is introduced to determine the desorption coefficient, D, for drying. Heterogels with high S content swell and dry much more slowly than heterogels with low S content.     

高温下钙蒙脱石膨胀特性的分子动力学模拟

高温下蒙脱石的膨胀特性在核废料深部封存、二氧化碳封存及页岩气开发等应用中有着重要影响,但相关机理尚不明确.本工作使用分子动力学模拟为技术手段计算5 MPa和298—500 K等条件下,1.40—4.00 nm晶面间距(d)的一系列饱和钙蒙脱石的膨胀压力.以模拟所得的数值结果为依据,基于水化效应、双电层效应和离子关联效应等模型推演膨胀压力随温度与d的变化规律,并与相应的实验数据进行对比.模拟结果表明,当d较小时,因为高温会弱化水化力的强度,钙蒙脱石膨胀压力震荡的幅度降低,同时水化力作用的d的范围减小.当d较大时,因为高温强化离子关联效应,膨胀压力降低,同时双电层力的作用的d的范围增加.在较高温度和较大d时,膨胀压力为收缩力,阻碍膨胀.这些膨胀压力的变化规律与前期钠蒙脱石体系的研究类似.然而,通过对比两种蒙脱石体系的模拟结果,发现两种体系存在显著的差异—钙蒙脱石比钠蒙脱石更难膨胀到较大的d.此模拟结果与前人实验观测的结果相符.我们进一步将此差异归于钙蒙脱石的离子关联效应要远大于钠蒙脱石.有别于分子模拟中对于离子关联效应的精确描述,连续化的Poisson-Boltzmann方程因为忽略了离子关联效应,从而无法表达出与两种体系模拟结果都相吻合的膨胀压力变化规律.     

高温下钙蒙脱石膨胀特性的分子动力学模拟

高温下蒙脱石的膨胀特性在核废料深部封存、二氧化碳封存及页岩气开发等应用中有着重要影响,但相关机理尚不明确.本工作使用分子动力学模拟为技术手段计算5 MPa和298—500 K等条件下,1.40—4.00 nm晶面间距(d)的一系列饱和钙蒙脱石的膨胀压力.以模拟所得的数值结果为依据,基于水化效应、双电层效应和离子关联效应等模型推演膨胀压力随温度与d的变化规律,并与相应的实验数据进行对比.模拟结果表明,当d较小时,因为高温会弱化水化力的强度,钙蒙脱石膨胀压力震荡的幅度降低,同时水化力作用的d的范围减小.当d较大时,因为高温强化离子关联效应,膨胀压力降低,同时双电层力的作用的d的范围增加.在较高温度和较大d时,膨胀压力为收缩力,阻碍膨胀.这些膨胀压力的变化规律与前期钠蒙脱石体系的研究类似.然而,通过对比两种蒙脱石体系的模拟结果,发现两种体系存在显著的差异—钙蒙脱石比钠蒙脱石更难膨胀到较大的d.此模拟结果与前人实验观测的结果相符.我们进一步将此差异归于钙蒙脱石的离子关联效应要远大于钠蒙脱石.有别于分子模拟中对于离子关联效应的精确描述,连续化的Poisson-Boltzmann方程因为忽略了离子关联效应,从而无法表达出与两种体系模拟结果都相吻合的膨胀压力变化规律.     

Acoustical measurements of expression devices in pipe organs

In this investigation, three different swell systems known in pipe organs, the swell box, the crescendo wheel, and the historic wind swell were measured and compared to each other. The dynamic range of the crescendo wheel was found to be most effective, and for frequencies near 2 kHz the increase in sound pressure level could be up to 50 dB between the softest and the loudest adjustment. The maximum dynamic range for the wind swell and the swell box were found to be 10-20 dB in the same frequency range. With its step-wise crescendo procedure, the crescendo wheel simulates the type of orchestra crescendo which is reached by successively adding further musical instruments. In contrast, the swell box and the wind swell produce a crescendo effect similar to the crescendo in which individual musical instruments perform a dynamic movement. This type of crescendo requires a continuous level increase but allows a smaller dynamic range. The disappearance of the wind swell is not surprising because it offers no advantage over the swell box, while being restricted to stops with free reeds.     

Effect of Jet Swell and Jet Stretch on the Structure of Wet-Spun Polyacrylonitrile Fiber

The jet swell effect in the wet spinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber was studied by optical microscopy and the jet swell ratio was obtained through directly measuring the diameter of the freely extruded fibers. For reflecting the actual drawing situation of the fibers in the coagulation process, the jet stretches were then corrected from the apparent values to the true values, and their effect on the cross-sectional morphology, internal structure, and orientation of the wet-spun PAN fibers was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results showed that jet stretch plays an important role in eliminating the adverse effects caused by the jet swell effect and affects the fiber structure; PAN fibers of uniform denier, dense and homogenous structure, and high orientation can only be obtained at a suitable jet stretch.     

Acoustic heating produced in the thermoviscous flow of a Bingham plastic

This study is devoted to the instantaneous acoustic heating of a Bingham plastic. The model of the Bingham plastic’s viscous stress tensor includes the yield stress along with the shear viscosity, which differentiates a Bingham plastic from a viscous Newtonian fluid. A special linear combination of the conservation equations in differential form makes it possible to reduce all acoustic terms in the linear part of of the final equation governing acoustic heating, and to retain those belonging to the thermal mode. The nonlinear terms of the final equation are a result of interaction between sounds and the thermal mode. In the field of intense sound, the resulting nonlinear acoustic terms form a driving force for the heating. The final governing dynamic equation of the thermal mode is valid in a weakly nonlinear flow. It is instantaneous, and does not imply that sounds be periodic. The equations governing the dynamics of both sounds and the thermal mode depend on sign of the shear rate. An example of the propagation of a bipolar initially acoustic pulse and the evolution of the heating induced by it is illustrated and discussed.     

The Sharkskin Onset and Stability Diagram

The onset of sharkskin extrudate was investigated in terms of molecular structure, molecular weight, temperature, and die geometry. The recoverable shear S_R or the ratio of wall shear stress over the storage modulus was determined and found to be independent of molecular weight, temperature, and die geometry for linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPEs), but it depended critically on these factors and the molecular weight distribution for high-density polyethylenes (HDPEs). The plot of S_R versus λ _s /? _s , or the sharkskin wavelength roughness amplitude ratio, constituted a sharkskin marginal stability curve common for all molecular weights, temperatures, and die geometry investigated; it is unique for each polymer type or molecular structure. Sharkskin instability occurred without hysteresis effect.     

Effects of reactive gas on shear and fracture behaviors of plasma-treated polyethylene/steel joints

For this study, we investigated the effects of reactive gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and argon) on the shear behavior and fracture toughness of HDPE/steel joints by treating high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with plasma using a microwave method. We also investigated the effect of plasma treatment on the physical and chemical changes on the surface of HDPE. HDPE/steel joints were fabricated using a secondary bonding process. The results showed that the shear strength and fracture toughness of HDPE/steel joints treated with different reactive gases were ordered as follows, oxygen > nitrogen > argon. Specifically, the shear strength and fracture toughness of oxygen plasma-treated HDPE/steel joints were approximately 7600% and 2400% greater, respectively, than that of untreated HDPE/steel joints. The improvements in shear strength and fracture toughness are attributed to increase in surface roughness and the creation of carbonyl functional groups on the HDPE surface via plasma treatment.     

Critical Dynamics in Thin Films

Critical dynamics in film geometry is analyzed within the field-theoretical approach. In particular we consider the case of purely relaxational dynamics (Model A) and Dirichlet boundary conditions, corresponding to the so-called ordinary surface universality class on both confining boundaries. The general scaling properties for the linear response and correlation functions and for dynamic Casimir forces are discussed. Within the Gaussian approximation we determine the analytic expressions for the associated universal scaling functions and study quantitatively in detail their qualitative features as well as their various limiting behaviors close to the bulk critical point. In addition we consider the effects of time-dependent fields on the fluctuation-induced dynamic Casimir force and determine analytically the corresponding universal scaling functions and their asymptotic behaviors for two specific instances of instantaneous perturbations. The universal aspects of nonlinear relaxation from an initially ordered state are also discussed emphasizing the different crossovers occurring during this evolution. The model considered is relevant to the critical dynamics of actual uniaxial ferromagnetic films with symmetry-preserving conditions at the confining surfaces and for Monte Carlo simulations of spin system with Glauber dynamics and free boundary conditions.     

Superradiant Rayleigh scattering of light by the Bose-Einstein condensate of rarefied atomic gases

The superradiant Rayleigh scattering of high-intensity light pulses by the Bose-Einstein condensate of rubidium vapor is studied using the model proposed earlier. It is demonstrated that four states with a certain momentum are occupied under the experimental conditions (two states correspond to the forward recoil and two others correspond to the backward recoil). Condensate pulsations between the zero-momentum state and the above states are detected and studied. The corresponding shape of the coherent Rayleigh pulse is found.     

Influence of High-Density Polyethylene and Nano-Calcium Carbonate of Various Content Ratios on the Crystallization of Polypropylene

The influence of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and nano-CaCO₃ of various content ratios on the crystallization of polypropylene (PP) was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic rheology, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Izod impact strength measurements. The results showed that HDPE and PP were phase separated in their blends and the additive CaCO₃ filler mainly dispersed in the PP phase, acting as a nucleation agent to promote the crystallization of PP. For the samples HDPE/ nano-CaCO₃ 30/0 and 25/5, the β crystals content was much higher than the other samples. The reason is that the viscosity difference between HDPE and PP led to a velocity difference, which could induce shear stress at the interfaces of HDPE and PP during injection molding. The intensive shear stress at their phase interfaces is advantageous for orientation of the chains, inducing the formation of β crystals. However, with the increment of CaCO₃ content, there were dual effects of CaCO₃ on the crystallization of PP: at low CaCO₃ content, it would hamper the orientation of PP chains, thus leading to a decrease of β crystals; at high CaCO₃ content, it would induce β crystals by itself.     

Optimization of a quantum tomography protocol for polarization qubits

An operational method has been proposed for estimating the efficiency of quantum cryptography protocols for quantum states with discrete variables. The method is based on the estimate of the quality of the protocol by means of a universal asymptotic distribution of the characteristic of the accuracy of the reconstruction of the quantum state, which is called fidelity. For a specially designed measurement matrix, the condition number, which is minimal for the optimal protocol, is introduced. The method has been tested in a numerical simulation and real experiments with polarization qubits. It has been shown that the optimal choice of a polarization transformer makes it possible to strongly improve the quality of the reconstruction of states.     

脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体反冲压力物理模型研究与应用

分析了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体等温膨胀阶段的物理特性,建立了脉冲激光烧蚀材料等离子体压力三维方程与动力学模型.应用所建模型,数值分析了单脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体相关特性,得到等离子体的反冲压力最大值870 Pa出现在约25 ns后,距离砂轮表面距离约0.05 mm处.相关条件下开展脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮试验,采用高速相机观测烧蚀砂轮过程中的飞溅现象;采用光栅光谱仪测量等离子体空间发射光谱,计算了等离子体电子温度、电子密度以及反冲压力.实验表明脉冲激光烧蚀青铜金刚石砂轮等离子体反冲压力可以不计,同时也验证了气体方程与动力学模型的正确性和可行性,对脉冲光纤激光烧蚀工艺优化具有启示意义.     

Isothermal Compression Behaviors of 6 Polymers up to 2 Kbar

The applicabilities of universal equation of state and Birch-Murnaghan equation of state to isothermal compressions of 6 polymers in the liquid, glassy and crystalline states have been examined up to 2 Kbar at various temperatures. The results show that the universal equation of state is very accurate for fitting the isothermal P - V data of polymers in the liquid, glassy and crystalline states, and that the information of the pressure-induced transition is obtained, and that the Birch-Murnaghan equation can also be used but it is not as good as the universal equation of state.