Dioxygen oxidation of hydrocarbons by a methane monooxygenase-like system: diiron complex-O2-Zn/HOAc-MV2+

The activation of dioxygen and incorporation into hydrocarbons have been achieved under mild conditions by a methane monooxygenase (MMO)-like system using a dinuclear iron complex [Fe₂ Dhist (OAc)₂]BPh₄.3H₂O as the model complex, zinc powder as the electron donor, HOAc as the proton source and methylviologen as the electron transfer agent. The results show that styrene is oxygenated predominantly to styrcne oxide (1 396 mol/100 mol of the Fe₂ complex), benzaldehyde (16160) and acetophenone (986), and cyclohexane to cyclohexanol (9370) and cyclohexanone (2670). EPR studies indicate that the hypervalent ironoxo spices Fe^IVFe^IV=O, derived from Fe^III Fe^III core via reduction, O₂-binding and protonation, is the active intermediate which inserts the activated oxygen atom into C—C or C—H bond giving each product. The system closely resembles MMO and its close relative hemerythrin in the aspects of reaction phenomena, EPR characteristics and product distributions. The Mn₂ analog cmplex, Fe-Zn heterodinuclear complex and mononuclear iron complex show no catalytic activity, indicating that dinuclear iron core is indespansable to catalytic activity.     

甲烷单加氧酶化学模拟研究进展

本文综述了近年来对甲烷单加氧酶进行结构模拟和催化功能模拟研究工作的进展情况。就结构模拟而言，已合成和表征了很多模型化合物，并与天然酶进行了比较，获得了一些能较好地再现天然酶活性中心结构特征和诺学特征的模型化合物。在催化功能模拟方面，少数体系能将环己烷等经类转化为醇类或酮类。而真正能把甲烷转化成甲醇的体系仅有一例报道，这方面的工作比较薄弱，尚待加强。     

Chiral model complexes for methane monooxygenase and their asymmetric catalysis of styrene epoxidation

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Synthesis, crystal structure of diferrous complex and its reactivity with dioxygen

The dinuclear complex of [Fe2L{O2P(OPh)2}](CIO4)2 ·Et2O(1) (where L represents the dinucleating ligand N-Et-HPTB, anion of N, N, N', N'-tetrakis (N-ethyl-2-benzimidazolyemethyl)-2-hydroxy-1, 3-diamino-propane) has been synthesized and crystallizes in the triclinic space group P T with cell constants α = 1.526(3) nm, b = 1.259 8(3) nm, c = 1.563 0(3) nm , α = 94.41 (3)°, P = 115.31(3)°, β=99.90(3)°, V= 3.267(1) nm3, z=2, R = 0.084 7 and Rw = 0.177 8. The Fe(Ⅱ) sites are bridged by an alkoxide of the dinucleating ligand and a phosphate, affording a diiron core with an Fe-μ-O-Fe angle of 131.20(3)° and an Fe-Fe distance of 0.364 9 nm. Both Fe(II) centers have trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Dioxygen adduct (1/O2) forms upon exposure of the diferrous complex to O2 at low temperature (-60℃). The 1/O2 adduct is stable at -60℃ but decomposes upon warming. The adduct exhibits visible absorption maximum near 606 nm and resonance Raman features at 478 cm-1 (γFe-o) and 897 cm-1 (γo-o), and the latter     

Catalytic selective oxidation or oxidative functionalization of methane and ethane to organic oxygenates

Selective oxidation or oxidative functionalization of methane and ethane by both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis is presented concerning: (1) selective oxidation of methane and ethane to organic oxygenates by hydrogen peroxide in a water medium in the presence of homogeneous osmium catalysts, (2) selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde over highly dispersed iron and copper heterogeneous catalysts, (3) selective oxidation of ethane to acetaldehyde and formaldehyde over supported molybdenum cat...     

甲烷单加氧酶的化学模拟: 酚氧双羧酸根桥联Fe~2(III)和 Mn~2(III)配合物合 成、表征及催化性能

合成表征了酚氧、双羧基桥联双组氨酸的手性双铁核配合物和双锰核配合物,研究了它们催化亚碘酰苯对烯烃的环氧化反应和对环烷烃的羟化反应。结果表明这种Fe~2(III)和Mn~2(III)配合物均是有效的甲烷单加氧酶(MMO)模型化合物,其中Fe~2配合物能较好地再现MMO的某些性质,如电子光谱等。Fe~2配合物催化苯乙烯环氧化反应生成环氧苯乙烷的产率为840%(以催化剂计),且R-(+)-构型对映体过量(e.e.)达45.4%。相庆的Mn~2配合物则以7080%产率给出环氧苯乙烷,R-(+)-构型对映体过量51.6%。Mn~2配合物还能够催化环己烯和环己烷的氧化反应,产物及其分布分别为环氧环己烷3880、环乙烯醇603、环己烯酮189和环己醇1053、环己酮639%(以催化剂计)。EPR研究表明MM=O是反应的活性中间体。     

The coordination chemistry of FeCl3 and FeCl2 to bis[2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-pyridylmethyl](2-pyridylmethyl)amine: access to a diiron(III) compound with an unusual pentagonal-bipyramidal/square-pyramidal environment

Coordination of FeCl3 to the title ligand yields a mononuclear iron(III) complex 1, which was characterized by spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction. The ligand is (kappa3-N) tridentate and the metal, which lies in a pseudo-octahedral environment, is bound to a phenolate group from the catechol substituent. The dichloroiron(II) complex 2 was easily obtained by metalation of the ligand with FeCl2 and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. In their cyclic voltammograms both 1 and 2 display the same reversible FeII/FeIII wave at E1/2=10 mV (vs. SCE). Reduction of compound 1 with Zn/Hg yields 2', which displays identical properties to 2. Taken together, these findings indicate that in spite of the different oxidation state of the metal in 2, no major geometrical/structural change is observed at the metal center with respect to 1. The reaction of 2 with dioxygen in the absence of organic substrates proceeds extremely rapidly and yields compound 3, which is a diiron(III) derivative whose X-ray crystal structure is also reported. The possibility of a radical-based mechanism is discussed. Compound 3 displays an unusual geometry: one iron(III) center is seven-coordinate, whereas the other lies in a square-pyramidal environment. The two iron atoms are bridged by the catecholato substituents. To the best of our knowledge, 3 is the first example of a seven-coordinate iron(III) derivative with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligands.     

Cerium‐Complex‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Arylmethanols under Atmospheric Pressure of Dioxygen and Its Mechanism through a Side‐On μ‐Peroxo Dicerium(IV) Complex

A new Ce^IV complex [Ce{NH(CH₂CH₂N=CHC₆H₂‐3,5‐(tBu)₂‐2‐O)₂}(NO₃)₂] ( 1 ), bearing a dianionic pentadentate ligand with an N₃O₂ donor set, has been prepared by treating (NH₄)₂Ce(NO₃)₆ with the sodium salt of ligand L1 . Complex 1 in the presence of TEMPO and 4 Å molecular sieves (MS4 A) has been found to serve as a catalyst for the oxidation of arylmethanols using dioxygen as an oxidant. We propose an oxidation mechanism based on the isolation and reactivity study of a trivalent cerium complex [Ce{NH(CH₂CH₂N=CHC₆H₂‐3,5‐(tBu)₂‐2‐O)₂}(NO₃)(THF)] ( 2 ), its side‐on μ‐O₂ adduct [Ce{NH(CH₂CH₂N=CHC₆H₂‐3,5‐(tBu)₂‐2‐O)₂}(NO₃)]₂(μ‐η²:η²‐O₂) ( 3 ), and the hydroxo‐bridged Ce^IV complex [Ce{NH(CH₂CH₂N=CHC₆H₂‐3,5‐(tBu)₂‐2‐O)₂}(NO₃)]₂(μ‐OH)₂ ( 4 ) as key intermediates during the catalytic cycle. Complex 2 was synthesized by reduction of 1 with 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,4‐diazacyclohexadiene. Bubbling O₂ into a solution of 2 resulted in formation of the peroxo complex 3 . This provides the first direct evidence for cerium‐catalyzed oxidation of alcohols under an O₂ atmosphere.     

Selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde by oxygen over silica-supported iron catalysts (Special column of methane transformation, Article)

FeO_x-SiO₂ catalysts prepared by a sol-gel method were studied for the selective oxidation of methane by oxygen. A single-pass formaldehyde yield of 2.0% was obtained over the FeO_x-SiO₂ with an iron content of 0.5 wt% at 898 K. This 0.5 wt% FeO_x-SiO₂ catalyst demonstrated significantly higher catalytic performances than the 0.5 wt% FeO_x/SiO₂ prepared by an impregnation method. The correlation between the catalytic performances and the characterizations with UV-Vis and H₂-TPR suggested that the higher dispersion of iron species in the catalyst prepared by the sol-gel method was responsible for its higher catalytic activity for formaldehyde formation. The modification of the FeO_x-SiO₂ by phosphorus enhanced the formaldehyde selectivity, and a single-pass formaldehyde yield of 2.4% could be attained over a P-FeO_x-SiO₂ catalyst (P/Fe = 0.5) at 898 K. Raman spectroscopic measurements indicated the formation of FePO₄ nanoclusters in this catalyst, which were more selective toward formaldehyde formation.     

Mechanistic studies on the oxidation of pyruvic acid by an oxo-bridged diiron(III,III) complex in aqueous acidic media

In aqueous solution [Fe₂(μ-O)(phen)₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁺ (1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) equilibrates with its conjugate bases [Fe₂(μ-O)(phen)₄(H₂O)(OH)]³⁺ (2) and [Fe₂(μ-O)(phen)₄(OH)₂]²⁺ (3). In the presence of excess phen and in the pH range 2.5–5.5, the dimer quantitatively oxidizes pyruvic acid to acetic acid and carbon dioxide, the end iron species being ferroin, [Fe(phen)₃]²⁺. The observed reaction rate shows a bell-shaped curve as pH increases, but is independent of added phen. Kinetic analysis shows that (3) is non-reactive and (1) has much higher reactivity than (2) in oxidizing pyruvic acid. The basicity of the bridging oxygen increases with deprotonation of the aqua ligands. The reaction rate decreases significantly in media enriched with D₂O in comparison to that in H₂O, with a greater retardation at higher pH, suggesting the occurrence of proton coupled electron transfer (PCET; 1e, 1H⁺), which possibly drags the energetically unfavorable reaction to completion in presence of excess phen.     

Selective methane oxidation to formaldehyde using polymorphic T-, M-, and H-forms of niobium(V) oxide as catalysts

The investigations of selective methane oxidation to formaldehyde over T-Nb₂O₅, the mixture of M-Nb₂O₅ and H-Nb₂O₅ as well as H-Nb₂O₅ were carried out. The tests were conducted under atmospheric pressure, in the temperature range 420–750°C, using oxygen as the oxidizing agent. T-Nb₂O₅ samples were examined at the contact time 0.7–1.8 s (GHSV 2000–5143 h⁻¹). Other polymorphic forms of niobium(V) oxide were examined at the contact time 0.9 s. Various polymorphic forms of Nb₂O₅ displayed various formaldehyde and carbon dioxide yield. Using H-Nb₂O₅ and M-Nb₂O₅ phases with a block type structure, made it possible to obtain higher formaldehyde selectivity (78 % at 0.9 s) as compared to T-Nb₂O₅ (47 % at 0.9 s), a polymorphic form which does not have a block type structure. However, the highest space time yield of formaldehyde (46 g per kg of catalyst per h) was obtained over T-Nb₂O₅ supported on SiO₂. Presented at the 34th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 21–25 May 2007.     

Mechanism of Pd(OAc)2/Pyridine Catalyst Reoxidation by O2: Influence of Labile Monodentate Ligands and Identification of a Biomimetic Mechanism for O2 Activation

Aerobic oxidation : Mechanisms of aerobic oxidation of the Pd^II(OAc)₂/pyridine catalyst system were evaluated by using density functional theory methods. The results reveal that labile monodentate ligands, such as pyridine, favor a catalyst reoxidation pathway that proceeds via Pd⁰, rather than direct reaction of O₂ with a Pd^II–hydride intermediate (see scheme).

     

Computational study of methane activation by mercury(II) complexes

A computational investigation of methane activation by Hg^II complexes is reported. Calculated geometries and energetics of Hg(II)-containing reactants and products are consistent with available experimental data for a wide range of diverse ligand types. Calculated reaction enthalpies and activation barriers for Hg^II complexes cover a wide range of values for different ligands. This diversity suggests that the kinetics and thermodynamics of methane activation by Hg(II) and related medium-valent complexes can be tailored through rational modification of the ligand environment. Calculated activation barriers and reaction enthalpies for methane activation by Hg(II) complexes indicates that harder, more electronegative, ligands are kinetically and thermodynamically preferred. Potential donor groups on the activating ligand can stabilize the transition state versus the ground state reactants and hence result in substantially lower methane activation barriers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 902–911, 1998     

Synthesis and structure of a µ‐oxo diiron(III) complex with an N‐pyridylmethyl‐N,N‐bis(4‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)amine ligand and its catalytic property for hydrocarbon oxidation

A µ‐oxo diiron(III) complex [{Fe(pbba)Cl}₂(µ‐O)]Cl₂ (1, pbba = N‐pyridylmethyl‐N,N‐bis(4‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)amine) bearing multi‐imidazolyl motifs was synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography to closely mimic the structural features of methane monooxygenase. As shown by its X‐ray crystal structure, complex 1 is a centrosymmetric dimer with an Fe? O? Fe angle of 180° , and pseudo‐octahedral around each iron(III) center. The catalytic ability of title compound in the oxidation of alkane and alkene is investigated by employing tert‐butylhydroperoxide and m‐chloroperbenzoic acid as oxidants under mild conditions. The catalytic oxidation results showed that radical intermediate dominates the oxidation process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solvent effect in the kinetics of cobaloxime(II)-catalyzed oxidative dehydrogenation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol by O2

In the presence of triphenylphosphinecobaloxime(II), 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol undergoes catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation to the corresponding 1,2-benzoquinone (DTBQ) at room temperature and atmospheric dioxygen pressure. The semiquinone anion radical (DBS^•−) and its cobaloxime(III), complex Co^III(DBSQ)^•−) have been detected as intermediates by ESR spectroscopy. The kinetics were followed in benzene by measuring the dioxygen uptake as a function of time. The reaction is somewhat faster in MeOH, which is due to the greater stability of the hydrogen-bonded intermediate (X) formed from superoxocobaloxime (Co^IIIO₂) and the catechol. H-atom abstraction occurs in the rate-determining decomposition of X. The system investigated is a functional model of catecholase (oxidase) activity, based on free-radical intermediates, a possibility recently demonstrated for certain oxidoreductases.     

The FeIV 2(μ-O)2 cluster and bridge O2 activation at the active center of methane monooxygenase

The newest experimental data concerning soluble forms of methane monooxygenase (MMO) were analyzed taking into account the bridge mechanism of O₂ activation by this enzyme proposed earlier. The results confirm that the scheme suggested and the structures of the key intermediates are valid and show a basic difference between the mechanisms of activation for heme (cytochrome P-450) and non-heme (MMO) monooxygenases. The X-ray diffraction analysis of MMO allowed us to develop a more detailed scheme that reflects the dynamics of O₂ activation and the role of ligands in this process. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1676–1682, September, 1997.     

Aerobic alcohol oxidation catalyzed by a new, oxygen-bridged heterometallic compound [PPh4][Ru(N)Me2(μ2-O)2Pd((−)-sparteine)]

The reaction between the new hydroxy compound [PPh₄][Ru(N)(OH)₂Me₂] and Pd(OSiMe₃)₂((−)-sparteine) produces (Me₃Si)₂O, H₂O and a new heterobimetallic compound [PPh₄][Ru(N)Me₂(μ₂-O)₂Pd((−)-sparteine)] in good yield. The Ru/Pd bimetallic compound catalyzes the oxidation of aryl and allyl alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compound in air and the rearrangement of allylic alcohols unsaturated aldehydes. It also oxidizes PPh₃ to O-PPh₃ under O₂.