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假定生产商委托零售商回收废旧产品以进行再制造活动,研究两条分别由单生产商和单零售商组成的闭环供应链的竞争和链内协调。对应两条闭环供应链均为分散式供应链、均为集中式供应链、一条为分散式供应链另一条为集中式供应链,运用博弈论和均衡分析方法分别建立了三种情况下刻画闭环供应链竞争的带均衡约束的均衡模型、纳什均衡模型和带均衡约束的优化模型,进行了模型求解。基于合同理论,提出供应链竞争下协调链内零售商的零售价和回收价格决策的批发价加回收补贴合同。最后的算例验证了模型的合理性和协调合同的有效性。研究表明:产品零售价、需求量与产品替代效应正相关,废旧产品供给量、供应链利润与回收价格敏感性正相关;供应链协调是供应链竞争下的占优策略,有利于提高供应链的运作效率,但两条协调供应链之间的竞争将更激烈,存在囚徒困境现象。 相似文献
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研究两条供应链相互竞争下决策者风险厌恶程度的影响和链内协调问题。针对两条分别由风险中性制造商和风险厌恶零售商组成、进行订货与促销竞争的可替代产品供应链,假定需求随机且依赖于促销努力水平与产品合格率,利用条件风险值(CVaR)方法和博弈理论建立了对应两条供应链均为分散式供应链(DD模式)、均为集中式供应链(II模式)、一条为分散式供应链一条为集中式供应链(DI模式)的EPEC、Nash和MPEC竞争决策模型,给出了三种模式下的竞争均衡决策、以及零售商为风险厌恶者时可实现链内协调的回购加促销补贴契约。进一步分析了零售商风险中性情况。最后的算例验证了模型的合理性和协调契约的有效性。研究表明,零售商越厌恶风险,其订货量越低;产品合格率越高,零售商的促销努力水平越大;供应链协调是供应链竞争下的占优策略。 相似文献
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针对两条分别由单生产商单零售商组成的替代产品供应链,假定两种产品的随机总需求依赖于总货架展示量、而每种产品的市场份额与其货架展示量成正比,利用均衡分析方法研究两条供应链在货架展示量与订货量方面的竞争均衡,分别建立了对应两条供应链均为分散式供应链、均为集中式供应链、一条为分散式供应链一条为集中式供应链的EPEC、MPEC和Nash均衡模型。随后分析了供应链竞争下的链内协调合同设计问题,给出了同时协调零售商的货架展示量和订货决策的回购加线性补贴合同和收益共享加线性补贴合同。最后的算例表明,协调是供应链竞争下的占优策略,但两条供应链均协调时的利润反而低于均不协调时的利润,即存在囚徒困境现象。 相似文献
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基于电子商务的供应链与供应链竞争研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在总结国内外研究现状的基础上,指出在供应链研究领域中很少有人直接进行供应链与供应链之间竞争的研究。本文在重新定义了供应链经济、市场链、运作边、协调边等概念的基础上,利用变分不等式理论和空间价格理论,建立了基于电子商务的供应链经济模型。此外,本文通过算例证明当市场需求越大时,生产规模大的企业越能体现其规模优势,在供应链中引入电子商务零售业态也就越适用。 相似文献
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研究了两生命周期零售商竞争环境下的闭环供应链的定价和生产策略:第一个生命周期中,只有一个制造商和一个零售商,制造商利用原材料生产新制造产品;第二个周期中,制造商生产新制造产品的同时利用自己回收的废旧产品生产再制造产品,并且出现了竞争零售商。分别建立了两周期零售商竞争环境下的分散决策模型和集中决策模型,得到了最优定价和生产策略。结果表明:零售商竞争会降低产品的零售价,增加产品的销售量。制造商利用收益共享契约制定合适的批发价和收益共享比率能协调整个闭环供应链,与零售商实现共赢。最后给出了一个算例验证了上述结论。 相似文献
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本文研究了随机需求下两级供应链的延期支付问题,其中供应商作为主导者将首先设置延期支付利率,而受资金约束的零售商作为追随者将根据利率来确定订货量。通过构建Newsvendor模型对供应链各成员的利润进行了分析,并基于Stackelberg博弈研究了两级供应链下的延迟支付策略,得到了零售商的最优订货量及供应商的最优利率。此外,我们还研究了延期支付条件下的供应链协调问题,分别探讨了产品回购契约和收益共享契约下的供应链协调。研究结果表明:只有当供应商设置的利率低于特定阈值时,受资金约束的零售商才会采用延期支付,否则零售商会将全部初始资金用于采购而不采用延期支付;在延期支付条件下,提高利率将导致零售商订货量减少,并且供应商设置的利率不会随零售商的初始资金增大;延期支付只能部分协调供应链,同时在延期支付条件下,通过产品回购契约无法实现供应链的完全协调;在延期支付条件下,存在关于收益占比的帕累托改进区间,使得收益共享契约在该区间内能够实现供应链协调。最后,我们通过数值实验对研究结论进行了验证。 相似文献
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不确定环境下制造再制造供应链定价与协调问题研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究模糊不确定环境下制造/再制造供应链系统的定价与协调问题。通过考虑制造产品与再制造产品的差异性,利用模糊理论和博弈论理论等知识,在集中式和分散式决策方式下,分别给出了制造/再制造商和零售商关于制造产品和再制造产品的最优价格决策,以及分散决策方式下的系统协调策略,并且利用数值算例对所得结果进行了分析。 相似文献
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We describe the formulation and development of a supply-chain optimisation model for Fletcher Challenge Paper Australasia (FCPA). This model, known as Paper Industry Value Optimisation Tool (PIVOT), is a large mixed integer program that finds an optimal allocation of supplier to mill, product to paper machine, and paper machine to customer, while at the same time modelling many of the supply chain details and nuances which are peculiar to FCPA. PIVOT has assisted FCPA in solving a number of strategic and tactical decision problems, and provided significant economic benefits for the company. 相似文献
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Sharon P. Hudson 《School science and mathematics》1996,96(3):133-139
The purpose of this study was to describe the supply and potential shortages of science teachers in the United States. Ninety-six percent of the State Science Consultants of the 50 State Boards of Education responded to a 1992 survey to assess the supply of science teachers. This survey was modeled after Howe and Gerlovich's 1982 study to provide an assessment of changes in science teacher supply over the last 10 years. Although there were improvements in the supply of science teachers, shortages were reported in all science subjects and were particularly critical in physics, chemistry, and earth science. In addition to providing a needed update on science teacher supply, this study analyzed 45 previous studies of science teacher supply and found convincing evidence to support the hypothesis that there is a persistent but fluctuating long term shortage of science teachers. This shortage is attributed to competition with business and industry. To alleviate critical shortages of science teachers, it is recommended that salaries be raised to be more competitive with industry and a national database be established to facilitate monitoring the supply of science teachers. 相似文献
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Increased competition from store brands is forcing manufacturers to re-evaluate their strategies in regard to pricing and contracting with trade intermediaries. We analyze a supply chain in which a retailer accepts (with the appropriate contractual agreements) a national brand for resale and then determines whether to introduce a store brand, how to price the store brand, and what quantities of the product(s) to order. We show that when the national brand’s cost per unit quality (CPUQ) is larger than the store brand’s CPUQ, then the retailer seeks to introduce the store brand (SB) and the national brand (NB) manufacturer/supplier is unable to deter him from doing so. We find that the efficiency loss in the decentralized supply chain becomes smaller when a store brand is introduced. Recognizing the inadequacy of standard contracts in coordinating this supply chain, we propose a simple minimum order quantity contract that can coordinate this supply chain. 相似文献
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本文研究供需同时不确定条件下考虑双边努力的供应链契约设计问题,在一个供应商和一个零售商组成的二级供应链系统中,供应商的努力影响产量的不确定性,零售商的努力影响市场需求的不确定性。首先,利用Stackerberg主从博弈模型计算了分散决策时零售商、供应商的最优期望利润,并将计算结果与集中决策时供应链整体的最优期望利润进行对比。由于双重边际效应的存在,分散决策时供应链的最优期望利润小于集中决策时供应链的最优期望利润。基于此,本文设计了回购和成本分担组合契约来协调该供应链,计算了回购价格和成本分担系数的表达式,得到了回购和成本分担契约下供应商和零售商的最优期望利润。结果表明,在特定条件下,该组合契约不仅可以协调供应链,还可以实现供应链利润的任意分配。最后,通过数值计算,分析了供需双方的决策变量和期望利润随契约参数的变化情况。 相似文献
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Carsten Homburg Christoph Schneeweiss 《Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory》2000,6(1):47-59
In this paper we consider a negotiation between a supplier and its retailer. Due to the supplier's commitments with other customers the negotiation is about the maximum order quantity the retailer can order at a fixed price. We propose a structuring for the negotiation that captures two main features: First, we take into account that the supplier can strategically change its production facilities. The impact of this strategic decision is captured by the corresponding change of the supplier's cost situation. Second, we consider the uncertainty about the retailer's future demand due to its own customers. The negotiation takes place with respect to different demand scenarios, yielding a variety of possibilities of avoiding negotiation deadlocks. 相似文献