教学的平台 探索的基地 求知的乐园——实验物理教学的追求

文章从实验物理教学的范畴和性质出发,比较中外实验教学的差异,结合当前存在的问题,探讨理想的实验物理教学模式．提出实验物理教学应当以学生为中心,鼓励学生的自主创新精神和师生密切互动;发展实验教学中心应当以质量为重点,而不是盲目追求数量;努力把实验物理教学中心建设成为教学的平台、探索的基地、求知的乐园．     

小白鼠组织和骨中铜锌铁钙镁的测定

本实验利用原子吸收光谱法对小白鼠组织及骨中Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ含量进行了测定。样品采用浓ＨＮＯ２和ＨＣｌＯ４湿法消化，并用国家计量局的猪肝（ＧＢＷ０８５５１）作为标准物对测定方法进行了考核，测定值与标准值吻合。方法加收率：Ｃｕ９９－１００％，Ｚｎ１０２－１０３％，Ｆｅ９９－１００％，Ｃａ９９－１０４％，Ｍｇ１０１－１０３％，ＣＶ值为１．７－３．９％。方法简便，快速，准确度高，需样量少，符合     

Ne、Ar、Kr、Xe等离子体Planck和Rosseland平均不透明度的近似计算

根据平均原子模型和类氢光吸收系数，近似地计算了Ne、Ar、Kr、Xe等惰性元素高温、高密度等离子体的Planck和Rosseland不透明度。在计算线谱吸收过程中，采用了唯象方法处理线谱演化成谱带时的加宽效应及谱带重叠效应。将不透明度数据拟合成温度和密度的幂函数形式，它能够用于辐射体的数值拟合。     

苯甲酰三氟乙酰丙酮与铕、铽、钐、镝配合物合成和荧光光谱研究

本文合成了苯甲酰三氟乙酰丙酮(简称L)和三苯基氧化膦(TPPO)、联吡啶(Bipy)、邻菲罗林(Phen).四甲基氢氧化铵(NMe4OH)与Eu、Tb、Sm、Dy的三合型和四合型共十六种配合物,常温下研究了它们的固体粉末荧光光谱,发现四种铕配合物中Eu3+的5D0—7F2跃迁最强,而且EuL3Bipy和EuL3(TPPO)2发光相对强度特别高,其余三种离子的特征跃迁能级:Tb3+是3D4—7F5,Sm3+是4G5/2—6H3/2,Dy3+是4F9/2—6H1/2,除TbL3(TPPO)2外,其余发光强度不大.发现四合型NMe4EuL4在非极性溶剂中荧光强度最大,表明其稳定性高.在PS树脂中添加微量EuL3Bipy或EuL3(TPPO)2,在～365nm光照射下显示鲜艳的红色荧光.     

溶剂萃取石墨炉原子吸收光谱法连续测定地质样品中金、银、镓、铟

本文提出一个新的萃取反萃取体系，用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法连续测定地质样品中的Ａｎ、Ａｇ、Ｉｎ、Ｇａ四种元素，不但有效地抑制了共存元素的干扰，而且能提高测定灵敏度和精密度。文中讨论了不同石墨管对测定的影响及元素的原子化过程，较深入探讨镍对镓的基体改进作用和机理。样品分析结果与推荐值一致。     

ACTIVE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE, VII: PERFORMANCE OF MULTI-FREQUENCY, MULTI-CHANNEL, FREEFIELD SOUND CANCELLING SYSTEMS

The paper considers the performance of multi-frequency, multi-channel, free field sound cancelling systems for the reduction of discrete frequency and periodic noise. The approach uses a method of directional active noise control. Large sound reductions from these systems have been made possible through: (a) synthetically generating the cancelling sound and synchronizing with the primary source; (b) automatic alignment of all stability regions of the control system and; (c) avoiding instability produced by these multi-channel systems.     

NO,NO2超精细LMR谱的观测

采用内腔CO激光磁共振光谱方法和微机数据采样系统,观测到了NO,NO₂分子的超精细激光磁共振(LMR)谱,简述了测量原理,给出了实验结果。     

柱芯电极光谱法测定西藏斑岩铜矿中的铜,钼,银,铅,锌,砷,钨和铋

本文研究了柱芯电极测定西藏斑岩铜矿中8个主次要元素,并与用其他电极测定的结果进行了对比实验。本文还讨论了组分影响及消除方法。对铜矿区样品测定,其RSD(n=15)为Cu±3.3%,Mo±4.1%,Ag±3.7%,Pb±6.5%。Zn±6.5%,As±7.3%,W±6.9%以及Bi±6.9%。用化学分析,外检和标样验证了方法的可靠性。     

NO,NO_2超精细LMR谱的观测

采用内腔CO激光磁共振光谱方法和微机数据采样系统,观测到了NO,NO_2分子的超精细激光磁共振(LMR)谱,简述了测量原理,给出了实验结果。     

柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液流变特性的研究

研究了柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液的流变特性。实验发现乳化液在本文的组分配比下近似为牛顿流体,而且乳化剂的种类、含量以及乳化液的组分等均对乳化液的流变特性具有显著的影响。对于组分相同的乳化液,乳化液的粘度随着乳化剂含量和粘度的增加而增加;当乳化剂的含量和粘度相同时,若乙醇和水之间的相对质量分数保持不变,减少乳化液中柴油的含量(柴油不少于50％),乳化液的粘度随之增加。但是,柴油、乙醇和水三组元乳化液的粘度要比柴油、甲醇和水三组元乳化液的粘度大2到3倍。     

高纯氧化钇中镧、铈、钐、铝、铅和铜的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定

本文以纯Y_2O_3中杂质元素的ICP-AES测定为例,研究用数值微分技术解决光谱干扰同题。结果表明,导数光谱法不仅可以有效地消除来自基体的光谱干扰,还能减小谱线干扰对检测能力的影响。当分析物浓度较低时,导数光谱法的加入回收率明显优于离峰分析法,多数情况下也优于在峰法校正光谱干扰时的回收率。     

GaP(N,Te,Zn)的静压光致荧光研究

对GaP(N,Te,Zn)样品做了77K的静压光致荧光研究。得到了N,NN₁,NN₃束缚激子能级的压力系数,以及施主Te和中性施主Te的束缚激子能级的压力系数。讨论了这些能级随压力的变化行为,并首次观察到Gap中自由激子的零声子发射。 关键词：     

锗、硅、锑化铟和砷化镓的热膨涨——用X射线衍射法测量

本工作是用X射线衍射法测量锗、硅和合金InSb及GaAs在不同温度的点阵常数,观察它们的热膨涨,并求得它们的膨涨系数。     

ZnS:Cu,Nd,Cl薄膜电致发光出现受激发射的可能性

ZnS:Cu,Nd,Cl具有很好的直流电致发光,而且钕离子是一个稳定的发光中心,加之薄膜发光器件有两个平行电极,可以形成一个谐振腔.本文探讨了ZnS:Cu,Nd,Cl薄膜电致发光出现受激发射的可能性.在实验上发现,来自4F3/2到4I9/2和4I11/2能级之间的跃迁中某些谱线强度随外加电压的增加而非常迅速地增加,这很可能是能级之间出现粒子数反转,并在适当谐振条件下产生了受激发射.     

MANIPULATION OF ATOMS, MOLECULES AND CLUSTERS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NANOSYSTEMS

Controlled manipulations with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) down to the scale of small molecules and single atoms allow to built molecular and atomic nanosystems, leading to the fascinating possibility of creating manmade structures on atomic scale. Here we present a short review on atomic scale manipulation investigations. Upon soft lateral manipulation of adsorbed species, in which only tip/particle forces are used, three different manipulation modes (pushing, pulling, sliding) can be discerned. We show that even the manipulation of highly coordinated native substrate atoms is possible and we demonstrate how this can be applied as local analytic and synthetic chemistry tools, with important consequences on surface structure research. Vertical manipulation of Xe and CO is demonstrated, leading to improved imaging with functionalized tips. With CO deliberately transferred to the tip, we have also succeeded to perform vibrational spectroscopy on single molecules. Furthermore, we describe how we have reproduced a full chemical reaction with single molecules, whereby all basic steps, namely preparation of the reactants, diffusion and association, are induced with the STM tip. Finally, we have extended the manipulation techniques to large specially designed molecules by performing lateral manipulation in constant height and realizing the principle of a conformational molecular switch.     

A COMPARISON OF THE HOT-COMPACTION BEHAVIOR OF ORIENTED,HIGH-MODULUS,POLYETHYLENE FIBERS AND TAPES*

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, there is an account of the hot-compaction behavior of a new, highly oriented, high-modulus polyethylene (PE) tape with the trade name of Tensylon® (manufactured by Synthetic Industries, USA). This tape, produced by a melt spinning route, has mechanical properties comparable to those of commercially available gel-spun fibers. Unidirectional samples were produced for a range of compaction temperatures to determine the optimum compaction conditions to obtain the best mechanical properties of the resulting compacted sheets. Second, the mechanical properties of the best Tensylon sample, manufactured at a compaction temperature of 153°C, was compared with three other hot-compacted, highly oriented PE materials, based on Certran®, Dyneema®, and Spectra® commercial PE fibers. The results showed that the optimum compaction temperature was in most cases about 1°C below the point at which substantial crystalline melting occurred. At this optimum temperature, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) melting studies showed that approximately 30% of the original oriented phase had been lost to bond the structure together. In the case of Dyneema, the properties of the fiber were not translated into the properties of a compacted sheet, and morphological studies showed that this was because melting did not occur on the fiber surfaces, but rather in the interior of the fiber due to a skin structure. The properties of the compacted Tensylon tapes were found to be exceptional, combining very high modulus and strength with interlayer bonding and good creep resistance. Moreover, the optimum temperature appeared to be about 2°C below the point at which complete melting occurred, giving a wider processing window for this material.

     

雷电电磁脉冲的产生机理、危害及其防护

阐述了雷电电磁脉冲的产生机理、传播途径及对电子设备的危害,并简要说明了其防护措施.     

一硼化物和二硼化物超导体电子结构研究

本文使用准确的第一原理方法,对一硼化物和二硼化物超导体进行了电子结构研究,从而发现硼化物超导体所具有特殊的电子结构属性.     

ANALYSIS OF LASING PERFORMANCES OF Yb3+-DOPED YAG, FAP, KYW CRYSTALS

The Yb³⁺ laser emitting at a 1.03μm wavelength has been evoking strong interest recently due to its advantages of long fluorescence lifetime, broad absorption band and the fact that it never shows concentration quenching. On the other hand, as a laser of three-level system it has, in general, a relatively high threshold power, which makes it important to seek some suitable host crystals to reduce this. Here, we present a comparison of the lasing performances of Yb³⁺-doped YAG [Y₃Al₅O₁₂], FAP [Ca₅(PO₄)₃F] and KYW [KY(WO₄)₂] crystals, including threshold power and slope efficiency, with those of the Nd:YAG laser based on the threshold formula of three-and four-level systems deduced by the authors. The results show that the Yb³⁺ laser can output a power larger than the Nd:YAG laser does in the case of comparably higher pumping power, if the length of the lasing rod and the concentration of the active ions satisfy some conditions. The theoretical results are also close to the experimental results reported.     

钪,铁,镍,硒类钠离子的跃迁几率研究

此文首次采用《原子新概论》中的最弱受约束电子模型理论研究了钪（Ｓｃ），铁（Ｆｅ），镍（Ｎｉ），硒（Ｓｅ）元素的类钠高激发态ｎｓ－ｎｐ，ｎｐ－ｎｄ的能级跃迁几率，并把理论研究结果与参考值做了比较，还对计算结果进行了讨论。