铜氢催化不饱和烃与醛、酮的亲核加成反应

金属有机试剂(如：有机锂试剂、格氏试剂、有机铜试剂及有机铝试剂)对醛、酮的加成反应是有机化学中的重要反应,也是最经典的构建C―C键的方法之一。然而上述金属有机试剂存在官能团兼容性较差、对水和空气敏感及不易存储等缺陷,不可避免地限制了其广泛应用。近年来,利用稳定、易得的不饱和烃为原料替代金属有机试剂参与各种化学转化受到了人们高度关注。本文主要介绍在铜氢催化条件下,通过把不饱和烃现场转化为催化量有机铜中间体替代传统化学计量金属有机试剂的策略,实现其对醛、酮的加成反应,从而避免了传统方法的缺点。对于上述反应的介绍,能够丰富和拓展基础教学过程中亲核加成知识点的内容,开阔学生的视野与思维,有利于学生了解学科前沿领域的发展现状,激发学生的兴趣。     

单壁碳纳米管与卤代烷的亲电加成反应

主要考察了以路易斯酸为催化剂,几种卤代烷烃为反应试剂的单壁碳纳米管侧壁的亲电加成反应,并通过傅立叶红外光谱、热失重分析和拉曼光谱验证了实验所得产物。此反应的目的是在单壁碳纳米管的侧壁连上烷基基团以提高其溶解性和分散性,并可使其更好地与聚烯烃相结合从而提高复合材料的性能,因而具有较高的研究和应用价值。     

亲电氟化反应的新进展

介绍了自八十年代以来亲电氟化反应的最新进展, 其中包括众多的N-F类电氟化试剂的制备, 它们和各种底物的反应以及此类亲电氟化反应可能的机理。     

系统论述烯烃亲电加成反应的立体选择性

亲电加成是烯烃最具代表性的典型反应,在本科的教学中,要求学生熟练掌握和应用。烯烃的亲电加成反应不仅涉及到反应的活性、区域选择性问题,还涉及到反应的立体选择性问题。但对于立体选择性的阐述,很多教科书并不全面,甚至不够严谨,因而在教学过程中发现学生在理解这部分内容时存在一定的误解。针对这一问题进行了系统的论述,以帮助学生更好更正确地理解和掌握烯烃的亲电加成反应的立体选择性。     

亲电加成取代合成杂核三金属羰基含硫原子簇及四核簇反应中间体

甲基环戊二烯基三羰基氯化钼(η~3-C_5H_4CH_3)Mo(CO)_3Cl与面桥硫羰基铁钴原子簇HFe_2(CO)_9(μ_3-S)在回流的THF溶液中发生亲电加成取代反应,获得了(η~5-C_5H_4CH_3)MoFeCo(CO)_8(μ_3-S)和(η~5-C_5H_4CH_3)_2Mo_2Fe(CO)_7(μ_3-S)杂核金属原子簇。在室温条件下,甲基环戊二烯基二羰基氯化铁(η~5-C_5H_4CH_3)Fe(CO)_2Cl与HFe_2Co(CO)_9(μ_3-S)发生亲电加成反应,获得了(η~5-C_5H_4CH_3)Fe_3CO(CO)_11(μ_4-S),可认为是上述亲电加成取代反应中间体的证据。报道了它们的合成、结构和表征的结果,并对反应机理进行了推定。     

论萘的亲电反应规律

辨析了“不能用计算化学方法解释萘的亲电反应规律”的观点 ,用半经验的量子化学计算方法 (EHMO)对萘分子进行了计算 ,证明这种计算方法能够解释萘的反应规律 ,并说明了电子效应和空间位阻效应对其亲电反应的影响。用同样的方法对菲分子也进行了计算     

烯丙基锡与芳香酰腙亲电加成反应的研究

报道了在Ｌｅｗｉｓ酸促进下三丁基烯丙基锡与芳香酰脘合成了Ｎ′－烯丙基芳香酰肼的一种新型的亲电加成反应。合成了７个未见文献报道的新化合物。其结构均经ＩＲ,＾１ＨＮＭＲ,＾１３ＣＮＭＲ,ＭＳ确证。该反应条件温和（室温即可进行）,选择性高,产率５０％－６０％。以酰腙和三丁基烯丙基锡摩尔比为１：２的反应也发现只有在Ｃ＝Ｎ上加成,而－Ｃ（＝Ｏ）－没有发生变化。     

对映选择性亲电氟化反应研究进展

含氟有机化合物, 特别是手性氟化物在医药、农药及功能性材料等相关领域的作用备受注目. 尽管在分子中有立体选择性地引入一个氟原子一直是有机化学家面临的一个挑战性问题, 近年来在化学家们的不断努力下, 对映选择性氟化反应研究取得重要进展. 高光学活性的手性氟化物可通过手性亲电氟化试剂诱导的立体选择性氟化反应, 基于底物的手性氟化反应以及手性催化剂诱导的不对称催化氟化反应等来制备. 特别是, 手性金属配合物和有机催化剂诱导的不对称催化氟化反应被广泛应用于各类手性氟化物的合成, 已成为不对称氟化反应研究的热点. 全面介绍对映选择性亲电氟化反应研究概况和最新进展, 讨论各种不对称氟化反应的特点及应用范围.     

烯烃亲电加成反应机理的理论探讨

采用PM3方法计算了不同亲电试剂与乙烯生成的中间体正离子的势能曲线．结果显示,当亲电中心原子为价电子层没有d轨道的第一、二周期元素时,开放型中间体正离子的能量比桥型中间体正离子的能量低;此类加成经历开放中间体离子机制进行更为有利,表现出立体非专一性和区域选择性;当亲电中心原子为价电子层有d轨道的第三、四、五周期的元素时,桥型中间体正离子的能量比开放型中间体正离子的能量低;此类加成经历桥型中间体离子机制进行更为有利,表现出立体专一性和区域非专一性．以d-π和s-p-π配位键轨道模型,尝试阐述其内在的轨道控制机制,较好地解释了实验事实．     

Synthesis of 5-heteroarylazulenes: first selective electrophilic substitution at the 5-position of azulene

1,3-Di-tert-butylazulene reacted with highly electrophilic trifluoromethanesulfonate of N-containing heterocycles to give 5-(dihydroheteroaryl)azulene derivatives in good yield and treatment of the 5-(dihydroheteroaryl)azulene derivatives with KOH afforded 5-(heteroaryl)azulenes in excellent yield.     

First electrophilic substitution of 4-methoxyindole with triethyl orthoformate as an a1-synthon

Summary 4-Methoxyindole (2) reacts with triethyl orthoformate (1a) under proton catalysis to yield the functionalized indoles3a–3e in dependence on the reaction conditions. The attack of the electrophile takes place regiospecifically at the 3-position of the indole2

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Erste elektrophile Substitution von 4-Methoxyindol mit Orthoameisensäuretriethylester als a¹-Synthon (Kurze Mitt.)

Zusammenfassung In Abhängigkeit von den Reaktionsbedingungen reagiert 4-Methoxyindol (2) mit Orthoameisensäuretriethylester (1a) zu funktionalisierten Indolderivaten3a–3e. Der Angriff des Elektrophils erfolgt regiospezifisch an der 3-Position von2.

     

Two alternative approaches to modification of a cage complex: nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition for the synthesis of an iron(II) clathrochelate with an annulated imidazole fragment

A rib-functionalized iron(II) tris-dioximate clathrochelate bearing an annulated phenylimidazole fragment was prepared using nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition at the chelating α-dioximate fragment of the macrobicyclic framework. The resultant cage complex was identified with single crystal XRD, analytical data, ¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁹F, ¹¹B NMR spectroscopy, and examined with UV–vis spectroscopy and CVA. Two approaches to modification of the clathrochelate framework are compared.     

The first regioselective double electrophilic substitution of the C2-symmetric pseudo-meta-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes

We report here the first examples of the regioselective double electrophilic substitution of chiral C₂-symmetric pseudo-meta-disubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes. Thus, the double acylation of 4,15-dihydroxy[2.2]paracyclophane occurs ortho-regioselectively, whereas the double acylation of its respective dimethyl ether is completely para-regioselective. Double bromination of 4,15-dicarbomethoxy[2.2]paracyclophane regioselectively generates the pseudo-gem-substitution pattern. The approaches elaborated allow the synthesis of all three possible types of chiral bis-bifunctional compounds, which have two independent, although chemically and stereochemically equal, functional fragments with pseudo-meta mutual orientation of both pairs of identical substituents.     

On the reaction of 4-substituted trimethyltin aromatics with perchlorylfluoride

To evaluate the suitability of [¹⁸F]perchorylfluoride [¹⁸F]FClO₃ as an electrophilic fluorination agent for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, the reactivity non-radioactive FClO₃ towards 4-substituted trimethyltin aromatic compounds was studied. Contrary to the expectation, an electrophilic fluorination of the aromatic nucleus did not occur. The reaction of perchlorylfluoride with aromatic trimethylstannyl compounds resulted in the formation of trimethyltin fluoride and the respective destannylated aromatics in variable yields.     

Synthesis of new 1-C-(2-furyl)-and 3-C-(2-furyl)-hexopyranosides and 3-C-(2-furyl)-daunorubicin analogs

Summary Reaction of furan with 3,4-di-O-acetyl-L-rhamnal (1) afforded a mixture of epimeric 3-C-(2-furyl) glycals3 and4 and 1-C-(2-furyl)-hex-2-enopyranoses5 and6. Glycals3 and4 were transformed to 2-deoxy-glycosides9–13 and 3-deamino-3-C-(2-furyl)daunorubicines15 and16. Hex-2-enopyranosyl5 wascis hydroxylated with osmium tetroxide/N-methylmorpholine N-oxide to C-glycoside14.On leave from Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland     

Cascade reaction of 2,3-naphthalenediol with benzene in the presence of aluminum halides

2,3-Naphthalenediol on superelectrophilic activation with aluminium halides smoothly reacts with benzene to give 4-((3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-yl)methyl)benzene-1,2-diol, which in turn undergoes intramolecular cyclization to form 5,10-methano-5-phenyldibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane-2,3-diol. The mechanistic aspects of these unusual transformations are discussed.     

Iodinated carbon materials for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Scalable synthesis and electrochemical performances

Doped graphene-based cathode catalysts are considered as promising competitors for ORR, but their power density has been low compared to Pt-based cathodes, mainly due to poor mass-transport properties. A new electrocatalyst for PEMFCs, an iodine doped grahene was prepared, characterized, and tested and the results are presented in this paper. We report a hybrid derived electrocatalyst with increased electrochemical active area and enhanced mass-transport properties. The electrochemical performances of several configurations were tested and compared with a typical Pt/C cathode configuration. As a standalone catalyst, the iodine doped graphene gives a performance with 60% lower than if it is placed between gas diffusion layer and catalyst layer. If it is included as microporous layer, the electrochemical performances of the fuel cell are with 15% bigger in terms of power density than the typical fuel cell with the same Pt/C loading, proving the beneficial effect of the iodine doped graphene for the fuel cell in the ohmic and mass transfer region. Moreover, the hybrid cathode manufactured by commercial Pt/C together with the material with best proprieties, is tested in a H₂-Air fuel cell and a power density of 0.55 W cm⁻² at 0.52 V was obtained, which is superior to that of a commercial Pt-based cathode tested under identical conditions (0.46 W cm⁻²).     

The effect of fluoromethyl groups on the diastereoselectivity in the electrophilic alkylation

The effect of fluoromethyl groups on the diastereoselectivity in the electrophilic alkylation is described. In particular, the electrophilic alkylation of enolates with a trifluoromethyl group was proceeded with highly diastereofacial selectivity based on the steric and/or electrostatic effect of substituent with strong electron withdrawing.