Effect of radial and rotational lubricant inertia on the pressure distribution in externally pressurised thrust bearings

Expressions are obtained for the pressure distribution in an externally pressurised thrust bearing for the condition when one bearing surface is rotated. The influence of centripetal acceleration and the combined effect of rotational and radial inertia terms are included in the analysis. Rotation of the bearing causes the lubricant to have a velocity component in an axial direction towards the rotating surface as it spirals radially outwards between the bearing surfaces. This results in an increase in the pumping losses and a decrease in the load capacity of the bearing. A further loss in the performance of the bearing is found when the radial inertia term, in addition to the rotational inertia term is included in the analysis.Nomenclature r, z, cylindrical co-ordinates - V _r, V , V _z velocity components in the r, and z directions respectively - U, X, W representative velocities - coefficient of viscosity - p static pressure at radius r - p mean static pressure at radius r - Q volume flow per unit time - 2h lubricant film thickness - density of the lubricant - r ₂ outside radius of bearing = D/2 - angular velocity of bearing - R dimensionless radius = r/h - P dimensionless pressure = h ³ p/Q - Re channel Reynolds number = Q/h     

Approximate Solution of an Axisymmetric Contact Problem with Allowance for Tangential Displacements on the Contact Surface

A structurally nonlinear contact problem of a punch shaped like a paraboloid of revolution is studied. An equation for the contactpressure density is derived with allowance for the radial tangential displacements of the boundary points of an elastic halfspace. A method for constructing a closedform approximate solution is proposed. The effect of the tangential displacements on the main contact parameters is discussed.     

On nonlinear problems of mixed type: A qualitative theory using infinite-dimensional center manifolds

We consider the equation a(y)u_xx+div_y(b(y)_yu)+c(y)u=g(y, u) in the cylinder (–l,l)×, being elliptic where b(y)>0 and hyperbolic where b(y)<0. We construct self-adjoint realizations in L₂() of the operatorAu= (1/a) div_y(b_yu)+(c/a) in the case ofb changing sign. This leads to the abstract problem u_xx+Au=g(u), whereA has a spectrum extending to + as well as to –. For l= it is shown that all sufficiently small solutions lie on an infinite-dimensional center manifold and behave like those of a hyperbolic problem. Anx-independent cross-sectional integral E=E(u, u_x) is derived showing that all solutions on the center manifold remain bounded forx ±. For finitel, all small solutionsu are close to a solution on the center manifold such that u(x)-(x) Ce ^-(1-|x|) for allx, whereC and are independent ofu. Hence, the solutions are dominated by hyperbolic properties, except close to the terminal ends {±1}×, where boundary layers of elliptic type appear.     

The effect of rotation on conical wave beams in a stratified fluid

Experiments are conducted to test extant theory on the effect of uniform rotation on the angle of conical beam wave propagation excited by a sphere vertically oscillating at frequency in a density stratified fluid. The near-constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency stratification N produced in situ in a rotating cylindrical tank exhibits no effect of residual motion for the range of Froude numbers investigated. Good agreement between experiment and theory is found over the range of angles 15°<<65° using the synthetic schlieren visualization technique. In particular, the cut-off for wave propagation at =2, below which waves do not propagate, is clearly observed.     

Unique Periodic Orbits for Delayed Positive Feedback and the Global Attractor

The delay differential equation, (t)=–x(t)+f(x(t–1)), with >0 and a real function f satisfying f(0)=0 and f>0 models a system governed by delayed positive feedback and instantaneous damping. Recently the geometric, topological, and dynamical properties of a three-dimensional compact invariant set were described in the phase space C=C([–1, 0], ) of initial data for solutions of the equation. In this paper, for a set of and f which include examples from neural network theory, we show that this three-dimensional set is the global attractor, i.e., the compact invariant set which attracts all bounded subsets of C. The proof involves, among others, results on uniqueness and absence of periodic orbits.     

Effect of Porous Coatings on Stability of Hypersonic Boundary Layers

The influence of ultrasoundabsorbing coatings on stability of hypersonic boundary layers is considered. Two types of coatings were used in experiments: feltmetal with a random porous microstructure and a sheet perforated by blind cylindrical microchannels. The experiments were performed in a wind tunnel at a Mach number M = 5.95 on sharp cones with a 7° apex halfangle. Evolution of natural disturbances and artificially induced wave packets in the boundary layer was studied with the help of hotwire anemometry. Spatial characteristics of artificial disturbances were obtained. It is demonstrated that such coatings exert a stabilizing effect on secondmode disturbances.     

Numerische Untersuchung des elastisch-plastischen Verhaltens eines Fadenverbundwerkstoffes mit metallischer Matrix Eine Fallstudie

Übersicht Die Fehlervorhersage eines einachsigen Fadenverbundwerkstoffes mit metallischer Matrix erfordert die Kenntnis des nichtlinearen elastisch-plastischen Verhaltens in mikroskopischer Abmessung. Als Fallstudie wurde ein spezieller Verbundwerkstoff mit einem FEM-Programm untersucht. Im plastischen Bereich wurde das klassische, v. Mises Potential' mit dem neuen Übergangsfließpotential unter Berücksichtigung der plastischen Volumendehnung verglichen. Unter transversaler Normalbelastung zeigte der Verbund deutliche Unterschiede in der Zunahme und der Ausdehnung der lokalen plastischen Zonen. Alle kritischen Verformungsstadien wurden von dem Übergangsfließpotential bei geringerer Belastung erreicht.

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Numerical investigation of the elastic-plastic behaviour of a fibre-reinforced composite with a metallic matrix

Summary Failure prediction of unidirectional fibre-reinforced composite with a metallic matrix needs knowledge about the nonlinear elastic-plastic behaviour in a microscopic scale. A specific composite was investigated using a FEM-program as a case study. In the plastic range the classical v. Mises Potential was compared with the new Transition Flow Potential, taking into account the plastic volume dilatation. Subjected to transverse normal loading the composite showed evident differences in the increase and the spread of locally plastic regions. All critical deformation states were reached by the Transition Flow Potential at lower loading.

     

Optical co-ordinates in general relativity 2 — the problem of distance

Summary Let denote the congruence of null geodesics associated with a given optical observer inV ₄. We prove that determines a unique collection of vector fieldsM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) and ₍₀₎ overV ₄, satisfying a weak version of Killing's conditions.This allows a natural interpretation of these fields as the infinitesimal generators of spatial rotations and temporal translation relative to the given observer. We prove also that the definition of the fieldsM₍₎ and ₍₀₎ is mathematically equivalent to the choice of a distinguished affine parameter f along the curves of, playing the role of a retarded distance from the observer.The relation between f and other possible definitions of distance is discussed.

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Sommario Sia la congruenza di geodetiche nulle associata ad un osservatore ottico assegnato nello spazio-tempoV ₄. Dimostriamo che determina un'unica collezione di campi vettorialiM₍₎ ( =1, 2, 3) e ₍₀₎ inV ₄ che soddisfano una versione in forma debole delle equazioni di Killing. Ciò suggerisce una naturale interpretazione di questi campi come generatori infinitesimi di rotazioni spaziali e traslazioni temporali relative all'osservatore assegnato. Dimostriamo anche che la definizione dei campiM₍₎, ₍₀₎ è matematicamente equivalente alla scelta di un parametro affine privilegiato f lungo le curve di, che gioca il ruolo di distanza ritardata dall'osservatore. Successivamente si esaminano i legami tra f ed altre possibili definizioni di distanza in grande.

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Work performed in the sphere of activity of: Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica Matematica del CNR.     

The dynamic performance of the Weissenberg rheogoniometer III. Large amplitude oscillatory shearing — harmonic analysis

The harmonic content of the nonlinear dynamic behaviour of 1% polyacrylamide in 50% glycerol/water was studied using a standard Model R 18 Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. The Fourier analysis of the Oscillation Input and Torsion Head motions was performed using a Digital Transfer Function Analyser.In the absence of fluid inertia effects and when the amplitude of the (fundamental) Oscillation Input motion _I is much greater than the amplitudes of the Fourier components of the Torsion Head motion _Tn empirical nonlinear dynamic rheological propertiesG _n (, ⁰),G _n (, ⁰) and/or _n (, ⁰), _n (, ⁰) may be evaluated without a-priori-knowledge of a rheological constitutive equation. A detailed derivation of the basic equations involved is presented.Cone and plate data for the third harmonic storage modulus (dynamic rigidity)G ₃ (, ⁰), loss modulusG ₃ (, ⁰) and loss angle ₃ (, ⁰) are presented for the frequency range 3.14 × 10^–2 1.25 × 10² rad/s at two strain amplitudes, _CP ⁰ = 2.27 and 4.03. Composite cone and plate and parallel plates data for both the third and fifth harmonic dynamic viscosities ₃ (, ⁰), _S (, ⁰) and dynamic rigiditiesG ₃ (, ⁰),G ₅ (, ⁰) are presented for strain amplitudes in the ranges 1.10 _CP ⁰ 4.03 and 1.80 _PP ⁰ 36 for a single frequency, = 3.14 × 10^–1 rad/s. Good agreement was obtained between the results from both geometries and the absence of significant fluid inertia effects was confirmed by the superposition of the data for different gap widths.     

Chaos and integrability in a nonlinear wave equation

We consider the parametrized family of equations _tt ,u- _xx u-au+u ₂ ² u=O,x(0,L), with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This equation has finite-dimensional invariant manifolds of solutions. Studying the reduced equation to a four-dimensional manifold, we prove the existence of transversal homoclinic orbits to periodic solutions and of invariant sets with chaotic dynamics, provided that =2, 3, 4,.... For =1 we prove the existence of infinitely many first integrals pairwise in involution.     

Some remarks on differential equations of quadratic type

In this paper we study differential equations of the formx(t) + x(t)=f(x(t)), x(0)=x ₀ C HereC is a closed, bounded convex subset of a Banach spaceX,f(C) C, and it is often assumed thatf(x) is a quadratic map. We study the differential equation by using the general theory of nonexpansive maps and nonexpansive, non-linear semigroups, and we obtain sharp results in a number of cases of interest. We give a formula for the Lipschitz constant off: C C, and we derive a precise explicit formula for the Lipschitz constant whenf is quadratic,C is the unit simplex inR ⁿ, and thel ₁ norm is used. We give a new proof of a theorem about nonexpansive semigroups; and we show that if the Lipschitz constant off: CC is less than or equal to one, then lim_tf(x(t))–x(t)=0 and, if {x(t):t 0} is precompact, then lim_tx(t) exists. Iff¦C=L¦C, whereL is a bounded linear operator, we apply the nonlinear theory to prove that (under mild further conditions on C) lim_t f(x(t))–x(t)=0 and that lim_t x(t) exists if {x(t):t 0} is precompact. However, forn 3 we give examples of quadratic mapsf of the unit simplex ofR ⁿ into itself such that lim_t x(t) fails to exist for mostx ₀ C andx(t) may be periodic. Our theorems answer several questions recently raised by J. Herod in connection with so-called model Boltzmann equations.     

Lp-estimates for the nonlinear spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation

This paper studies L^p-estimates for solutions of the nonlinear, spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation. The molecular forces considered include inverse k^th-power forces with k > 5 and angular cut-off.The main conclusions are the following. Let f be the unique solution of the Boltzmann equation with f(v,t)(1 + ¦v²¦)^(s ₁ ^{+ /p)/2} L¹, when the initial value f ₀ satisfies f ₀(v) 0, f ₀(v) (1 + ¦v¦²)^(s ₁ ^{+ /p)/2} L¹, for some s₁ 2 + /p, and f ₀(v) (1 + ¦v¦²)^s/2 L^p. If s 2/p and 1 < p < , then f(v, t)(1 + ¦v¦²)^{(s s} ₁)^/2 L^p, t > 0. If s >2 and 3/(1+ ) < p < , thenf(v,t) (1 + ¦v¦²)^(s(s ₁ ^{+ 3/p))/2} L^p, t > 0. If s >2 + 2C₀/C₁ and 3/(l + ) < p < , then f(v,t)(1 + ¦v¦²)^s/2 L^p, t > 0. Here 1/p + 1/p = 1, x y = min (x, y), and C₀, C₁, 0 < 1, are positive constants related to the molecular forces under consideration; = (k – 5)/ (k – 1) for k^th-power forces.Some weaker conclusions follow when 1 < p 3/ (1 + ).In the proofs some previously known L-estimates are extended. The results for L^p, 1 < p < , are based on these L-estimates coupled with nonlinear interpolation.     

Stoffübergang mit chemischer Oberflächenreaktion an umströmten Platten

Zusammenfassung Die Strömung und der Stofftransport in der Umgebung von Platten mit chemischer Oberflächenreaktion lassen sich durch Differentialgleichungen zuverlässig beschreiben. Deren vollständige Lösung konnte ohne vereinfachende Annahmen mit Hilfe theoretisch-numerischer Methoden erzielt werden. Dadurch erhält man Einblick in die tatsächlichen Transportvorgänge. Einige wichtige Ergebnisse werden erörtert. Insbesondere wird ein umfassendes Gesetz für den Stoffübergang mitgeteilt, das theoretisch und experimentell einwandfrei gesichert ist. Die Wiedergabe der bekannten sowie der neuen Daten ist gut. Sein Gültigkeitsbereich ist angegeben. Das neue Gesetz enthält neben anderen Grenzgesetzen auch das auf der Grundlage der GrenzschichtHypothese aufgestellte Gesetz.

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Mass transfer with chemical surface reaction on flat plates in flow

The flow field and mass transfer from flat plates with chemical surface reaction can be described by means of differential equations. Their solutions have been obtained numerically without any simplifications. This report presents some of the more important results obtained, which give insight into the true transport phenomena.A comprehensive mass transfer law has been developed, that has a wide range of validity. It is in good agreement with all available experimental and theoretical data. The new mass transfer equation includes the special case of boundary layer law besides other special laws that describe mass transfer in limited regions of relevant parameters.

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Formelzeichen c_A örtliche Moldichte der reagierenden Komponente A - c_Aw Wert von c_A an der Plattenoberfläche - c Funktion nach Gl. (28) - D Diffusionskoeffizient - f_p Funktion nach Gl.(2) - k Funktion nach Gl.(27) - k_w Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante - L Länge der Platte - n Reaktionsordnung - n_A Molstromdichte der diffundierenden Komponente A - p Funktion nach Gl.(29) - r_A Reaktionsstromdichte der reagierenden Komponente A - Sh_x,Sh örtliche und mittlere Sherwood-Zahl - w Anströmgeschwindigkeit des Fluidgemisches - w_x, w _x ^* absolute und bezogene örtliche Längsgeschwindigkeit - w_y, w _y ^* absolute und bezogene örtliche Quergeschwindigkeit - x, x^* absolute und bezogene Längskoordinate - y, y^* absolute und bezogene Querkoordinate - _x, örtlicher und mittlerer Stoffübergangskoeffizien - dynamische Viskosität des Fluidgemisches - Massendichte des Fluidgemisches - Da k_wLc ^n–1 /2D Damköhler-Zahl - Re wL//gr Reynolds-Zahl - Re_kr=5 · 10⁵ kritischer Wert der Reynolds-Re_kr=5 · 10⁵ Zahl - Sc //D Schmidt-Zahl - c_A/c_A bezogene örtliche Konzentration - _w Wert von an der Plattenoberfläche Indizes A diffundierende und reagierende Komponente - w an der Plattenoberfläche - x in Längsrichtung - y in Querrichtung - in sehr großer Entfernung von der Platte     

Nonstationary filtration in partially saturated porous media

From the mathematical formulation of a one-dimensional flow through a partially saturated porous medium, we arrive at a nonlinear free boundary problem, the boundary being between the saturated and the unsaturated regions in the medium. In particular we obtain an equation which is parabolic in the unsaturated part of the domain and elliptic in the saturated part.Existence, uniqueness, a maximum principle and regularity properties are proved for weak solutions of a Cauchy-Dirichlet problem in the cylinder {(x,t): 0x1, t0} and the nature, in particular the regularity, of the free boundary is discussed.Finally, it is shown that solutions of a large class of Cauchy-Dirichlet problems converge towards a stationary solution as t and estimates are given for the rate of convergence.     

Sources of Complexity in Human Systems

Complex is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of difficult, it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. Difficult is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the contrary complex is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Gödel's incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity, resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.     

Two-Phase Models of Formation of Cavitating Spalls in a Liquid

The dynamics of the structure of a liquid layer structure (with microbubbles of a free gas) behind a rarefaction wave front is studied numerically using the two-phase Iordansky–Kogarko–van Wijngaarden model and the frozen mass-velocity field model. An analysis of the initial stage of cavitation by the Iordansky–Kogarko–van Wijngaarden model showed that tensile stresses behind the rarefaction wave front relax quickly and the mass-velocity field in the cavitation zone turns out to be frozen. This effect is used to describe the late stage of the development of the cavitation zone. These models were combined to study the formation of cavitating spalls in a free-surface liquid under shock-wave loading.     

Effect of suspended particles on the stability of plane poiseuille flow

The behavior of the neutral stability curves is investigated for various values of the particle relaxation time and mass concentration 0 100 and 0 f 0.1. It is shown that as increases from zero the flow is at first destabilized and then at >6 becomes stable, while at >40 the stabilizing effect of the dispersed phase grows weaker. It is found that there is a certain interval 10< <40 on which the flow is most stable.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 46–53, January–February, 1986.     

Flow over a body with development of a steady separation zone as re → ∞

This paper discusses formulation of the total problem of flow of an incompressible liquid over a body, with formation of a closed stationary separation zone as Re . The scheme used is based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions [1]. Following [1], it is postulated that the separated zone is developed (i.e., it is not infinitely fragmented and does not vanish as Re ), and the flow inside it has a definite degree of regularity with respect to Re. With these hypotheses we can use the Prandtl-Batchelor theorem [2], which states that, in the limit as Re , a region of circulating flow becomes vortex flow of an inviscid liquid with constant vorticity . Therefore, a basis for constructing matched asymptotic expansions is the vortex-potential problem (the problem of determining a stream function , satisfying the equation = 0 in the region of translational motion and the equation = in a certain region, unknowna priori, of circulating motion). In the general case the solution of the vortex-potential problem depends on two parameters: the total pressure p_o and the vorticity in the separated zone. These parameters appear in the condition for matching the solutions of the first and second boundary-layer approximations (at the boundary of the separated zone for the end Re values) with the corresponding solutions for the inviscid flow. It is shown in the present paper that the conditions for matching the cyclic boundary layer with the external translational flow are the same additional relations which allow us to close the total problem. Thus, in using the method of matched asymptotic expansions to solve the problem of flow over a body with closed stationary separation zones one must simultaneously consider no less than two approximations.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 28–37, March–April, 1978.The authors thank G. Yu. Stepanov for discussion of the paper and valuable comments.     

Exact Solutions of the Hydrodynamic Equations Derived from Partially Invariant Solutions

The paper proposes a heuristic approach to constructing exact solutions of the hydrodynamic equations based on the specificity of these equations. A number of systems of hydrodynamic equations possess the following structure: they contain a reduced system of n equations and an additional equation for an extra function w. In this case, the reduced system, in which w = 0, admits a Lie group G. Taking a certain partially invariant solution of the reduced system with respect to this group as a seed:rdquo; solution, we can find a solution of the entire system, in which the functional dependence of the invariant part of the seed solution on the invariants of the group G has the previous form. Implementation of the algorithm proposed is exemplified by constructing new exact solutions of the equations of rotationally symmetric motion of an ideal incompressible liquid and the equations of concentrational convection in a plane boundary layer and thermal convection in a rotating layer of a viscous liquid.     

Singular solutions of some quasilinear elliptic equations

We study isolated singularities of the quasilinear equation in an open set of ^N , where 1 < p N, p -1 q < N(p — 1)/ (N -p). We prove that, for any positive solution, if a singularity at the origin is not removable then either or u(x)/(x) any positive constant as x 0 where is the fundamental solution of the p-harmonic equation: . Global positive solutions are also classified.