Study of the lignin of a cotton plant of the variety S-6524

The dioxane lignin (DLA) has been isolated from ripe stems of a cotton plant of the variety S-6524, and its empirical formula and molecular mass have been determined. This DLA differed from the DLA of a cotton plant of variety 108-F by a lower degree of hydroxylation and a higher degree of substitution of the aromatic rings.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, FAX (3712) 62 73 48. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 430–431, May–June, 1994.     

A study of the lignin of the cotton plant of the subspeciesmexicanium

p-Hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, and syringic acids, and also p-hydroxybenzalde-hyde and vanillin, have been found in an ethanol-benzene extract of the stems of cotton plants of the subspeciesmexicanium. The dioxane lignin (DLA) has been isolated by Pepper's method, the semiempirical formula of its phenylpropane structural unit and its molecular-mass distribution have been established, and its UV, IR, and PMR spectra have been recorded. The DLA has a comparatively low molecular mass and a lower degree of polydispersity than the dioxane lignin of the cotton plant of variety Tashkent-1, while the amounts of functional groups in them coincide, with the exception of a lower amount of carboxy groups in the DLA.     

A study of the dioxane lignin of the stems of the cotton plant of variety S-4880

The dioxane lignin (DLA) has been isolated from the ripe stems of a cotton plant of the variety S-4880 B by a modification of Pepper's method. The yield was 16.9% on the Komarov lignin. The semiempirical formula of a phenylpropane structural unit has been calculated on the basis of elementary and functional analyses. It has been established that the amount of the main functional groups in the DLA and in the lignins isolated from the varieties of 108-F and Tashkent-2 basically coincide, but the DLA investigated was appreciably more highly methoxylated. The IR, UV, and PMR spectra of the DLA have been taken. The molecular-weight distribution of the DLA has been investigated and it has been shown that is is poly-disperse and has a weight-average molecular weight of 7400. Nitrobenzene oxidation and cleavage with sodium and liquid ammonia of the isolated DLA has shown that guaiacyl structural units predominate in it.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 430–434, May–June, 1987.     

Lignin of the fine-fibered cotton plant of variety S-6030 affected by fusarial wilt. II

A comparative study of the products of cleavage by sodium in liquid ammonia of the dioxane lignins (DLAs) from healthy and fusarial-wilt-affected stems of the fine-fibered cotton plant of variety S-6030 and a study of the PMR spectra of both lignins has shown that the DLA from the healthy stems is more highly condensed than the DLA of the stems affected by wilt. The main structures of DNA wilt are of the guaiacyl type. In the DLA from the affected stems, the amount of p-coumaryl structures had increased, which confirms the demethylating action of fusarial wilt on cotton-plant lignin.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 364–366, May–June, 1986.     

Kinetics of the level of lipids in a cotton plant of variety 6524 S during maturation

The composition and amount of lipids in the seeds and leaves of the cotton plant of variety 6524 S over the vegetation periods have been investigated. The rate of biosynthesis of neutral lipids in cotton seeds in the 20-day period after flowering to the moment of maturation increases by a factor of 1.6 while the amounts of phospho- and glycolipids decrease by factors of 3.9 and 4.3, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids of the seeds and leaves have been determined. Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbekistan Republic, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 359–362, May–June, 1993.     

Production of glucose-fructose syrups from fermentative hydrolysates of plant wastes

A method has been developed for obtaining glucose—fructose syrups by the hydrolysis of plant wastes under the action of a complex of cellulases from a hybrid strain of a fungus, followed by isomerization of part of the glucose to fructose by immobilized streptomycete glucose isomerase. The conditions for raising the degree of isomerization of the glucose and the period of half-inactivation of the immobilized glucose isomerase have been optimized, with a simultaneous cheapening of the process. Plant raw materials that have been used for obtaining glucose–fructose syrups are maize cobs, wheat or rice straw, and reeds. Isomerization has been achieved by streptomycete cells immobilized on cotton lint. Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 41 71 29. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 449–451, July–August, 1998.     

Functional properties of a serine protease inhibitor from cotton seeds

It has been shown that dormant cotton seeds contain proteins capable of inhibiting the activity of the proteolytic enzymes of the pathogenVerticillium dahliae Kleb. An immunochemical method of evaluating the resistance of a cotton plant to this fungus has been developed. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, FAX (3712) 89-14-75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 533–537, July–August, 1994.     

Structure of the lignin of cotton plants of the subspeciesmexicanium

The nitrobenzene oxidation and cleavage with metallic sodium and liquid ammonia and with thioacetic acid (TAA) of the natural lignin of cotton plants of the subspeciesmexicanium and of the dioxane lignin (DLA) isolated from it have been performed. A comparison of the yields of the products and their compositions has shown that the most complete and reliable results are given by cleavage with TAA, under which a considerable part of the lignin suffers destruction. The high content of monomeric and dimeric fractions in the products of TAA cleavage shows a low degree of condensation of the lignin of cotton plants of the subspeciesmexicanium.     

Effect of surface cationization on the conformal deposition of polyelectrolytes over cotton fibers

The effect of surface cationization on the conformal deposition of alternating nanolayers of poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSS) [Kleinfeld E, Ferguson G (1996) Chem Mater 8:1575–1578] and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) over cotton fibers is reported. Three different levels of cotton cationization were evaluated. Variations in the cationization degree were achieved by manipulating the ratio of 3-chloro-2-hydroxy propyl trimethyl ammonium to NaOH. Experimental results obtained via Carbon–Hydrogen–Nitrogen–Sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) indicated that the deposition process was not significantly influenced by the degree of cotton cationization. The build up of further polyelectrolyte layers was found to be less sensitive to variations in the cationic character of the substrates once a critical number of alternating layers was deposited.     

Preparation of affinity sorbents based on monoclonal antibodies to cottonplant membrane proteins

An immunosorbent has been obtained by conjugating mcABs 2C8.C7 to membrane proteins from cotton seedlings with BrCN-Sepharose 4B. As a result of the affinity chromatography of the total lectin-like proteins of the cotton plant on this sorbent, two fractions of polypeptides have been isolated, and these have been subjected to electrophoretic analysis. A. S. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (371) 162 70 71. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 807–811, November–December, 1998.     

A study of the dioxane lignins of Althaea nudiflora and A. rosea

Summary 1. The lignin has been isolated from the stems of the cotton plant of a late period of vegetation by the hydrochloric acid method. The elementary composition and functional groups have been determined. The mean composition for a C₆-C₃ structural unit has been determined.2. By the oxidation of a powder of the stems of the cotton plant with nitrobenzene in the presence of alkali it has been established that the hydrochloric acid lignin is more condensed than the DLA.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 648–650, September–October, 1975.     

Protein hydrolysates of castor bean seed and cottonseed meals

The processes involved in the hydrolysis of the proteins of the toxic seed meals of the castor-oil plant and the cotton plant with hydrochloric acid have been studied. The optimum conditions of hydrolysis, at which the yield of desired product amounts to about 40%, have been established. The use of activated carbon and the cation-exchange resin KU-2×8 have enabled a hydrolysate containing 80–85% of amino acids to be obtained. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (371) 120 64 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 691–696, September–October, 1998.     

Dioxane lignin from shoots of the cotton plant of variety 108-F. I

The dioxane lignin has been isolated by Pepper's method from two-week shoots of the cotton plant of variety 108-F and has been separated into two fractions — insoluble and soluble in ether — DLA-A and DLA-B, respectively. It has been shown that in the early stage of development of the cotton plant a low-molecular-weight lignin with a low degree of methoxylation and distinctly different from the lignin from ripe stems of the same cotton plant is synthesized.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 96–98, January–February, 1984.     

Comparative characteristics of proteins of cottonplant lines differing in the strength of the fiber

The enzymes and proteins of the fibers of two lines of cotton plant differing in the strength of the fiber have been investigated. It has been shown that the activities of glucan synthetase and peroxidase rise as the fiber matures, while the activities of β-(1-3)-glucanase and cellulase fall. The specific enzymatic activities of peroxidase and glucan synthetase in the L-175 line, distinguished by a stronger fiber, are higher than for the L-466 line with a weaker fiber. The activity of glucanase changes according to the strength of the fiber. In a study of the protein composition of cotton fibers, polypeptides with molecular masses of 28 and 39 kDa were found among the proteins responsible for the strength of the fiber. A. S. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 162 70 71. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 530–536, July–August, 1998.     

Influence of demethylated lignin on the alkaline hydrolysis of cottonplant lignin

This paper gives information about the influence of demethylated lignin on the alkaline hydrolysis of the natural lignin of the cotton plant under various conditions. Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, FAX (3712) 89-14-75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 537–541, July–August, 1994.     

Role of chitin-specific peroxidase in wilt-resistant cotton

Chitin-specific isoforms of peroxidase with molecular weights 67 and 54.7 kDa that are involved in cotton wilt-resistance were obtained from sprouts of cotton variety AN-Bayaut-2 using chromatography. Electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the fungus V. dahliae changed under the influence of the chitin-specific isoforms of peroxidase. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 397–399, July–August, 2008     

Swelling and dissolution of cellulose,Part III: plant fibres in aqueous systems

Raw and refined flax, hemp, abaca, sisal, jute and ramie fibres are dipped into N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)–water with various contents of water and into hydroxide sodium (NaOH)–water. The swelling and dissolution mechanisms of these plant fibres are similar to those observed for cotton and wood fibres. Disintegration into rod-like fragments, ballooning followed or not by dissolution and homogeneous swelling are all observed as for wood and cotton fibres, depending on the quality of the solvent. Balloons are not typical of wood and cotton and they seem to be present in all plant fibres. Another interesting result is that the helical feature seen on the balloon membrane is not related to the microfibrillar angle. Plant fibres are easier to dissolve than wood and cotton. This is not related to the molar mass of the cellulose chain. Raw plant fibres keeping most its non-cellulosic components do not show the formation of balloons. Patrick Navard is a Member of the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence (EPNOE)     

Sol–gel coating of cellulose fibres with antimicrobial and repellent properties

Multifunctional, water and oil repellent and antimicrobial finishes for cotton fibres were prepared from a commercially available fluoroalkylfunctional water-born siloxane (FAS) (Degussa), nanosized silver (Ag) (CHT) and a reactive organic–inorganic binder (RB) (CHT). Two different application procedures were used: firstly, one stage treatment of cotton fabric samples by FAS sol (i), as well as by a sol mixture constituted from all three precursors (Ag–RB–FAS, procedure 1S) (ii), and secondly, two stage treatment of cotton by Ag–RB sol and than by FAS sol (Ag–RB + FAS, procedure 2S) (iii). The hydrophobic and oleophobic properties of cotton fabrics treated by procedures (i)–(iii) before and after consecutive (up to 10) washings were established from contact angle measurements (water, diiodomethane and n-hexadecane) and correlated with infrared and XPS spectroscopic measurements. The results revealed that even after 10 washing cycles cotton treated with Ag–RB + FAS (2S) retained an oleophobicity similar to that of the FAS treated cotton, while the Ag–RB–FAS (1S) cotton fibres exhibited a loss of oleophobicity already after the second washing, even though fluorine and C–F vibrational bands were detected in the corresponding XPS and IR spectra. The antibacterial activity of cotton treated by procedures (i)–(iii) was tested by its reduction of the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus following the AATCC 100-1999 standard method and EN ISO 20743:2007 transfer method. The reduction in growth of both bacteria was nearly complete for the unwashed Ag–RB and Ag–RB–FAS (S1), but for the unwashed Ag–RB + FAS (S2) treated cotton no reduction of S. aureus and 43.5 ± 6.9% reduction of E. coli was noted. After the first washing, the latter two finishes exhibited nearly a complete reduction of E. coli but for the Ag–RB treated cotton the reduction dropped to 88.9 ± 3.4. None of the finishes retained antibacterial properties after 10 repetitive washings. The beneficial and long-lasting low surface energy effect of FAS finishes in the absence of Ag nanoparticles, which led to the “passive” antibacterial properties of FAS treated cotton fabrics, was established by applying the EN ISO 20743:2007 transfer method. The results revealed a reduction in bacteria of about 21.9 ± 5.7% (FAS), 13.1 ± 4.8% (Ag–RB–FAS (S1)) and 41.5 ± 3.7% (Ag–Rb + FAS (S2)), while no reduction of the growth of bacteria was observed for cotton treated with Ag nanoparticles after 10 repetitive washings. The physical properties (bending rigidity, breaking strength, air permeability) of finished cotton samples were determined, and showed increased fabric softness and flexibility as compared to the Ag–RB treated cotton, but a slight decrease of breaking strength in the warp and weft directions, while air permeability decreased for all type of finishes.     

Composition and ethanol production potential of cotton gin residues

Cotton gin residue (CGR) collected from five cotton gins was fractionated and characterized for summative composition. The major fractions of the CGR varied widely between cotton gins and consisted of clean lint (5–12%), hulls (16–48%), seeds (6–24%), motes (16–24%), and leaves (14–30%). The summative composition varied within and between cotton gins and consisted of ash (7.9–14.6%), acid-insoluble material (18–26%), xylan (4–15%), and cellulose (20–38%). Overlimed steam-exploded cotton gin waste was readily fermented to ethanol by Escherichia coli KO11. Ethanol yields were feedstock and severity dependent and ranged from 58 to 92.5% of the theoretical yields. The highest ethanol yield was 191 L (50 gal)/t, and the lowest was 120 L (32 gal)/t.