Calculation of the growth kinetics and dispersity of K<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals in drops of an evaporating solution

Experimental data on the evaporation kinetics of saturated K₂SO₄ solution drops and the nucleation kinetics of the first crystals are used to develop a simple procedure for the calculation of the solution concentration and the number, size, and dispersity of growing crystals. The calculation results agree well with the experimental data on the growth kinetics of K₂SO₄ crystals and their dispersity after complete evaporation of water. The dispersity of crystals is shown to linearly depend on the reciprocal time of evaporation of drops having different initial heights.     

Thermographic investigation of the temperature field dynamics at the liquid-air interface in drops of water solutions drying on a glass substrate

The temperature field distribution at the liquid-air interface in drops of water and water solutions drying on a glass substrate is studied with thermal imaging means. It is shown that irrespective of the liquid composition, the circumferential temperature of the drops (along the boundary line) is always higher than the temperature on the top. The temperature field on the surface of the drops is nonstationary and varies chaotically during water evaporation. It is found that the dynamics of histograms for albumin-containing and albumin-free liquids differ. Mechanisms behind the origination of thermocapillary liquid flows and their directivity in the drying drops are discussed.     

On the behavior of suspension of drops on an inclined surface

The flow of drops suspended on an inclined surface, are studied by numerical simulations at finite Reynolds numbers. The flow is driven by the acceleration due to gravity, and there is no pressure gradient in the flow direction. The effect of the Reynolds number, the Capillary number and density ratio on the distribution of drops and the fluctuation energy across the channel are investigated. It is found that drops tend to stay away from the channel floor, which is consistent with the behavior observed in the granular flow regime. Drops that are less deformable will stay further away from the channel floor. Also, drops appear at a larger distance from the floor as the Reynolds number increases. Simulations at large density ratios show that results are more compatible with computer simulations of granular flows. The behavior observed here resembles more the granular flow regime when the restitution coefficient is low.     

Use of Video Enhanced Microscopy for Characterization of Solid‐Liquid‐Liquid Mixtures

Although some particle sizing devices have gained a lot of popularity, none of them is able to distinguish between drops and solids and few are able to handle viscous oily samples. This paper discusses the use of the optical microscopy, enhanced by the use of digital video capabilities and image analysis software, to characterize oil production wastes. Several thousands of particles were counted and their projected areas were measured. A discussion is given about the different corrections required in order to extract the most reliable information from the image analysis, overcoming some of the drawbacks of this kind of measurements. The technique developed here offers unique features like the determination of the fraction of droplets that exist in the form of non‐coalesced agglomerates. When cross‐linked with the results obtained by standard ASTM procedures, it allows to infer the amount of disperse phase that exists in the form of submicron droplets or large free water drops that are usually not sampled for microscope slides.     

Effect of domain variations on damping capacity of Fe-16Cr-2.5Mo alloy solution annealed at 1373 K and 1473 K

The damping capacity of Fe-16Cr-2.5Mo alloy heat-treated at different temperatures was investigated. A water-based magnetic fluid was used to analyze domain morphologies. The experimental results show that there is a maximum value of damping capacity when the solution annealing temperature of the material is 1373 K. When the annealing temperature is higher, the damping capacity of the alloy drops quickly. The change in damping capacity with the solution annealing temperature is believed to be due to different domain morphologies. The domains are larger and the domain-wall area is smaller in the alloy annealed at a higher temperature. The wedge-shaped domains acted as obstacles for pinning the domain-wall movement, even though movement of the 90° domains is easy. As a result, the damping capacity of the alloys drops when the annealing temperature is very high.     

Droplet Size Distribution and Sphericity Measurements of Low‐Density Sprays Through Image Analysis

An image analysis technique has been developed in order to determine the drop size distributions of sprays produced by low‐velocity plain cylindrical jets. The particle sizing method is based on incoherent backlight images. Each drop is analyzed individually in the image. The two‐dimensional image resulting from the projection of the three‐dimensional object shape (the drop) on a screen (the video sensor surface) is modeled. The model, based on the point spread function formulation, has been developed to derive a relation between contrast and relative width of individual drops. This relation is used to extend the domain of validity of drop size in terms of size range, out of focus and image resolution. The shape parameter is determined for each drop image through morphological analysis. Spherical and non‐spherical droplets are then sorted on the basis of this parameter. Non‐spherical drops are regarded as non‐fully atomized liquid bulks or coalesced drops. Finally, the droplet size distribution of true spherical droplets is established for a low‐velocity plain cylindrical liquid jet.     

Drops of biological fluids drying on a hard substrate: Variation of the morphology,weight, temperature,and mechanical properties

The time variation of the morphology, weight, temperature, and integral mechanical properties of drying drops of biological fluids are investigated with the aim of defining more exactly the mechanism of self-organization in the drops. Test fluids in experiments are distilled water, a physiological salt solution (0.9 wt. % NaCl), a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in water, and a solution of BSA (7 wt. %) in the physiological solution. It is shown that the variation of the weight of the drying drops can be described by a sloping straight line with two slightly nonlinear portions at the beginning and at the end of the drying process. The earlier nonlinear portion correlates with a more rapid fall of the temperature, which slows down and stabilizes as a saturated vapor layer forms over the drop. The later nonlinear portion in the drop weight variation is associated with the retardation of water diffusion through the solidifying medium. The temperature variation of the drops is a superposition of endothermal (water evaporation) and exothermal (salt crystallization and gelation) phase transitions. Phase transitions may change the mechanical properties of the drying drops, which can be detected by the method of acoustic impedancemetry.     

Deposition of smooth high-<Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis><Subscript>c</Subscript> superconducting films with a solid-state YAG: Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript> laser

A method is presented for the deposition of smooth epitaxial high-T _c superconducting films using a pulsed infrared YAG: Nd³⁺ laser and velocity filtration. This method is based on the removal of drops and solid particles from the flow of deposited substance with a fast shutter made of a rotating disk. The deposited smooth homogeneous YBa₂Cu₃O_7?δ films have a critical temperature T _c > 90 K. The surface concentration of drops is less than 3 × 10² cm^?2, and their amount is decreased by more than six orders of magnitude.     

On the mechanism of noncoalescence in a droplet cluster

Experimental data are presented, from which it follows that the mechanism of noncoalescence in a cluster of drops is not attributable to the electrostatic charging and the presence of surfactants. The Stokes force acting upon drops of the cluster in a convective plume amounts to a fraction of a percent of the drop weight. New effects are described, which provide evidence for a fast proper rotation of drops in the cluster. Estimates show that this rotation is explained in terms of the hypothesis of a thermocapillary nature of the noncoalescence phenomenon.     

振动诱导液滴与液面不融合现象的研究

发现硅油液滴能够停留在竖直振动的硅油液面上,通过等厚干涉实验说明液滴和液面间存在空气薄膜,分析空气膜形状的变化过程,并依此建立简化模型论述空气膜阻止液滴与液面融合的原理.实验构造了浸没在硅油液面下的硅油液滴,建立理论模型估算空气膜的平均厚度,并与实验估测值对比.本文对多个液滴在液面上呼吸模式的振动现象作了描述和解释.     

On the mechanism of carbon nanotube formation: I. The thermodynamics of formation of carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst

Carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst are known to be nucleation centers for carbon nanotubes. The problem of the kinetics of condensation of such drops in wide concentration ranges of carbon and metal vapors is considered. The equilibrium distribution of the drops over the size and mole fraction of the components is obtained. The main result is the calculation of the quasi-steady-state rate of condensation of the molten drops in a supersaturated carbon vapor. This result forms the basis for the calculation of the characteristics of explosive and rapid condensation of the vapor upon its cooling. This calculation is performed in the next part of this work.     

Electrical properties of water drops inside the dropwise cluster

The Letter shows that inside a dropwise cluster formed over the heated water surface, water drops are electrically charged. The charge of a separate drop reaches 10³ units of an elementary charge. The drops are positioned from each other at the distance of double Debye radius length. It is fixed up that drops levitate over the water surface in consequence of the Stokes force acting from the side of gas-vapor flow rising from water surface. The Stokes force thousand times exceeds the Coulomb drop repulsion force from the water surface.     

Dropwise chains as the elements of water fog spatial structure

Video images of water fog drops were acquired under standard atmospheric conditions with weak turbulence of the environment. Pair correlation functions of the drops were performed and traces of the spatial arrangement of the drops inside the fog determined. The fog structure carriers are the drop chains with a fixed interdroplet distance. The possible influence of the drop chains on the shear viscosity and fog surface tension has been analysed.     

Motion of coarse drops of binary concentrated solutions in a nonuniformly heated ternary gaseous mixture: A theory

For coarse drops of binary concentrated solutions with the double phase transition that move in a ternary gaseous mixture via thermophoresis, a theory including thermal diffusion effects is elaborated. The drops consist of water with ethanol dissolved in it. Numerical estimates are made and plots are constructed for the rate of thermophoresis of drops with radii 5, 10, and 15 μm at different ethanol concentrations with and without allowance for volume thermal diffusion.     

Evaporation of Charged Drops

A model of evaporation of a multiply charged liquid drop is developed. The model self-consistently takes into account the main factors influencing the charged drop evaporation, including effects of the drop surface curvature and charge on the saturated vapor pressure, repeated fragmentation of drops during evaporation, and the capability of drops having a unit charge and a certain stabilization radius not to evaporate even in an unsaturated vapor medium. Analytical dependences are derived that can be used to calculate an integral lifetime of a charged drop with allowance for its fragmentation into smaller drops. Our estimates demonstrate that the evaporation time of charged drops is much smaller than that of uncharged drops.     

Dispersity and growth kinetics of K<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals in drops of an evaporating solution

Growth of K₂SO₄ crystals is studied in solution drops that have different initial heights and evaporate in different times. The dependences of the crystal size on the crystal growth time are obtained. The following three crystal growth modes are detected: rapid crystal growth in a supersaturated solution, a stop in the growth as a result of complete removal of supersaturation, and slow growth at a quasi-equilibrium solution concentration. The dispersities of the crystals that are retained at the bottom of the drop after complete evaporation of the solvent are calculated. A linear relation between the crystal dispersity and the reciprocal crystal growth time is revealed. The dispersity of K₂SO₄ crystals and the dispersity of the solid-solution dendrites in aluminum alloys are found to exhibit the same character of their dependences on the reciprocal crystal growth time.     

Simulations of coulombic fission of charged inviscid drops

We present boundary-integral simulations of the evolution of critically charged droplets. For such droplets, small perturbations are unstable and eventually lead to the formation of a lemon-shaped drop with very sharp tips. For perfectly conducting drops, the tip forms a self-similar cone shape with a subtended angle identical to that of a Taylor cone, and quantities such as pressure and velocity diverge in time with power-law scaling. In contrast, when charge transport is described by a finite conductivity, we find that small progeny drops are formed at the tips, whose size decreases as the conductivity is increased. These small progeny drops are of nearly critical charge, and are precursors to the emission of a sustained flow of liquid from the tips as observed in experiments of isolated charged drops.     

Capacitive technique for measuring the component concentration in drops of binary solutions

A capacitive technique for measuring the component concentration in drops of binary mixtures consisting of liquids with different permittivities is described. Test results for the technique are presented, and the component concentration in drops of ethanol, methanol, and acetone aqueous solutions vaporizing in an air flow is measured.     

Size and Velocity Measurements of Large Drops in Air and in a liquid-liquid two-phase flow by the phase-Doppler technique

Particles comparable in size to or larger than the measurement volume need extra consideration when measured by a phase-Doppler system. The phase of the Doppler burst received when such particles traverse the measurement volume depends not only on the size of the particle but also on its trajectory, since the particle is not uniformly illuminated. This paper presents a strategy for securing correct measurements even under such conditions, taking advantage of the three-detector receiving optics of the Dantec Particle Dynamics Analyzer. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated for sizing drops in liquid-gas and liquid-liquid two-phase flows: water drops in air, water drops in FC72 and FC72 drops in water. The combination of water and FC72 is also of interest because the relative refractive index is close to unity. Measurements of drops size were made on a monodisperse stream of drops about 2 mm in diameter, i.e. substantially larger than the measurement volume, and polydisperse distributions of drops ranging in diameter from below 0.2 mm to about 1 mm.     

氩气介质阻挡放电不同放电模式的电学特性研究

采用水电极介质阻挡放电装置，在气压为40kPa的氩气中实现了弥散、流光和斑图三种不同 模式的放电，并对其光电特性进行测量.通过测量测试电容上的电压，从而将气隙电压计算 出来，发现随外加电压增加，放电起始时刻不断提前，放电占空比增加；对应放电时刻，气 隙电压减小、输运电荷突增，使得气隙电压和电量波形都远远偏离正弦.气隙电压与输运电 荷成非线性关系.给出了外加电压零点对应的气隙电压随外加电压峰值的变化关系.讨论了壁 电荷在放电中的作用及对气隙电压和电量波形的影响. 关键词： 介质阻挡放电 气隙电压 自组织斑图 输运电荷